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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 39 issue 3 (september 2018) : 218-225,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1792

Gypsum-an inexpensive, effective sulphur source with multitude impact on oilseed production and soil quality: A review

I
I. Rashmi
B
B.L. Mina
K
Kuldeep Kumar
S
Shakir Ali
A
Ashok Kumar
S
S. Kala
R
R.K. Singh
1ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Kota-324 002, Rajasthan, India.
Cite article:- Rashmi I., Mina B.L., Kumar Kuldeep, Ali Shakir, Kumar Ashok, Kala S., Singh R.K. (2018). Gypsum-an inexpensive, effective sulphur source with multitude impact on oilseed production and soil quality: A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(3): 218-225. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1792.

ABSTRACT

Mustard and soybean are the most important edible oilseed crop of India. Oilseed crops like mustard and soybean in general have high sulphur requirement owing to higher seed and oil yield. Reports of sulphur (S) deficiency and consequent crop response, particularly in oilseed crops, are quite ostensible. Insufficient S can affect the yield and oil quality of oilseed crops. To overcome deficiency of S, gypsum is the cheapest and widely available source for correcting S deficiency and improving physico-chemical properties of the soil. Gypsum is a moderately soluble source of the essential plant nutrients, calcium and sulphur, and can improve overall plant growth. Gypsum also improves the physical and chemical properties of soils and reduces erosion losses of soils and nutrient concentrations (especially phosphorus) in surface water runoff. Gypsum in many studies are known to improve crop yield, which might be the result of synergistic effect of various parameters like crop, soil, climate and other parameters specific to a region. In oilseed crops, gypsum application is mostly confined to meet S requirements, but its effect on soil physical and chemical changes need to be evaluated for sustainable crop production.

