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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 39 issue 3 (september 2018) : 183-192,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1803

Harvesting and threshing methods their impact on seed quality: A review 

S
S. Benaseer
P
P. Masilamani
V
V. Alex Albert
M
M. Govindaraj P. Selvaraju
M
M. Bhaskaran
1Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kumulur-621 712, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
Cite article:- Benaseer S., Masilamani P., Albert Alex V., Selvaraju P. Govindaraj M., Bhaskaran M. (2018). Harvesting and threshing methods their impact on seed quality: A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(3): 183-192. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1803.

ABSTRACT

Harvesting and threshing operations contribute to overall post harvest losses. The speed of manual cutting operations risks significant crop losses due to delayed harvesting in developing countries. When harvest is delayed, shatter loss is the most-often mentioned cause of losses. Estimates of harvest losses range from 5 to 16% for rice and 8 to 18% for a range of different cereal crops. All of the cereal, oilseed and pulse crops have a narrow range of moistures for optimally-low harvest losses and high crop quality. The optimal moisture for harvest of all crops is nearly always too high to allow safe storage. Increased harvest mechanization can enable more timely harvest with lower losses, and would likely to create a gender shift in harvest workers. Training is essential for developing mechanized harvest operator skills. Most non-mechanized threshing systems have an inadequate means for separation and containment of harvested grains, oilseeds, and pulses. Threshing, separating and cleaning losses for well-trained combine operators can be very low, rice 0.3%, maize 0.4%, soybeans 0.75 - 1%, and wheat 1% of yield or less. Losses will go higher when the header is included but in general, rice should be less than 1.25 - 2.2%, maize less than 1.8%, soybeans less than 3%, and wheat less than 2% of yield in good standing crop. 

REFERENCES

  1. Adam, N.M., McDonald Jr, M.B. and Henderlong, P.R. (1989). The influence of seed position, planting and harvesting dates on soybean seed quality. Seed Sci. Technol. 17: 143-152.
  2. Ajav, E. A. and Adejumo, B. A. (2005). Performance evaluation of an okra thresher. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal. 7: 1-8.
  3. Alizadeh, M.R. and Allameh A. 2013. Evaluating rice losses in various harvesting practices. Int. Res. J Applied and Basic Sci. 4(4): 894-901. 
  4. Andrews, S.B., Siebenmorgen, T. J., Vories, E.D. and Lower, D.H. (1993). Effects of combine operating parameters on harvest loss and quality in rice. Trans. ASAE. 36: 1599-1607
  5. Araujo, R.F., Araujo, E.F., Vieira, R.F., Sofiatti, V., Zonta, J.B. and Souza, L.T. (2008). Physiological and sanitary quality of mung beans subjected to post-harvest mechanical processing. Rev Bras Armazen. 33(1): 43-51.
  6. Baloch, U.K. (2010). Wheat: Post-Harvest Operations. [Lewis B., Mejia D., editors]. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council; Islamabad, Pakistan: 1–21.
  7. Baryeh, E.A. (2002). A simple grain impact damage assessment device for developing countries. J. Food Eng. 56: 37–42.
  8. Bay, A.P.M., Taylor, A.G. and Paine, D.H. (1995). Mechanical damage resistance of snap bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds: protection of embryonic axis by the cotyledons. Plant Var. Seeds. 8: 151-159.
  9. Cicero, S. M., Heijden, G. W. A. M., Van der Burg, W. J. and Bino, R. J. (1998). Evaluation of mechanical damage in seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) by X-ray and digital imaging. Seed Sci. Technol. 26: 603–612.
  10. Dharmaputra, O., Ambarwati, S. and Retnowati, I. (2012). Post harvest quality improvement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain. Biotropia. 19(2): 115-129.
  11. Domeika, R., Jasinskas, A., Steponavicius, D., Vaiciukevicius. E. and Butkus, V. (2008). The estimation methods of oilseed rape harvesting losses. Agron. Res. 6: 191-198.
  12. El-Abady, M.I., El-Emam, A.A.M., Seadh, S.E. and Yousof. F.I. (2012). Soybean seed quality as affected by cultivars, threshing methods and storage periods. Res. J. seed sci. 5(4):115-125.
