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Research Article

volume 39 issue 2 (june 2018) : 104-112,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1679

Diversified agriculture for higher productivity and profitability–A review 

B
B.P. Meena
A
A.O. Shirale
A
A.K. Biswas
B
B.L. Lakaria
P
Pramod Jha
P
Priya P. Gurav
R
R.H. Wanjari
A
A.K. Patra
1Division of Soil Chemistry and Fertility ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Bhopal- 462 038, Madhya Pradesh , India.
Cite article:- Meena B.P., Shirale A.O., Biswas A.K., Lakaria B.L., Jha Pramod, Gurav P. Priya, Wanjari R.H., Patra A.K. (2018). Diversified agriculture for higher productivity and profitability–A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(2): 104-112. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1679.

ABSTRACT

In the present scenario of food production system, one of the most important challenges the Indian agriculture facing today is how to sustain farm profitability and food security. In order to feed an increasing the population 2% per year and meet the food demand (341 million tonnes by 2025), the agricultural productivity and growth need to be sustained and further improved. Food security is multidimensional crisis, which directly hits the poorest and neediest and in turn decreases their already low quality of life. The agriculture sector is the starting point for finding sustainable solution to overcome the food crisis. This situation is nodding towards rethinking about the profitable agriculture. For this concern holistic approaches have to be continued with certain aspects so that the 60–70% population associated with agriculture remains in the profession. Else wise, everyone wants to have alternate entrepreneur rather than agriculture since it is less profit oriented with high risk and needs more hard work as compared to other entrepreneurs. Diversified agriculture is an integration of several crops and livestock’s, in production system for a higher food production and farm profitability. 