REFERENCES

  1. Adkine, S.A., Raut, M.M. and Gourkhede, P.H. (2017). Effect of gypsum and zinc sulphate application on yield and quality of mustard (Brassicca juncea l.) in vertisols. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture 35: 679-684.
  2. Akbari, K.N., Karan, F., Qureshi, E. M. and Patel, V. N. (2003). Effect of micronutrients, sulphur and gypsum on soil fertility and yield of mustard in red loam soils of Mewar (Rajasthan). Indian Journal of Agriculture Research 37 (2) : 94 – 99. 
  3. Bhosagi, S. (2013). Productivity and quality of soybean as influenced by levels of N and S nutrition. M.Sc thesis UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka.
  4. Chen, L. and Dick, W. A. (2011). Gypsum as an agricultural amendment: General use guidelines. Ohio State University Extension. http://ohioline.osu.edu/b945/b945.pdf.
  5. Chen, L., Kost, D. and Dick, W. A. (2008). Flue gas desulphurization products as sulphur sources for corn. Soil Science Society of America Journal 72(5): 1464-1470. 
  6. Dash N. R. and Ghosh G. K. (2012). Efficacy of gypsum and magnesium sulphate as S source to rapeseed in lateritic soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition 35: 2156-2166. 
  7. Dontsova, K.M. and Norton L.D. (2002). Clay dispersion, infiltration, and erosion as influenced by exchangeable Ca and Mg. Soil Science 163: 184–193.
  8. Favaretto, N., Norton, L. D., Joem, B. C. and Brooder, S. M. (2006). Gypsum amendment and exchangeable calcium and magnesium affecting phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff. Soil Science Society of American Journal 70:1788-1796.
  9. Fazli, I.S., Jamal, A., Ahmad, S., Masoodi, M., Khan, J.S. and Abdin, M.Z. (2008). Interactive effect of sulphur and nitrogen on nitrogen accumulation and harvest in oilseed crops differing in nitrogen assimilation potential. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31: 1203-1220.
  10. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Statistics. (2015). (http:// faostat.com/)
  11. Ganeshmurthy, A.N. (1996). Critical plant sulphur content and effect of sulphur application on grain and oil yield of rainfed soybean in Vertic Ustochrepts. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 44(2): 290-294.
  12. Hosmath, J.A., Babalad, H.B., Basavaraj, G.T., Shamarao Jahagirdar, Patil, R.H., Athoni, B.K. and Agasimani S.C. (2014). Sulphur Nutrition in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] in India. International Conference on Biological, Civil and Environmental Engineering (BCEE-2014) March 17-18, Dubai (UAE). 
  13. Jamal, A., Fazil, S.I., Ahmad, S., Abdin, Z.M. and Yun, J.S. (2005). Effect of sulphur and nitrogen application on growth characteristics seed and oil yields of soybean cultivars. Korean Journal of Crop Science 50(5): 340-345.
  14. Jamal, A. Yong, S. M. and Abdin, M.Z. (2010). Sulphur -a general overview and interaction with nitrogen. Australian Journal of Crop Science 4(7):523-52. 
  15. Kumar R, Pingoliya, A. L. and Singh, K.K. (1997). Effect of sources and levels of sulphur on grain and stover yield of mustard. Annals of Arid Zone 36(4): 381-382.
  16. Kumar, P.A., Parry, M.A.J., Ahmad, A. and Abrol, Y.P. (2002). Photosynthesis and nitrogen use efficiency. In: Photosynthetic Nitrogen Assimilation and Associated Carbon Metabolism, eds. C.H. Foyer and G. Noctor, pp. 23–34. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  17. Jat, J. (2004). Effect of sulphur and zinc fertilization on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by mustard [Brasica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] on Ustochrepts. Ph.D (Thesis), MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan.
  18. Mahmoodabadi, M., Yazdanpanah, N., Sinobas, L.R., Pazira, E. and Neshat, A. (2012). Reclamation of calcareous saline sodic soil with different amendment (I): redistribution of soluble cations within the soil profile. Agriculture Water Management http:/    /dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.08.018.
  19. Mandal, S., Samui, R.C. and Mandal, A. (2005). Growth, yield and yield attributes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea l) cultivars as influenced by gypsum application. Legume Research 28 (2): 119 – 121.
  20. Negi, A., Pareek, N., Raverkar, K.P. and Chandra, R. (2017). Effect of two sulphur sources on growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of Brassica. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology 6 : 236 – 247.
  21. Najar, G.R., Singh, S.R., Akhtar, F. and Hakeem, S.A. (2011). Influence of sulphur level on yield, uptake quality of soybean (Glycine max) under temperate conditions of Kashmir valley. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 81(4): 343-3.
  22. Norton, L. D. (2008). Gypsum soil amendment as a management practice in conservation tillage to improve water quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 63(2), 46A-48A. 
  23. Norton, L.D. and Zhang, X. (1998). Liming to improve chemical and physical properties of soil. Handbook of Soil Conditioners: Substances That Enhance the Physical Properties of Soil. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 309–331.
  24. Ostendorf, M . (2009). Gypsum a multitasking amendment. www.no-tillfarmer.com. 