  13. Ellis, R.H., Hong, T.D. and Roberts, E.H. (1987). The development of desiccation tolerance and maximum seed quality during seed maturation in six grain legumes. Ann Bot. 59: 23- 29.
  14. Felker, F.E. and Paulis, J.W. (1993). Quantitative estimation of corn endosperm vitreosity by video image analysis. Cereal Chem. 70(6): 685-689.
  15. Gagare, K.C., Bharud, R.W., Shelar, V.R. and Karjule, A.P. (2014). Detection of mechanical damage to soybean seed surface using ferric chloride test. Agric. Sci. Digest. 34(4): 289-292.
  16. Goli, A., Khazaei, J., Taheri, M., Khojamliand, A. and Sedaghat, A. (2016). Effect of mechanical damage on soybean germination. Int. Acad. J. Sci. Eng. 3 (10): 48-58.
  17. Govindaraj,M., Masilamani.P., Asokan.D., Rajkumar,P. and Selvaraju. P. (2017). Effect of Different Harvesting and Threshing Methods on Seed Quality of Rice Varieties. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(8): 2375-2383.
  18. Greven, M.M., McKenzie, B.A., Hampton, J.G., Hill, M.J. and Hill, G.D. (2001). Some factors affecting seed quality during the mechanical threshing of dwarf French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agron. N. Z. 31: 121-126.
  19. Grover, D. and Singh, J. (2013). Post-harvest losses in wheat crop in Punjab: Past and present. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev. 26: 293–297.
  20. Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C., Sonesson, U., Van Otterdijk, R. and Meybeck, A. (2011). Global food losses and food waste FAO Rome: 1-38.
  21. Hoki, M. and Picket, L.K. (1973). Factors effecting mechanical damage of Navy beans. Trans ASAE, 16: 1054-1057.
  22. Hunt, D. (2001). Farm power and machinery management.tenth Edition, Iowa State Univ. 256-273.
  23. IRRI. (2015). Harvesting Operations. Retrieved from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/harvesting/    harvesting-operations. 
  24. Irving, D.W., Betschart, A.A. and Saunders, R.M. (1981). Morphological studies on Amaranths cruentus. J. Food Sci. 46: 1170-1174.
  25. Kannan, E., Kumar, P., Vishnu, K. and Abraham, H. (2013). Assessment of Pre and Post Harvest Losses of Rice and Red Gram in Karnataka. Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change; Banglore, India.
  26. Kausal, R.T., Chanpade, S.P., and Patil, V.N. (1992). Evaluation of threshing methods for assessing seed quality in soybean. Seed Res. 20(1): 44-46.
  27. Kavak, S., Ýlbi, H., Eser, B., Powell, A. A. and Matthews, S. (2012). Effects of Seed moisture content and threshing methods on Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed quality. Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi. 7 (1): 51-57.
  28. Khan M.A. (2010). In: Post Harvest Losses of rice ( Khan S.L., editor). Trade Development Authority of Pakistan; Karachi, Pakistan.
  29. Khazaei, J. (2008). Influence of impact velocity and moisture content on mechanical damages of white kidney beans under loadings. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova.42(1):5-18.
  30. Khazaei, J., Shahbazi, F. and Massah, J. (2008). Evaluation and modeling of physical and physiological damage to wheat seeds under successive impact loadings: mathematical and neural networks modeling. Crop Sci. Soc. Am. 48:1532-1544.
  31. Kholief, R.M., Sayed-Ahmed, I.F. and El-Haddad, W.Z. (2009). Quantification of mechanical losses on oilseed rape harvesting. J Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 34(4): 2971-2983.
  32. Koyuncu, T., Peksen, E., Sessiz, A. and Pinar, Y. (2007). Chickpea threshing efficiency and Energy consumption for different beater-    cont beater combinations. AMA- Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 38: 53–57.
  33. Krishnan, P., Evans, T. A. and Pill, W. G. (1994). Threshing Cylinder Speed Affects Germination of Amaranths cruentus L. Seeds. HortScience. 29(6): 652-654.
  34. Kuchlan, M.K., Kuchlan, P., Onkar, M., Ramesh, A. and Husain, S.M. (2017). Influence of seed coat compactness around cotyledons, protein and mineral composition on mechanical strength of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed coat. Legume.Research. 41(2):246-252. 
  35. Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Khan, K. and Kumar, D. (2017). Performance evaluation of harvesting and threshing methods for wheat crop. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): 604-611.