REFERENCES

  1. Acharya, S.P., Basavaraja, H., Kunnal, L.B, Mahajanashetti, S.B. and Bhat, A.R.S. (2011). Crop Diversification in Karnataka: An Economic Analysis. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 24: 351-357.
  2. Ahmad, G.A., Mir, I.A., Sehgal J.P., Sheikh G.G., Haq M. and Raies, Pampori Z.A. (2011). Feeding Systems-Efficient Tools to Alter Milk Composition–A Review. Agricultural Reviews, 32 (4): 235-245.
  3. Balusamy, M., Shanmughum, P.M. and Baskaran, R. (2003). Mixed farming an ideal farming. Intensive Agriculture, 41(11–12): 20–25.
  4. Behl, H.M. (2006). Bio-diesel from Jatropha: the road map. Renewable Energy (Akshay Urja), 2:12-18. 
  5. Biswas, B.C. and Soumitra, Das. (1999). Role of fertilizer in doubling oilseed productivity in India. Indian Journal of fertilizer, 44(10): 23–26.
  6. Chauhan, H.S. (2000). Performance of Poplar (Populus deltoides) based agroforestry system using aromatic crops. Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 2:17–21.
  7. De Haan, C., VanVeen, S.T., Brandenburg, B., Gauthier, J., Le, Gall., F., Mearns, R., and Simeon, M. (2001). Directions in development.Livestock development implications for rural poverty, the environment and global food security. The World Bank, Washington D.C.
  8. Delgado, C. (2005). Rising demand for meat and milk in developing countries: implications for grasslands-based livestock production. In Grassland: a global resource (eds. McGilloway D.A.), The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers pp. 29–39
  9. Dhyani, S.K., Raizada, A. and Tripathi, R.S. (2009). Weed Dynamics in modified hill farming systems in North-Eastern India: A comparative analysis. Range Management and Agroforestry, 30 (1):38–48.
  10. Dhyani, S.K., Ram Newaj and Sharma, A.R. (2009). Agroforestry: its relation with agronomy, challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 54(3): 249–266.
  11. Dhyani, S.K., Sharda, V.N. and Sharma, A.R. (2003). Agroforestry for water resources conservation: issues, challenges and strategies. In: Agroforestry: Potentials and Opportunities. [Pathak, P.S. and Ram Newaj (eds)] Agribios (India) and ISA pp 9–30.
  12. Economic survey, (2016–17). Economic Survey 2016–17, Ministry of Finance, Government of India volume 2 pp 166. 
  13. Economic survey, (2015–16). Economic Survey 2015–16, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 
  14. FAO, (2009). The State of Food and Agriculture: Livestock in balance, FAO, Rome (available at faostat.fao.org).
  15. Ghaisas, Y.G. (2005). An NGO experience on biodiesel project. Future Energy, 2(7): 20-21. 
  16. Gill, M.S. and Ahlawat, I.P.S. (2006). Crop diversification and its role toward sustainability and profitability. Indian Journal of fertilizer, 2(9): 125-138.
  17. Gill, M.S., Prasad, K. and Ahlawat, I.P.S. (2007). Improving sustainability of rice-wheat cropping system through pulses: need and imperative National Symposium on Legumes for ecological sustainability; emerging challenges and opportunities, 2-5 November, 2007, Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, IIPR, Kanpur, pp 7.
  18. Gill, M.S., Singh, J.P. and Gangwar, K.S. (2009). Integrated farming system and agriculture sustainability. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 54(2): 128-139.
  19. Griffith, D.M. (2000). Agroforestry: A refuge for tropical biodiversity after fire. Conservation Biology, 14: 325–326.
  20. Hegde, D.M. (2005). Oilseed: striving for self-sufficiency. Survey of Indian Agriculture. The Hindu.
  21. Jackson, M.G. (1977). Rice straw as livestock feed. World Animal Review, 23: 25.
