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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 38 issue 3 (september 2017) : 233-237,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.v38i03.8984

Potential health benefits of Sea buckthorn oil- A review

V
Vinita
D
Darshan Punia
N
Neeta Kumari
1Department of Food and Nutrition, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India.
Cite article:- Vinita, Punia Darshan, Kumari Neeta (2017). Potential health benefits of Sea buckthorn oil- A review. Agricultural Reviews. 38(3): 233-237. doi: 10.18805/ag.v38i03.8984.

ABSTRACT

Hippophae rhamnoides, also known as sea buckthorn is an ancient plant with modern virtues, due to its nutritional and medicinal value. Sea buckthorn berry is rich in oil. Seeds (seed oil) and fruit pulp (pulp oil) are used for oil extraction. The oil content of Sea buckthorn pulp and seeds are in range of 18.2-43.5% and 7.03 -12.86% respectively. While linoleic (18:2n-6) and á-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids are the major fatty acids in the seed oil, the high level of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7, up to 50%) differentiates sea buckthorn pulp oil from most other oils of plant origin. Oil from sea buckthorn contains several bioactive components such as vitamin E, vitamin K, carotenoids and phytosterols. Sea buckthorn oil has shown great healing effect in treating damaged mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, wound, burn, dry eye, dermatitis and sunburn. The oil from pulp and the seeds of sea buckthorn have been shown to possess anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, hypocholesteromic, hypotensive, anti-hypoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Sea buckthorn oils are used as a source for ingredients in several commercially available cosmetic products and nutritional supplements like jelly, plant capsules, or oral fluids.