  25. Patel, L. R., Patel N. R. and Patel, R. H. (1992). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur on seed yield and quality of mustard. Journal of Oilseed Research 9(2): 333-334.
  26. Pable D. and Patil, D.B. (2011). Effect of sulphur and zinc on nutrient uptake and yield of soybean. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 7: 129-132.
  27. Patel, H.R., Patel, H.F., Maheriya, V.D. and Dodia, I.N. (2013). Response of kharif greengram (Vigna radita L. Wilczek) to sulphur and phosphorus fertilization with and without bio-fertilizer application. The Bioscan 8(1):149-152.
  28. Piri, I., Rahimi, A., Tavassoli, A., Rastegaripour, F. and Babaeian, M. (2012). Effect of sulphur fertilizer on sulphur uptake and forage yield of Brassica juncea in condition of different regimes of irrigation. African Journal of Agricultural Research 7(6): 958-963.
  29. Raju, S., Singh, A. K. and Kumar, P. (2014). Performance of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in response to integrated nutrient management. Journal of Agricultural Research 1(1):9-12. 3.
  30. Rajput, R.K., Singh, S., Varma, J., Rajput, P., Singh, M. and Nath, S. (2018). Effect of different levels of nitrogen and sulphur on growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.) in salt affected soil. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(1): 1053-1055.
  31. Rao, S.S. and Shaktawat, M.S. (2002). Residual effect of organic manure, phosphorus and gypsum application in preceding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) on soil fertility and productivity of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Indian Journal of Agronomy 47 (4): 487-494.
  32. Rathod, V.B., Sagare, B.N., Ravankar, H.N. and Sarap, P.A. (2005). Response of cotton to applied gypsum and FYM on an alkali irrigated soil of Purna valley of Vidarbha, Maharashtra. Agriculture Science Digest 25 (1): 53 – 55. 
  33. Rohtagi, B.B. Saxsena, S.K. and Singh, R. (1977). Availability of quality gypsum from indigenous source as a soil amendment. Proc. FCI-FAI (NR) Seminar on use of gypsum in reclamation of alkali soils, Lucknow: 37-55.
  34. Sachdev, M.S. and Deb, D.L. (1990). Nitrogen and S uptake and efficiency in the mustard-moong-maize cropping systems. Fertilizer News 35: 49-55.
  35. Sadiq M., Jamil, M., Mehdi, S. M., Sarfraz, M. and Hassan,G. (2002). Comparative performance of Brassica varieties/lines under saline sodic condition. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 1: 77-78.
  36. Shainberg, I., Sumner, M.E., Miller, W.P., Farina, M.P.W., Pavan, M.A. and Fey, M.V. (1989). Use of gypsum on soils: A review. p. 2–    111. In B.A Stewart (ed.) Advances in Soil Science. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  37. Singh, A.K., Meena, R.N., Kumar, A.R., Kumar, S., Meena, R. and Singh, A.P. (2017). Effect of land configuration methods and sulphur levels on growth, yield and economics of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.)] under irrigated condition. Journal of Oilseed Brassica 8 (2): 151-157.
  38. Singh, M.V. (2001). Importance of sulphur in balanced fertilizer use in India. Fertilizer News 46: 55-58
  39. Singh, S. and Sarkar, A.K. (2013). Sulphur management for optimizing oilseed and pulse production in Rainfed Jharkhand. Better Crops 97.
  40. Singh, S. and Singh, S.K. (2016). Use of indigenous sources of sulphur in soils of eastern India for higher crops yield and quality: A review. Agricultural Reviews 37 (2): 117-124. 
  41. Sipai, A.H., Patel, J.J. and Patel, N.I. (2015). Effect of sulphur and zinc with and without FYM on yield and yield attributes of mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern amd Coss] grown on light textured soil of Kachchh. Asian Journal of Soil Science 10(2): 191-200.
  42. Sonune, B.A., Naphade, P.S. and Kankal, D.S. (2001). Effect of zinc and sulphur on protein and oil content of soybean Agriculture Science Digest 21 (4): 259 – 260.
  43. Souza, F.R., Rosa Junior, E.J., Fietz, C.R., Pellin, D.M.P., Bergamin, A.C., Gelain, E. and Rosa, Y.B.C.J. (2012).Morphology and stability of aggregates of an Oxisol according to tillage system and gypsum application. Revista Ceres 59: 859-866.
  44. Stout, W. L. and Sharpley, A. N. (2000). Effectiveness of coal combustion by-products in controlling phosphorus export from soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 29:1239-1244.
  45. Wakode, R., Asha, A. J., Singh, S.K., Karthik, R., Balpande, S.S and Prashant, T. (2011). Effect of gypsum on moisture availability in vertisols under soybean gram sequence. Technology Journal of Engineering & Applied Science 1 (3): 73-85.
  46. Walworth, J. L. (2006). Using gypsum in southwestern soils. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. http://cals.arizona.edu/    pubs/garden/az1413.pdf
  47. Zhao, F.J., Evans, E. J., Bilsborrow, P. and Syers, J. K. (1993). Influence of sulphur and nitrogen on seed yield and quality of low glucosinolate oilseed rape. Brassica napus L. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture 63:29-37. 
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 39 issue 3 (september 2018) : 218-225,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1792