  22. Jayanti, C., Rangasamy, A., Mythili, S., Balusamy, M., Chinnusamy, C. and Sanskaran, N. (2001). Sustainable production and profitability to integrated farming system in low land farms. In extended summaries, pp. 79–81. In: A.K. Singh, B. Gangwar, Pankaj and P.S. Pandey (eds.), National Symposium on Farming System Research on New Millennium, PDFSR, Modipuram.
  23. Kalaichelvi, K. and Swaminathan A. Arul. (2009). Alternate land use through cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants–    A review. Agricultural Reviews, 30(3): 176–183.
  24. Kristjanson, P., Krishna A., Radeny M. and Nindo W. (2004). Pathways out of poverty in western Kenya and the role of livestock. Pro poor livestock policy initiative working paper No. 14 http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAinfo/programmes/en/pplpi/docarc/wp14.pdf
  25. Kumar, P. (2003). Development of tree borne oilseeds–Problems and Prospects. In: [Singh H and Hegde DM (eds)]. Souvenir, National seminar on Stress Management in Oilseeds for Attaining Self-Reliance in Veg Oils. Indian Society of Oilseeds Research, H    yderabad. January 28–30, 2003: 111–117. 
  26. Lin, Brenda B. (2011). Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: Adaptive management for Environmental Change. Bio Science, 61 (3):183–193. 
  27. Matson, P.A., Parton, W.J., Power, A.G., and Swift, M.J. (1997). Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties, Science, New Series: 277(5325): 504-509.
  28. Meena, B.P., Kumar A, Shiva Dhar, Paul S., and Kumar A. (2016). Productivity, nutrient uptake and quality of popcorn and potato in relation to organic nutrient management practices. Annals of Agricultural Research New Series, 37 (1): 72-79.
  29. Mehta, B.V. (2007). India’s edible oil demand supply and future projection in changing global vegetable oils scenario: Issues and challenges before India, (Eds D.M. Hegde), Indian Society of Oilseeds Research. 445-450. 
  30. Niwas, R., Singh, D.P., Srivastava, S.B. and Paswan, V.K. (2012). Feed supplements vis-a-vis safe food through animal husbandry: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 33(4):315–321.
  31. Peacock, C. (2005). Goats–A pathway out of poverty. Small Ruminant Research, 60:179-186.
  32. Peterson, J.B.D. (2006). Ethanol production from agricultural residues. International Sugar Journal, 108: 177–180. 
  33. Radha, Y., Eshwara Prasad, Y. and Vijayabhinandana, B. (2000). Study of income and employment generation on agricultural based livestock farming system. Paper presented at VIII Annual Conference of AERA at TNUSU, Channai, 28–29 December 2000.
  34. Randolph, T.F., Schelling, E., Grace D, Nicholson C.F., Leroy, J.L., Cole, D.C., Demment, M.W., Omore, A., Zinsstag, J. and Ruel, M. (2007). Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries. Journal of Animal Science, 85:2788–2800. 
  35. Rao, M. and Sita Ram, (1980). In: Proceedings of second forestry conference held at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India pp 525–529.
  36. Samra, J.S. and Shiv Charan Singh (2000). Silvopasture systems for soil, water and nutrient conservation on degraded land of Shiwalik foothills (sub-tropical northern India). Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 28(1): 35–42.
  37. Shukla, S.K. (2005). Experiences of Chhattisgarh biofuel development authority. Biofuels India, 4: 12–13. 
  38. Solaimalai, A., Muralidaran, C. and Subburamu, K. (2005). Alley cropping in rainfed agro-ecosystem–A review. Agricultural Reviews, 26(3):157–172. 
  39. Yadav, R.L. (1996). Cropping system. In: 50 Years of Crops Science Research in India (eds R.S. Paroda and K.L. Chaddha), pp 117-    128. New Delhi: ICAR 
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    Research Article