REFERENCES

  1. and cosmoceuticals. Food Res Int. 44: 1718-1727.
  2. Basu, M., Prasad, R., Jayamurthy, P., Pal, K., Arumughan, C. and Sawhney, R.C. (2007). Anti-atherogenic effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophaearhamnoides) seed oil. Phytomedicine. 14: 770–777. 
  3. Cheng, J., Kondo, K., Suzuki, Y., Ikeda, Y., Meng, X., and Umemura, K. (2003a). Inhibitory effects of total flavonoids of Hippophaerhamnoides L. on thrombosis in mouse femoral artery and in vitro platelet aggregation. Life Science. 72: 2263–2271.
  4. Christaki, E. (2012). Hippophaerhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn): A potential source of nutraceuticals. Food Public Health. 2: 69-72.
  5. Dogra, R., Tyagi, S.P. and Kumar, A. (2013). Efficacy of Sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides) Oil vis-a vis Other Standard Drugs for Management of Gastric Ulceration and Erosions in Dogs. Veterinary Medicine International. 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/    10.1155/2013/176848.
  6. Dharmananda, S. (2004). Sea buckthorn, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. http://www.itmonline.org/arts/seabuckthorn.htm.
  7. Dubois, V., Breton, S., Linder, M., Fanni, J. and Parmentier, M. (2007). Fatty acid profiles of 80 vegetable oils with regard to their nutritional potential. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109:710-732.
  8. Eccleston, C., Baoru, Y., Tahvonen, R., Kallio, H., Rimbach, G. H., and Minihane, A. M. (2002). Effects of an antioxidant rich juice (sea buckthorn) on risk factors for coronary heart disease in humans. The J. of Nutri. Biochem. 13: 346–354.
  9. Fatima, T., Snyder, C.L., Schroender, W.R., Cram, D., Datla, R., Wishart, D., Weselake, R.J. and Krishna, P. (2012). Fatty acid composition of developing sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) berry and transcriptome of the mature seed. Pharm Biol. 50: 1344-1345.
  10. Ganju, L., Padwad, Y., Singh, R., Karan, D., Chanda, S. and Chopra, M.K. (2005). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) Leaves. International Immunopharmacology. 5: 1675-1684.
  11. Gao, S., Guo, Q., Qin, C., Shang, R. and Zhang, Z. (2017). Sea buckthorn fruit oil extract alleviates insulin resistance through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in type2 diabetes mellitus cells and rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65(7): 1328-1336.
  12. Geetha, S., Sai Ram, M., Singh, V., Ilavazhagan, G. and Sawhney, R.C. (2002). Effect of sea buckthorn on sodium nitroprusside-    induced cytotoxicity in murine macrophages. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 56(9): 463–467.
  13. Geetha, S., Sairam, M., Sharma, S.K., Ilavazhagan, G., Banerjee, P.K., and Sawhney, R.C. (2009). Cytoprotective and antioxidant activity of Sea buckthorn flavones (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) against tert-butylhydroperoxide induced cytotoxicity in lymphocytes. Journal of Medicinal Food. 12: 151–158.
  14. George, S.D. and Cenkowski, S. (2007). Influence of harvest time on the quality of oil-based compounds in sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L. ssp. sinensis) seed and fruit. J Agric Food Chem. 55:8054-8061.
  15. Goel, H.C., Prasad, J., Singh, S., Sagar, R., Prem Kumar, I., and Sinha, A.K. (2002). Radioprotection by a herbal preparation of Hippophaerhamnoides RH-3, against whole body lethal irradiation in mice. Phytomedicine. 9: 135–143.
  16. Guliyev, V.B., Gul, M., and Yildirim, A. (2004). Hippophae rhamnoides L.: Chromatographic methods to determine chemical composition, use in traditional medicine and pharmacological effects. Journal of Chromatography. 812: 291–307.
  17. Halis, S., Mehmet, E.B., Mehmet, K., Fatih, A., Ahmet, K. and Akçahan, G. (2001). The effects of Hippophae rhamnoidesL. extract on ethanol-induced gastric lesion and gastric tissue glutathione level in rats: a comparative study with melatonin and omeprazole. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 33(2):77–81.
  18. Hsu, Y., Tsai, C., Chen, W. and Lu, F.J. (2009). Protective effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) seed oil against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47: 2281–2288.
  19. Ito, H., Asmussen, S., Traber, D.L., Cox, R.A., Hawkins, H.K., Connelly, R., Traber, L.D., Walker, T.W., Malgerud, E., Sakurai, H. and Enkhbaatar, P. (2014): Healing efficacy of sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) seed oil in an ovine burn wound model. Burns. 40: 511-519.
  20. Järvinen, R.L., Larmo, P.S., Setälä, N.L., Yang, B., Engblom, J.R., Viitanen, M.H. and Kallio, H.P. (2011). Effects of oral sea buckthorn oil on tear film Fatty acids in individuals with dry eye. Cornea. 30(9): 1013-19.
  21. Kallio, H., Yang, B., Peippo, P., Tahvonen, R. and Pan, R. (2002). Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp. sinensisand mongolica) of sea buckthorn (Hippophaërhamnoides). J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 3004-3009.
  22. Khan, B.A., Akhtar, N. and Mahmood, T. (2010). A comprehensive review of a magic plant Hippophaerhamnoides. Pharmacogn J. 16: 58-61.
  23. Kaushal, M. and Sharma, P.C. (2011). Nutritional and antimicrobial property of seabuckthorn (Hippophae sp.) seed oil. J Sci Indust Res. 70: 1033-1036.
  24. Kumar, S. and Sagar, A. (2007). Microbial associates of Hippophaerhamnoides (Seabuckthorn). Plant Pathol J. 6: 299-305.
  25. Kumar, R., Kumar, G.P., Chaurasia, O.P. and Singh, S.B. (2011). Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of seabuckthorn oil: a review. Res J Med Plant. 5: 491-499.
  26. Lebeda, A. (2004). Official use of Sea buckthorn fruits in Ukarine. Sea buckthorn a resource of Health, a Challenge to Modern Technology. Proceedings of the 1st Congress of the International Sea Buckthorn Association, Berlin, Germany. 12: 75-81.