    Gypsum-an inexpensive, effective sulphur source with multitude impact on oilseed production and soil quality: A review

    I
    I. Rashmi
    B
    B.L. Mina
    K
    Kuldeep Kumar
    S
    Shakir Ali
    A
    Ashok Kumar
    S
    S. Kala
    R
    R.K. Singh
    1ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Kota-324 002, Rajasthan, India.
    Cite article:- Rashmi I., Mina B.L., Kumar Kuldeep, Ali Shakir, Kumar Ashok, Kala S., Singh R.K. (2018). Gypsum-an inexpensive, effective sulphur source with multitude impact on oilseed production and soil quality: A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(3): 218-225. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1792.

    ABSTRACT

    Mustard and soybean are the most important edible oilseed crop of India. Oilseed crops like mustard and soybean in general have high sulphur requirement owing to higher seed and oil yield. Reports of sulphur (S) deficiency and consequent crop response, particularly in oilseed crops, are quite ostensible. Insufficient S can affect the yield and oil quality of oilseed crops. To overcome deficiency of S, gypsum is the cheapest and widely available source for correcting S deficiency and improving physico-chemical properties of the soil. Gypsum is a moderately soluble source of the essential plant nutrients, calcium and sulphur, and can improve overall plant growth. Gypsum also improves the physical and chemical properties of soils and reduces erosion losses of soils and nutrient concentrations (especially phosphorus) in surface water runoff. Gypsum in many studies are known to improve crop yield, which might be the result of synergistic effect of various parameters like crop, soil, climate and other parameters specific to a region. In oilseed crops, gypsum application is mostly confined to meet S requirements, but its effect on soil physical and chemical changes need to be evaluated for sustainable crop production.