  36. Kumar, D. and Kalita, P. (2017). Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries. Foods. 6(1),8.
  37. Lashgari, M., Mobli, H., Omid, M., Alimardani. R. and Mohtasebi, S.S. (2008). Qualitative analysis of wheat grain damage during harvesting with John-Deere combine harvester. Int. J. Agric. and Biol. 10(2): 201–204.
  38. Lotfy, A.,Amer, A.H. and Gamea, G.R. (2002). A comparative study between two different methods for harvesting and threshing of winter rape-seed crop. Misr J. Agric. Eng. 21(10): 867-880.
  39. Luedders, V.D. and Burris, J.S. (1979). Effects of broken seed coats on field emergence of soybeans. Agron. J. 71: 877-879.
  40. Masilamani, P. and Tajuddin, A. (2012). Can we use combine for seed purpose. Kissan world. 38-39.
  41. Masilamani, P., Chinnusamy, C. and Rajendraprasad, S. (2015). Influence of seed extraction methods on viability, germination and seedling vigour of Albizia lebbeck L. Benth. J. Non-Timber Forest Prod. 22(3): 155-157.
  42. Masilamani, P., Alex albert, V., Vallal kannan, S. and Govindraj, M. (2017). Influence of harvesting and threshing methods on seed quality of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). Seed Res. 45(1): 12-15.
  43. Mounsey, K., Moowrer, K. and Ghaffarzadeh, M. (2002). Combine Harvest of Seed Fields - Lasting Alternative (Possibilities, Quality Concerns, and Improved Technologies). Agronomy Services. 51-53.
  44. Owolade, O.F., Fawole, B. and Osikanlu, Y.O.K. (2001). Fungi associated with maize seed discolouration and abnormalities in south-    west Nigeria. Trop. Agric. Res. Extension. 3 (2): 103-105.
  45. Patel, S.K. and Varshney, B.P. (2007). Effect of operational speed and moisture content of wheat crop on plot combine harvest. Agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 38 (4): 51-55.
  46. Paulsen, M.R. F., de Assis de Carvalho Pinto, D.G., de Sena, Jr., Zandonadi, R.S., Ruffato, S., Gomide Costa, A., Ragagnin, V.A. and Danao, M.-G. C. (2014). Measurement of combine losses for corn and soybeans in Brazil. Appl. Eng. Agric. 30(6): 841-855. 
  47. Ponmani, T. (2015). Effect of threshing methods on seed quality in Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacaea L.) cv.CO (KV) 2. M.Sc. (Ag) thesis AC and RI, TNAU, Madurai.
  48. Rani, M., Banal, N.K., Dahiya, B.S. and Kashyap, R. K. (2001). Optimization of machine-crop parameters to thresh seed crop of chickpea. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, 10 (3&4): 151-164.
  49. Rod, N.M.,Asoodar, M. A. and Rahnema. M. (2013). Effect of combine working speed and seed moisture content on berseem clover losses in khouzestan. Intl J Agri Crop Sci. 5 (4): 349-354.
  50. Saeidirad, M. H. and Javad, A. (2011). Study on machine-crop parameters of cylinder threshers for cumin threshing. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal. 13(2): MN. 1746.
  51. Saeidirad, M. H., Esaghzade, M., Arabhosseini, A. and Zarifneshat, S. (2013). Influence of machine-crop parameters on the threshability of sorghum. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal. 15(3): 55-59.
  52. Shah D. (2013). Assessment of Pre and Post Harvest Losses in Tur and Soyabean Crops in Maharashtra. Agro-Economic Research Centre Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics; Pune, India.
  53. Shelar, V.R. (2002). Thesis submitted to MPKV, Rahuri (MS) for Ph.D. deg. in Seed Tech.
  54. Shieh, W.J.and McDonald, M.B. (1982). The influence of seed size, shape and treatment on inbred seed corn quality. Seed Sci. and Tech.10: 307-313.
  55. Shreekant, P.R., Rameshwar, T.K., Digvir, S.J. and Noel, D.G.W. (2002). Mechanical damage to soybean seed during processing. J Stored Prod Res. 38: 385-394.
  56. Singh, K.N. and B. Singh, (1981). Effect of crop and machine parameters on threshing effectiveness and seed quality of soybean. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 26: 349–355.