  27. Larmo, P.S., Jarvinen, R.L., Setala, N.L., Yang, B., Viitanen, M.H. and Engblom, J.R. (2010). Oral sea buckthorn oil attenuates tear film osmolarity and symptoms in individuals with dry eye. J.Nutr. 140(8): 1462-8.
  28. Li, T.S.C. and Beveridge, T.H.J. (2003). Sea buckthorn (HippophaerhamnoidesL.): Production and utilization. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. pp. 101-106.
  29. Moersel, T., Heilscher, K. and Morsel, C. (2005). Quality parameters of Seabuckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) oil. In: [Singh, V. (Ed.)], Seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.): A Multipurpose Wonder Plant, vol. 2. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp. 337–341.
  30. Nakamura, S., Kimura, Y., Mori, D., Imada, T., Izuta, Y., Shibuya, M., Sakaguchi, H., Oonishi, E., Okada, N., Matsumoto, K. and Tsubota, K. (2017). Restoration of Tear Secretion in a Murine Dry Eye Model by Oral Administration of Palmitoleic Acid. Nutrient. 9: 364-375.
  31. Padwad, Y., Ganju, L. and Jain, M. (2006). Effect of leaf extract of Sea buckthorn on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in murine macrophages. International Immunopharmacology. 6: 646–652.
  32. Parimelazhagan, Chourasia, Raut, (2004). Bio-active substances of seabuckthorn. In: Souvenir and book of abstracts— National Seminar on cultivation, harvesting and scientific exploitation of seabuckthorn, Field Research Laboratory (DRDO), India. 23 p.
  33. Purushothaman, J., Suryakumar, G. and Shukla, D. (2008). Modulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.)in hypobaric hypoxia induced cerebral vascular injury. Brain Research Bulletin. 77(5): 246–252.
  34. Sajfrtová, M., Licková, I., Wimmerová, M., Sovová, H. and Wimmer, Z. (2010). Sitosterol: supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from Sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) seeds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 11: 1842–1850.
  35. Seven, B., Varoglu, E., Aktas, O., Sahin, A., Gumustekin, K., Dane, S. and Suleyman, H. (2009). Hippophaerhamnoides L. and dexpanthenol-bepanthene on blood flow after experimental skin burns in rats using 133Xe clearance technique. Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 12: 55–58. 
  36. Suleyman, H., Buyukokuroglu, M. E., Koruk, M., Akcay, F., Kiziltunc, A. and Gepdiremen, A. (2001a). The effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract on ethanol induced gastric lesion and gastric tissue glutathione level in rats: A comparative study with melatonin and omeprazole. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 33: 77–81.
  37. Suleyman, H., Demirezer, L. O., Buyukokuroglu, M. E., Akcay, M. F., Gepdiremen, A., Banoglu, Z. N. and Gocer, F. (2001b). Antiulcerogenic effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Phytotherapy Research. 15: 625–627.
  38. Shah, A. H., Ahmed, D., Sabir, M., Arif, S., Khaliq, I., and Batool, F. (2007). Biochemical and nutritional evaluations of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. spp. Turkestanica) from different location of Pakistan. Pakistani Journal of Botany. 39: 2059–    2065.
  39. Ting, H., Hsu, Y., Tsai, C., Lua, F., Chou, M. and Chen, W. (2011). The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil. Food Chemistry. 125: 652–659.
  40. Upadhyay, N.K., Kumar, R., Mandotra, S.K., Meena, R.N, Siddiqui, M.S., Sawhney, R.C. and Gupta, A. (2009). Safety and healing efficacy of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil on burn wounds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 47: 1146-1153.
  41. Valíèek, P. and Havelka, E.V. (2008). Hippophae rhamnoides (in Czech). Start Benešov. ISBN 978-80-86231-44-0, 86 p.
  42. Varshney, A.C. (2008). Modulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in hypobaric hypoxia induced cerebral vascular injury. Brain Research Bulletin. 77(5): 246-52. 
  43. Xing, J., Yang, B., Dong, Y., Wang, B., Wang, J. and Kallio, H.P. (2002). Effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed and pulp oils on experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats. Fitoterapia. 73(7-8): 644–650. 
  44. Xu, X., Xie, B., Pan, S., Liu, L., Wang, Y. and Chen, C. (2007). Effects of sea buckthorn procyanidins on healing of acetic acid-    induced lesions in the rat stomach. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 16(1): 234–238.
  45. Yang, B., Kalimo, K.O., Tahvonen, R.L., Mattila, L.M., Katajisto, J.K. and Kallio, H.P. (2000). Effect of dietary supplementation with sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) seed and pulp oils on the fatty acid composition of skin glycerophospholipids of patients with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 10(11): 622–630.
  46. Yang, B.R. and Kallio, H.P. (2001). Fatty acid composition of lipid in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) berries of different origins. J. Agric Food Chem. 49: 1939-1947.
  47. Yang, B.R. and Kallio, H.P. (2002). Composition and physiological effects of sea buckthorn (Hyppophae rhamnoides) lipids. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 13: 160-167.
  48. Zeb, A. (2004a). Chemical and nutritional constituents of sea buckthorn juice. Pakistani Journal of Nutrition. 3: 99–106. 
  49. Zeb, A. (2004b). Important therapeutic uses of sea buckthorn (Hippophae): A review. The Journal of Biological Sciences. 4: 687–693.
  50. Zeb, A. (2006). Anticarcinogenic potential of lipids from hippophae – Evidence from the recent literature. Asian Pac J Cancer P. 7: 32-    34.
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 38 issue 3 (september 2017) : 233-237,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.v38i03.8984