    REFERENCES

    1. Adkine, S.A., Raut, M.M. and Gourkhede, P.H. (2017). Effect of gypsum and zinc sulphate application on yield and quality of mustard (Brassicca juncea l.) in vertisols. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture 35: 679-684.
    2. Akbari, K.N., Karan, F., Qureshi, E. M. and Patel, V. N. (2003). Effect of micronutrients, sulphur and gypsum on soil fertility and yield of mustard in red loam soils of Mewar (Rajasthan). Indian Journal of Agriculture Research 37 (2) : 94 – 99. 
    3. Bhosagi, S. (2013). Productivity and quality of soybean as influenced by levels of N and S nutrition. M.Sc thesis UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka.
    4. Chen, L. and Dick, W. A. (2011). Gypsum as an agricultural amendment: General use guidelines. Ohio State University Extension. http://ohioline.osu.edu/b945/b945.pdf.
    5. Chen, L., Kost, D. and Dick, W. A. (2008). Flue gas desulphurization products as sulphur sources for corn. Soil Science Society of America Journal 72(5): 1464-1470. 
    6. Dash N. R. and Ghosh G. K. (2012). Efficacy of gypsum and magnesium sulphate as S source to rapeseed in lateritic soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition 35: 2156-2166. 
    7. Dontsova, K.M. and Norton L.D. (2002). Clay dispersion, infiltration, and erosion as influenced by exchangeable Ca and Mg. Soil Science 163: 184–193.
    8. Favaretto, N., Norton, L. D., Joem, B. C. and Brooder, S. M. (2006). Gypsum amendment and exchangeable calcium and magnesium affecting phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff. Soil Science Society of American Journal 70:1788-1796.
    9. Fazli, I.S., Jamal, A., Ahmad, S., Masoodi, M., Khan, J.S. and Abdin, M.Z. (2008). Interactive effect of sulphur and nitrogen on nitrogen accumulation and harvest in oilseed crops differing in nitrogen assimilation potential. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31: 1203-1220.
    10. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Statistics. (2015). (http:// faostat.com/)
    11. Ganeshmurthy, A.N. (1996). Critical plant sulphur content and effect of sulphur application on grain and oil yield of rainfed soybean in Vertic Ustochrepts. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 44(2): 290-294.
    12. Hosmath, J.A., Babalad, H.B., Basavaraj, G.T., Shamarao Jahagirdar, Patil, R.H., Athoni, B.K. and Agasimani S.C. (2014). Sulphur Nutrition in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] in India. International Conference on Biological, Civil and Environmental Engineering (BCEE-2014) March 17-18, Dubai (UAE). 
    13. Jamal, A., Fazil, S.I., Ahmad, S., Abdin, Z.M. and Yun, J.S. (2005). Effect of sulphur and nitrogen application on growth characteristics seed and oil yields of soybean cultivars. Korean Journal of Crop Science 50(5): 340-345.
    14. Jamal, A. Yong, S. M. and Abdin, M.Z. (2010). Sulphur -a general overview and interaction with nitrogen. Australian Journal of Crop Science 4(7):523-52. 
    15. Kumar R, Pingoliya, A. L. and Singh, K.K. (1997). Effect of sources and levels of sulphur on grain and stover yield of mustard. Annals of Arid Zone 36(4): 381-382.
    16. Kumar, P.A., Parry, M.A.J., Ahmad, A. and Abrol, Y.P. (2002). Photosynthesis and nitrogen use efficiency. In: Photosynthetic Nitrogen Assimilation and Associated Carbon Metabolism, eds. C.H. Foyer and G. Noctor, pp. 23–34. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    17. Jat, J. (2004). Effect of sulphur and zinc fertilization on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by mustard [Brasica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] on Ustochrepts. Ph.D (Thesis), MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan.
    18. Mahmoodabadi, M., Yazdanpanah, N., Sinobas, L.R., Pazira, E. and Neshat, A. (2012). Reclamation of calcareous saline sodic soil with different amendment (I): redistribution of soluble cations within the soil profile. Agriculture Water Management http:/    /dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.08.018.
    19. Mandal, S., Samui, R.C. and Mandal, A. (2005). Growth, yield and yield attributes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea l) cultivars as influenced by gypsum application. Legume Research 28 (2): 119 – 121.
    20. Negi, A., Pareek, N., Raverkar, K.P. and Chandra, R. (2017). Effect of two sulphur sources on growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of Brassica. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology 6 : 236 – 247.
    21. Najar, G.R., Singh, S.R., Akhtar, F. and Hakeem, S.A. (2011). Influence of sulphur level on yield, uptake quality of soybean (Glycine max) under temperate conditions of Kashmir valley. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 81(4): 343-3.
    22. Norton, L. D. (2008). Gypsum soil amendment as a management practice in conservation tillage to improve water quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 63(2), 46A-48A. 
    23. Norton, L.D. and Zhang, X. (1998). Liming to improve chemical and physical properties of soil. Handbook of Soil Conditioners: Substances That Enhance the Physical Properties of Soil. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 309–331.