  57. Sinha, J. P. and Pandita,V. K. (2002). Effect of Threshing Methods on Seed Damage, Germinability and Seedling Vigour in Okra cv. Pusa A-4. Seed Res. 30(1): 161-163.
  58. Sinha, J. P., I. S. Dhaliwal,, S. N. Sinha, and A. Dixit. (2009). Studies on machine-crop parameters for chickpea seed crop threshing. Agric Eng Int: CIGR. 9(2): Manuscript No.1428.
  59. Soesarsano, W. and Copeland. L.C. (1974). Effect of original moisture content, maturity and mechanical damage on seed and seedling vigour of beans. Agron J. 66: 546-548.
  60. Srivastava, A. K., Mahony, W.T. and West, N.I. (1990). The Effect of crop Properties on combine performance. Trans. of ASAE. 33(1): 63-72.
  61. Tekrony, D.M., Egli, D.B. and White, G.M. (1987). Seed Production and Technology. In: Soybean: Improvement, Production and Use, [Wilcox, J.R. (Ed.)]. 2nd Edn. American Society of Agronomy. ISBN-13: 295-353.
  62. Varga, P., Berzy, T., Anda, A. and Ertsey. K. (2012). Relationship between seed harvesting method and seed physiological quality for a number of Pioneer maize hybrids. Maydica. 57: 220-225.
  63. Vejasit, A. and Salokhe. V. M. (2006). Studies on machine-crop parameters of an axial flow thresher for threshing soybean. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 37(3): 32-38.
  64. WFP. (2012). World Food Programme. Training manual for improving grain postharvest handling and storage: http//www. Documents.wfp.org.
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 39 issue 3 (september 2018) : 183-192,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1803

    Harvesting and threshing methods their impact on seed quality: A review 

    S
    S. Benaseer
    P
    P. Masilamani
    V
    V. Alex Albert
    M
    M. Govindaraj P. Selvaraju
    M
    M. Bhaskaran
    1Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kumulur-621 712, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
    Cite article:- Benaseer S., Masilamani P., Albert Alex V., Selvaraju P. Govindaraj M., Bhaskaran M. (2018). Harvesting and threshing methods their impact on seed quality: A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(3): 183-192. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1803.

    ABSTRACT

    Harvesting and threshing operations contribute to overall post harvest losses. The speed of manual cutting operations risks significant crop losses due to delayed harvesting in developing countries. When harvest is delayed, shatter loss is the most-often mentioned cause of losses. Estimates of harvest losses range from 5 to 16% for rice and 8 to 18% for a range of different cereal crops. All of the cereal, oilseed and pulse crops have a narrow range of moistures for optimally-low harvest losses and high crop quality. The optimal moisture for harvest of all crops is nearly always too high to allow safe storage. Increased harvest mechanization can enable more timely harvest with lower losses, and would likely to create a gender shift in harvest workers. Training is essential for developing mechanized harvest operator skills. Most non-mechanized threshing systems have an inadequate means for separation and containment of harvested grains, oilseeds, and pulses. Threshing, separating and cleaning losses for well-trained combine operators can be very low, rice 0.3%, maize 0.4%, soybeans 0.75 - 1%, and wheat 1% of yield or less. Losses will go higher when the header is included but in general, rice should be less than 1.25 - 2.2%, maize less than 1.8%, soybeans less than 3%, and wheat less than 2% of yield in good standing crop. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Adam, N.M., McDonald Jr, M.B. and Henderlong, P.R. (1989). The influence of seed position, planting and harvesting dates on soybean seed quality. Seed Sci. Technol. 17: 143-152.
    2. Ajav, E. A. and Adejumo, B. A. (2005). Performance evaluation of an okra thresher. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal. 7: 1-8.
    3. Alizadeh, M.R. and Allameh A. 2013. Evaluating rice losses in various harvesting practices. Int. Res. J Applied and Basic Sci. 4(4): 894-901. 
    4. Andrews, S.B., Siebenmorgen, T. J., Vories, E.D. and Lower, D.H. (1993). Effects of combine operating parameters on harvest loss and quality in rice. Trans. ASAE. 36: 1599-1607
    5. Araujo, R.F., Araujo, E.F., Vieira, R.F., Sofiatti, V., Zonta, J.B. and Souza, L.T. (2008). Physiological and sanitary quality of mung beans subjected to post-harvest mechanical processing. Rev Bras Armazen. 33(1): 43-51.