    Potential health benefits of Sea buckthorn oil- A review

    V
    Vinita
    D
    Darshan Punia
    N
    Neeta Kumari
    1Department of Food and Nutrition, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India.
    Cite article:- Vinita, Punia Darshan, Kumari Neeta (2017). Potential health benefits of Sea buckthorn oil- A review. Agricultural Reviews. 38(3): 233-237. doi: 10.18805/ag.v38i03.8984.

    ABSTRACT

    Hippophae rhamnoides, also known as sea buckthorn is an ancient plant with modern virtues, due to its nutritional and medicinal value. Sea buckthorn berry is rich in oil. Seeds (seed oil) and fruit pulp (pulp oil) are used for oil extraction. The oil content of Sea buckthorn pulp and seeds are in range of 18.2-43.5% and 7.03 -12.86% respectively. While linoleic (18:2n-6) and á-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids are the major fatty acids in the seed oil, the high level of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7, up to 50%) differentiates sea buckthorn pulp oil from most other oils of plant origin. Oil from sea buckthorn contains several bioactive components such as vitamin E, vitamin K, carotenoids and phytosterols. Sea buckthorn oil has shown great healing effect in treating damaged mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, wound, burn, dry eye, dermatitis and sunburn. The oil from pulp and the seeds of sea buckthorn have been shown to possess anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, hypocholesteromic, hypotensive, anti-hypoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Sea buckthorn oils are used as a source for ingredients in several commercially available cosmetic products and nutritional supplements like jelly, plant capsules, or oral fluids.