    24. Ostendorf, M . (2009). Gypsum a multitasking amendment. www.no-tillfarmer.com. 
    25. Patel, L. R., Patel N. R. and Patel, R. H. (1992). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur on seed yield and quality of mustard. Journal of Oilseed Research 9(2): 333-334.
    26. Pable D. and Patil, D.B. (2011). Effect of sulphur and zinc on nutrient uptake and yield of soybean. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 7: 129-132.
    27. Patel, H.R., Patel, H.F., Maheriya, V.D. and Dodia, I.N. (2013). Response of kharif greengram (Vigna radita L. Wilczek) to sulphur and phosphorus fertilization with and without bio-fertilizer application. The Bioscan 8(1):149-152.
    28. Piri, I., Rahimi, A., Tavassoli, A., Rastegaripour, F. and Babaeian, M. (2012). Effect of sulphur fertilizer on sulphur uptake and forage yield of Brassica juncea in condition of different regimes of irrigation. African Journal of Agricultural Research 7(6): 958-963.
    29. Raju, S., Singh, A. K. and Kumar, P. (2014). Performance of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in response to integrated nutrient management. Journal of Agricultural Research 1(1):9-12. 3.
    30. Rajput, R.K., Singh, S., Varma, J., Rajput, P., Singh, M. and Nath, S. (2018). Effect of different levels of nitrogen and sulphur on growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.) in salt affected soil. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(1): 1053-1055.
    31. Rao, S.S. and Shaktawat, M.S. (2002). Residual effect of organic manure, phosphorus and gypsum application in preceding groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) on soil fertility and productivity of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Indian Journal of Agronomy 47 (4): 487-494.
    32. Rathod, V.B., Sagare, B.N., Ravankar, H.N. and Sarap, P.A. (2005). Response of cotton to applied gypsum and FYM on an alkali irrigated soil of Purna valley of Vidarbha, Maharashtra. Agriculture Science Digest 25 (1): 53 – 55. 
    33. Rohtagi, B.B. Saxsena, S.K. and Singh, R. (1977). Availability of quality gypsum from indigenous source as a soil amendment. Proc. FCI-FAI (NR) Seminar on use of gypsum in reclamation of alkali soils, Lucknow: 37-55.
    34. Sachdev, M.S. and Deb, D.L. (1990). Nitrogen and S uptake and efficiency in the mustard-moong-maize cropping systems. Fertilizer News 35: 49-55.
    35. Sadiq M., Jamil, M., Mehdi, S. M., Sarfraz, M. and Hassan,G. (2002). Comparative performance of Brassica varieties/lines under saline sodic condition. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 1: 77-78.
    36. Shainberg, I., Sumner, M.E., Miller, W.P., Farina, M.P.W., Pavan, M.A. and Fey, M.V. (1989). Use of gypsum on soils: A review. p. 2–    111. In B.A Stewart (ed.) Advances in Soil Science. Springer-Verlag, New York.
    37. Singh, A.K., Meena, R.N., Kumar, A.R., Kumar, S., Meena, R. and Singh, A.P. (2017). Effect of land configuration methods and sulphur levels on growth, yield and economics of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.)] under irrigated condition. Journal of Oilseed Brassica 8 (2): 151-157.
    38. Singh, M.V. (2001). Importance of sulphur in balanced fertilizer use in India. Fertilizer News 46: 55-58
    39. Singh, S. and Sarkar, A.K. (2013). Sulphur management for optimizing oilseed and pulse production in Rainfed Jharkhand. Better Crops 97.
    40. Singh, S. and Singh, S.K. (2016). Use of indigenous sources of sulphur in soils of eastern India for higher crops yield and quality: A review. Agricultural Reviews 37 (2): 117-124. 
    41. Sipai, A.H., Patel, J.J. and Patel, N.I. (2015). Effect of sulphur and zinc with and without FYM on yield and yield attributes of mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern amd Coss] grown on light textured soil of Kachchh. Asian Journal of Soil Science 10(2): 191-200.
    42. Sonune, B.A., Naphade, P.S. and Kankal, D.S. (2001). Effect of zinc and sulphur on protein and oil content of soybean Agriculture Science Digest 21 (4): 259 – 260.
    43. Souza, F.R., Rosa Junior, E.J., Fietz, C.R., Pellin, D.M.P., Bergamin, A.C., Gelain, E. and Rosa, Y.B.C.J. (2012).Morphology and stability of aggregates of an Oxisol according to tillage system and gypsum application. Revista Ceres 59: 859-866.
    44. Stout, W. L. and Sharpley, A. N. (2000). Effectiveness of coal combustion by-products in controlling phosphorus export from soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 29:1239-1244.
    45. Wakode, R., Asha, A. J., Singh, S.K., Karthik, R., Balpande, S.S and Prashant, T. (2011). Effect of gypsum on moisture availability in vertisols under soybean gram sequence. Technology Journal of Engineering & Applied Science 1 (3): 73-85.
    46. Walworth, J. L. (2006). Using gypsum in southwestern soils. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. http://cals.arizona.edu/    pubs/garden/az1413.pdf
    47. Zhao, F.J., Evans, E. J., Bilsborrow, P. and Syers, J. K. (1993). Influence of sulphur and nitrogen on seed yield and quality of low glucosinolate oilseed rape. Brassica napus L. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture 63:29-37. 
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