    6. Baloch, U.K. (2010). Wheat: Post-Harvest Operations. [Lewis B., Mejia D., editors]. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council; Islamabad, Pakistan: 1–21.
    7. Baryeh, E.A. (2002). A simple grain impact damage assessment device for developing countries. J. Food Eng. 56: 37–42.
    8. Bay, A.P.M., Taylor, A.G. and Paine, D.H. (1995). Mechanical damage resistance of snap bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds: protection of embryonic axis by the cotyledons. Plant Var. Seeds. 8: 151-159.
    9. Cicero, S. M., Heijden, G. W. A. M., Van der Burg, W. J. and Bino, R. J. (1998). Evaluation of mechanical damage in seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) by X-ray and digital imaging. Seed Sci. Technol. 26: 603–612.
    10. Dharmaputra, O., Ambarwati, S. and Retnowati, I. (2012). Post harvest quality improvement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain. Biotropia. 19(2): 115-129.
    11. Domeika, R., Jasinskas, A., Steponavicius, D., Vaiciukevicius. E. and Butkus, V. (2008). The estimation methods of oilseed rape harvesting losses. Agron. Res. 6: 191-198.
    12. El-Abady, M.I., El-Emam, A.A.M., Seadh, S.E. and Yousof. F.I. (2012). Soybean seed quality as affected by cultivars, threshing methods and storage periods. Res. J. seed sci. 5(4):115-125.
    13. Ellis, R.H., Hong, T.D. and Roberts, E.H. (1987). The development of desiccation tolerance and maximum seed quality during seed maturation in six grain legumes. Ann Bot. 59: 23- 29.
    14. Felker, F.E. and Paulis, J.W. (1993). Quantitative estimation of corn endosperm vitreosity by video image analysis. Cereal Chem. 70(6): 685-689.
    15. Gagare, K.C., Bharud, R.W., Shelar, V.R. and Karjule, A.P. (2014). Detection of mechanical damage to soybean seed surface using ferric chloride test. Agric. Sci. Digest. 34(4): 289-292.
    16. Goli, A., Khazaei, J., Taheri, M., Khojamliand, A. and Sedaghat, A. (2016). Effect of mechanical damage on soybean germination. Int. Acad. J. Sci. Eng. 3 (10): 48-58.
    17. Govindaraj,M., Masilamani.P., Asokan.D., Rajkumar,P. and Selvaraju. P. (2017). Effect of Different Harvesting and Threshing Methods on Seed Quality of Rice Varieties. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(8): 2375-2383.
    18. Greven, M.M., McKenzie, B.A., Hampton, J.G., Hill, M.J. and Hill, G.D. (2001). Some factors affecting seed quality during the mechanical threshing of dwarf French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agron. N. Z. 31: 121-126.
    19. Grover, D. and Singh, J. (2013). Post-harvest losses in wheat crop in Punjab: Past and present. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev. 26: 293–297.
    20. Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C., Sonesson, U., Van Otterdijk, R. and Meybeck, A. (2011). Global food losses and food waste FAO Rome: 1-38.
    21. Hoki, M. and Picket, L.K. (1973). Factors effecting mechanical damage of Navy beans. Trans ASAE, 16: 1054-1057.
    22. Hunt, D. (2001). Farm power and machinery management.tenth Edition, Iowa State Univ. 256-273.
    23. IRRI. (2015). Harvesting Operations. Retrieved from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/harvesting/    harvesting-operations. 
    24. Irving, D.W., Betschart, A.A. and Saunders, R.M. (1981). Morphological studies on Amaranths cruentus. J. Food Sci. 46: 1170-1174.
    25. Kannan, E., Kumar, P., Vishnu, K. and Abraham, H. (2013). Assessment of Pre and Post Harvest Losses of Rice and Red Gram in Karnataka. Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change; Banglore, India.
    26. Kausal, R.T., Chanpade, S.P., and Patil, V.N. (1992). Evaluation of threshing methods for assessing seed quality in soybean. Seed Res. 20(1): 44-46.
    27. Kavak, S., Ýlbi, H., Eser, B., Powell, A. A. and Matthews, S. (2012). Effects of Seed moisture content and threshing methods on Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed quality. Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi. 7 (1): 51-57.