    REFERENCES

    1. and cosmoceuticals. Food Res Int. 44: 1718-1727.
    2. Basu, M., Prasad, R., Jayamurthy, P., Pal, K., Arumughan, C. and Sawhney, R.C. (2007). Anti-atherogenic effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophaearhamnoides) seed oil. Phytomedicine. 14: 770–777. 
    3. Cheng, J., Kondo, K., Suzuki, Y., Ikeda, Y., Meng, X., and Umemura, K. (2003a). Inhibitory effects of total flavonoids of Hippophaerhamnoides L. on thrombosis in mouse femoral artery and in vitro platelet aggregation. Life Science. 72: 2263–2271.
    4. Christaki, E. (2012). Hippophaerhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn): A potential source of nutraceuticals. Food Public Health. 2: 69-72.
    5. Dogra, R., Tyagi, S.P. and Kumar, A. (2013). Efficacy of Sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides) Oil vis-a vis Other Standard Drugs for Management of Gastric Ulceration and Erosions in Dogs. Veterinary Medicine International. 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/    10.1155/2013/176848.
    6. Dharmananda, S. (2004). Sea buckthorn, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. http://www.itmonline.org/arts/seabuckthorn.htm.
    7. Dubois, V., Breton, S., Linder, M., Fanni, J. and Parmentier, M. (2007). Fatty acid profiles of 80 vegetable oils with regard to their nutritional potential. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109:710-732.
    8. Eccleston, C., Baoru, Y., Tahvonen, R., Kallio, H., Rimbach, G. H., and Minihane, A. M. (2002). Effects of an antioxidant rich juice (sea buckthorn) on risk factors for coronary heart disease in humans. The J. of Nutri. Biochem. 13: 346–354.
    9. Fatima, T., Snyder, C.L., Schroender, W.R., Cram, D., Datla, R., Wishart, D., Weselake, R.J. and Krishna, P. (2012). Fatty acid composition of developing sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) berry and transcriptome of the mature seed. Pharm Biol. 50: 1344-1345.
    10. Ganju, L., Padwad, Y., Singh, R., Karan, D., Chanda, S. and Chopra, M.K. (2005). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) Leaves. International Immunopharmacology. 5: 1675-1684.
    11. Gao, S., Guo, Q., Qin, C., Shang, R. and Zhang, Z. (2017). Sea buckthorn fruit oil extract alleviates insulin resistance through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in type2 diabetes mellitus cells and rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65(7): 1328-1336.
    12. Geetha, S., Sai Ram, M., Singh, V., Ilavazhagan, G. and Sawhney, R.C. (2002). Effect of sea buckthorn on sodium nitroprusside-    induced cytotoxicity in murine macrophages. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 56(9): 463–467.
    13. Geetha, S., Sairam, M., Sharma, S.K., Ilavazhagan, G., Banerjee, P.K., and Sawhney, R.C. (2009). Cytoprotective and antioxidant activity of Sea buckthorn flavones (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) against tert-butylhydroperoxide induced cytotoxicity in lymphocytes. Journal of Medicinal Food. 12: 151–158.
    14. George, S.D. and Cenkowski, S. (2007). Influence of harvest time on the quality of oil-based compounds in sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L. ssp. sinensis) seed and fruit. J Agric Food Chem. 55:8054-8061.
    15. Goel, H.C., Prasad, J., Singh, S., Sagar, R., Prem Kumar, I., and Sinha, A.K. (2002). Radioprotection by a herbal preparation of Hippophaerhamnoides RH-3, against whole body lethal irradiation in mice. Phytomedicine. 9: 135–143.
    16. Guliyev, V.B., Gul, M., and Yildirim, A. (2004). Hippophae rhamnoides L.: Chromatographic methods to determine chemical composition, use in traditional medicine and pharmacological effects. Journal of Chromatography. 812: 291–307.
    17. Halis, S., Mehmet, E.B., Mehmet, K., Fatih, A., Ahmet, K. and Akçahan, G. (2001). The effects of Hippophae rhamnoidesL. extract on ethanol-induced gastric lesion and gastric tissue glutathione level in rats: a comparative study with melatonin and omeprazole. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 33(2):77–81.
    18. Hsu, Y., Tsai, C., Chen, W. and Lu, F.J. (2009). Protective effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) seed oil against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47: 2281–2288.
    19. Ito, H., Asmussen, S., Traber, D.L., Cox, R.A., Hawkins, H.K., Connelly, R., Traber, L.D., Walker, T.W., Malgerud, E., Sakurai, H. and Enkhbaatar, P. (2014): Healing efficacy of sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) seed oil in an ovine burn wound model. Burns. 40: 511-519.
    20. Järvinen, R.L., Larmo, P.S., Setälä, N.L., Yang, B., Engblom, J.R., Viitanen, M.H. and Kallio, H.P. (2011). Effects of oral sea buckthorn oil on tear film Fatty acids in individuals with dry eye. Cornea. 30(9): 1013-19.
    21. Kallio, H., Yang, B., Peippo, P., Tahvonen, R. and Pan, R. (2002). Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp. sinensisand mongolica) of sea buckthorn (Hippophaërhamnoides). J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 3004-3009.