    28. Khan M.A. (2010). In: Post Harvest Losses of rice ( Khan S.L., editor). Trade Development Authority of Pakistan; Karachi, Pakistan.
    29. Khazaei, J. (2008). Influence of impact velocity and moisture content on mechanical damages of white kidney beans under loadings. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova.42(1):5-18.
    30. Khazaei, J., Shahbazi, F. and Massah, J. (2008). Evaluation and modeling of physical and physiological damage to wheat seeds under successive impact loadings: mathematical and neural networks modeling. Crop Sci. Soc. Am. 48:1532-1544.
    31. Kholief, R.M., Sayed-Ahmed, I.F. and El-Haddad, W.Z. (2009). Quantification of mechanical losses on oilseed rape harvesting. J Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 34(4): 2971-2983.
    32. Koyuncu, T., Peksen, E., Sessiz, A. and Pinar, Y. (2007). Chickpea threshing efficiency and Energy consumption for different beater-    cont beater combinations. AMA- Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 38: 53–57.
    33. Krishnan, P., Evans, T. A. and Pill, W. G. (1994). Threshing Cylinder Speed Affects Germination of Amaranths cruentus L. Seeds. HortScience. 29(6): 652-654.
    34. Kuchlan, M.K., Kuchlan, P., Onkar, M., Ramesh, A. and Husain, S.M. (2017). Influence of seed coat compactness around cotyledons, protein and mineral composition on mechanical strength of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed coat. Legume.Research. 41(2):246-252. 
    35. Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Khan, K. and Kumar, D. (2017). Performance evaluation of harvesting and threshing methods for wheat crop. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (2): 604-611.
    36. Kumar, D. and Kalita, P. (2017). Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries. Foods. 6(1),8.
    37. Lashgari, M., Mobli, H., Omid, M., Alimardani. R. and Mohtasebi, S.S. (2008). Qualitative analysis of wheat grain damage during harvesting with John-Deere combine harvester. Int. J. Agric. and Biol. 10(2): 201–204.
    38. Lotfy, A.,Amer, A.H. and Gamea, G.R. (2002). A comparative study between two different methods for harvesting and threshing of winter rape-seed crop. Misr J. Agric. Eng. 21(10): 867-880.
    39. Luedders, V.D. and Burris, J.S. (1979). Effects of broken seed coats on field emergence of soybeans. Agron. J. 71: 877-879.
    40. Masilamani, P. and Tajuddin, A. (2012). Can we use combine for seed purpose. Kissan world. 38-39.
    41. Masilamani, P., Chinnusamy, C. and Rajendraprasad, S. (2015). Influence of seed extraction methods on viability, germination and seedling vigour of Albizia lebbeck L. Benth. J. Non-Timber Forest Prod. 22(3): 155-157.
    42. Masilamani, P., Alex albert, V., Vallal kannan, S. and Govindraj, M. (2017). Influence of harvesting and threshing methods on seed quality of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). Seed Res. 45(1): 12-15.
    43. Mounsey, K., Moowrer, K. and Ghaffarzadeh, M. (2002). Combine Harvest of Seed Fields - Lasting Alternative (Possibilities, Quality Concerns, and Improved Technologies). Agronomy Services. 51-53.
    44. Owolade, O.F., Fawole, B. and Osikanlu, Y.O.K. (2001). Fungi associated with maize seed discolouration and abnormalities in south-    west Nigeria. Trop. Agric. Res. Extension. 3 (2): 103-105.
    45. Patel, S.K. and Varshney, B.P. (2007). Effect of operational speed and moisture content of wheat crop on plot combine harvest. Agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 38 (4): 51-55.
    46. Paulsen, M.R. F., de Assis de Carvalho Pinto, D.G., de Sena, Jr., Zandonadi, R.S., Ruffato, S., Gomide Costa, A., Ragagnin, V.A. and Danao, M.-G. C. (2014). Measurement of combine losses for corn and soybeans in Brazil. Appl. Eng. Agric. 30(6): 841-855. 
    47. Ponmani, T. (2015). Effect of threshing methods on seed quality in Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacaea L.) cv.CO (KV) 2. M.Sc. (Ag) thesis AC and RI, TNAU, Madurai.
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