    22. Khan, B.A., Akhtar, N. and Mahmood, T. (2010). A comprehensive review of a magic plant Hippophaerhamnoides. Pharmacogn J. 16: 58-61.
    23. Kaushal, M. and Sharma, P.C. (2011). Nutritional and antimicrobial property of seabuckthorn (Hippophae sp.) seed oil. J Sci Indust Res. 70: 1033-1036.
    24. Kumar, S. and Sagar, A. (2007). Microbial associates of Hippophaerhamnoides (Seabuckthorn). Plant Pathol J. 6: 299-305.
    25. Kumar, R., Kumar, G.P., Chaurasia, O.P. and Singh, S.B. (2011). Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of seabuckthorn oil: a review. Res J Med Plant. 5: 491-499.
    26. Lebeda, A. (2004). Official use of Sea buckthorn fruits in Ukarine. Sea buckthorn a resource of Health, a Challenge to Modern Technology. Proceedings of the 1st Congress of the International Sea Buckthorn Association, Berlin, Germany. 12: 75-81.
    27. Larmo, P.S., Jarvinen, R.L., Setala, N.L., Yang, B., Viitanen, M.H. and Engblom, J.R. (2010). Oral sea buckthorn oil attenuates tear film osmolarity and symptoms in individuals with dry eye. J.Nutr. 140(8): 1462-8.
    28. Li, T.S.C. and Beveridge, T.H.J. (2003). Sea buckthorn (HippophaerhamnoidesL.): Production and utilization. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. pp. 101-106.
    29. Moersel, T., Heilscher, K. and Morsel, C. (2005). Quality parameters of Seabuckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) oil. In: [Singh, V. (Ed.)], Seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.): A Multipurpose Wonder Plant, vol. 2. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp. 337–341.
    30. Nakamura, S., Kimura, Y., Mori, D., Imada, T., Izuta, Y., Shibuya, M., Sakaguchi, H., Oonishi, E., Okada, N., Matsumoto, K. and Tsubota, K. (2017). Restoration of Tear Secretion in a Murine Dry Eye Model by Oral Administration of Palmitoleic Acid. Nutrient. 9: 364-375.
    31. Padwad, Y., Ganju, L. and Jain, M. (2006). Effect of leaf extract of Sea buckthorn on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in murine macrophages. International Immunopharmacology. 6: 646–652.
    32. Parimelazhagan, Chourasia, Raut, (2004). Bio-active substances of seabuckthorn. In: Souvenir and book of abstracts— National Seminar on cultivation, harvesting and scientific exploitation of seabuckthorn, Field Research Laboratory (DRDO), India. 23 p.
    33. Purushothaman, J., Suryakumar, G. and Shukla, D. (2008). Modulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.)in hypobaric hypoxia induced cerebral vascular injury. Brain Research Bulletin. 77(5): 246–252.
    34. Sajfrtová, M., Licková, I., Wimmerová, M., Sovová, H. and Wimmer, Z. (2010). Sitosterol: supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from Sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.) seeds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 11: 1842–1850.
    35. Seven, B., Varoglu, E., Aktas, O., Sahin, A., Gumustekin, K., Dane, S. and Suleyman, H. (2009). Hippophaerhamnoides L. and dexpanthenol-bepanthene on blood flow after experimental skin burns in rats using 133Xe clearance technique. Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 12: 55–58. 
    36. Suleyman, H., Buyukokuroglu, M. E., Koruk, M., Akcay, F., Kiziltunc, A. and Gepdiremen, A. (2001a). The effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract on ethanol induced gastric lesion and gastric tissue glutathione level in rats: A comparative study with melatonin and omeprazole. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 33: 77–81.
    37. Suleyman, H., Demirezer, L. O., Buyukokuroglu, M. E., Akcay, M. F., Gepdiremen, A., Banoglu, Z. N. and Gocer, F. (2001b). Antiulcerogenic effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Phytotherapy Research. 15: 625–627.
    38. Shah, A. H., Ahmed, D., Sabir, M., Arif, S., Khaliq, I., and Batool, F. (2007). Biochemical and nutritional evaluations of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. spp. Turkestanica) from different location of Pakistan. Pakistani Journal of Botany. 39: 2059–    2065.
    39. Ting, H., Hsu, Y., Tsai, C., Lua, F., Chou, M. and Chen, W. (2011). The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil. Food Chemistry. 125: 652–659.
    40. Upadhyay, N.K., Kumar, R., Mandotra, S.K., Meena, R.N, Siddiqui, M.S., Sawhney, R.C. and Gupta, A. (2009). Safety and healing efficacy of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil on burn wounds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 47: 1146-1153.
    41. Valíèek, P. and Havelka, E.V. (2008). Hippophae rhamnoides (in Czech). Start Benešov. ISBN 978-80-86231-44-0, 86 p.
    42. Varshney, A.C. (2008). Modulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in hypobaric hypoxia induced cerebral vascular injury. Brain Research Bulletin. 77(5): 246-52. 
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