    volume 39 issue 2 (june 2018) : 104-112,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1679

    Diversified agriculture for higher productivity and profitability–A review 

    B
    B.P. Meena
    A
    A.O. Shirale
    A
    A.K. Biswas
    B
    B.L. Lakaria
    P
    Pramod Jha
    P
    Priya P. Gurav
    R
    R.H. Wanjari
    A
    A.K. Patra
    1Division of Soil Chemistry and Fertility ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Bhopal- 462 038, Madhya Pradesh , India.
    Cite article:- Meena B.P., Shirale A.O., Biswas A.K., Lakaria B.L., Jha Pramod, Gurav P. Priya, Wanjari R.H., Patra A.K. (2018). Diversified agriculture for higher productivity and profitability–A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(2): 104-112. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1679.

    ABSTRACT

    In the present scenario of food production system, one of the most important challenges the Indian agriculture facing today is how to sustain farm profitability and food security. In order to feed an increasing the population 2% per year and meet the food demand (341 million tonnes by 2025), the agricultural productivity and growth need to be sustained and further improved. Food security is multidimensional crisis, which directly hits the poorest and neediest and in turn decreases their already low quality of life. The agriculture sector is the starting point for finding sustainable solution to overcome the food crisis. This situation is nodding towards rethinking about the profitable agriculture. For this concern holistic approaches have to be continued with certain aspects so that the 60–70% population associated with agriculture remains in the profession. Else wise, everyone wants to have alternate entrepreneur rather than agriculture since it is less profit oriented with high risk and needs more hard work as compared to other entrepreneurs. Diversified agriculture is an integration of several crops and livestock’s, in production system for a higher food production and farm profitability. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Acharya, S.P., Basavaraja, H., Kunnal, L.B, Mahajanashetti, S.B. and Bhat, A.R.S. (2011). Crop Diversification in Karnataka: An Economic Analysis. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 24: 351-357.
    2. Ahmad, G.A., Mir, I.A., Sehgal J.P., Sheikh G.G., Haq M. and Raies, Pampori Z.A. (2011). Feeding Systems-Efficient Tools to Alter Milk Composition–A Review. Agricultural Reviews, 32 (4): 235-245.
    3. Balusamy, M., Shanmughum, P.M. and Baskaran, R. (2003). Mixed farming an ideal farming. Intensive Agriculture, 41(11–12): 20–25.
    4. Behl, H.M. (2006). Bio-diesel from Jatropha: the road map. Renewable Energy (Akshay Urja), 2:12-18. 
    5. Biswas, B.C. and Soumitra, Das. (1999). Role of fertilizer in doubling oilseed productivity in India. Indian Journal of fertilizer, 44(10): 23–26.
    6. Chauhan, H.S. (2000). Performance of Poplar (Populus deltoides) based agroforestry system using aromatic crops. Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 2:17–21.
    7. De Haan, C., VanVeen, S.T., Brandenburg, B., Gauthier, J., Le, Gall., F., Mearns, R., and Simeon, M. (2001). Directions in development.Livestock development implications for rural poverty, the environment and global food security. The World Bank, Washington D.C.
    8. Delgado, C. (2005). Rising demand for meat and milk in developing countries: implications for grasslands-based livestock production. In Grassland: a global resource (eds. McGilloway D.A.), The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers pp. 29–39
    9. Dhyani, S.K., Raizada, A. and Tripathi, R.S. (2009). Weed Dynamics in modified hill farming systems in North-Eastern India: A comparative analysis. Range Management and Agroforestry, 30 (1):38–48.
    10. Dhyani, S.K., Ram Newaj and Sharma, A.R. (2009). Agroforestry: its relation with agronomy, challenges and opportunities. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 54(3): 249–266.
    11. Dhyani, S.K., Sharda, V.N. and Sharma, A.R. (2003). Agroforestry for water resources conservation: issues, challenges and strategies. In: Agroforestry: Potentials and Opportunities. [Pathak, P.S. and Ram Newaj (eds)] Agribios (India) and ISA pp 9–30.
    12. Economic survey, (2016–17). Economic Survey 2016–17, Ministry of Finance, Government of India volume 2 pp 166. 
    13. Economic survey, (2015–16). Economic Survey 2015–16, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 
    14. FAO, (2009). The State of Food and Agriculture: Livestock in balance, FAO, Rome (available at faostat.fao.org).
    15. Ghaisas, Y.G. (2005). An NGO experience on biodiesel project. Future Energy, 2(7): 20-21. 
    16. Gill, M.S. and Ahlawat, I.P.S. (2006). Crop diversification and its role toward sustainability and profitability. Indian Journal of fertilizer, 2(9): 125-138.
    17. Gill, M.S., Prasad, K. and Ahlawat, I.P.S. (2007). Improving sustainability of rice-wheat cropping system through pulses: need and imperative National Symposium on Legumes for ecological sustainability; emerging challenges and opportunities, 2-5 November, 2007, Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, IIPR, Kanpur, pp 7.
    18. Gill, M.S., Singh, J.P. and Gangwar, K.S. (2009). Integrated farming system and agriculture sustainability. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 54(2): 128-139.
    19. Griffith, D.M. (2000). Agroforestry: A refuge for tropical biodiversity after fire. Conservation Biology, 14: 325–326.
    20. Hegde, D.M. (2005). Oilseed: striving for self-sufficiency. Survey of Indian Agriculture. The Hindu.
    21. Jackson, M.G. (1977). Rice straw as livestock feed. World Animal Review, 23: 25.
    22. Jayanti, C., Rangasamy, A., Mythili, S., Balusamy, M., Chinnusamy, C. and Sanskaran, N. (2001). Sustainable production and profitability to integrated farming system in low land farms. In extended summaries, pp. 79–81. In: A.K. Singh, B. Gangwar, Pankaj and P.S. Pandey (eds.), National Symposium on Farming System Research on New Millennium, PDFSR, Modipuram.
    23. Kalaichelvi, K. and Swaminathan A. Arul. (2009). Alternate land use through cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants–    A review. Agricultural Reviews, 30(3): 176–183.
    24. Kristjanson, P., Krishna A., Radeny M. and Nindo W. (2004). Pathways out of poverty in western Kenya and the role of livestock. Pro poor livestock policy initiative working paper No. 14 http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAinfo/programmes/en/pplpi/docarc/wp14.pdf
    25. Kumar, P. (2003). Development of tree borne oilseeds–Problems and Prospects. In: [Singh H and Hegde DM (eds)]. Souvenir, National seminar on Stress Management in Oilseeds for Attaining Self-Reliance in Veg Oils. Indian Society of Oilseeds Research, H    yderabad. January 28–30, 2003: 111–117. 
    26. Lin, Brenda B. (2011). Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: Adaptive management for Environmental Change. Bio Science, 61 (3):183–193. 
    27. Matson, P.A., Parton, W.J., Power, A.G., and Swift, M.J. (1997). Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties, Science, New Series: 277(5325): 504-509.
    28. Meena, B.P., Kumar A, Shiva Dhar, Paul S., and Kumar A. (2016). Productivity, nutrient uptake and quality of popcorn and potato in relation to organic nutrient management practices. Annals of Agricultural Research New Series, 37 (1): 72-79.
    29. Mehta, B.V. (2007). India’s edible oil demand supply and future projection in changing global vegetable oils scenario: Issues and challenges before India, (Eds D.M. Hegde), Indian Society of Oilseeds Research. 445-450. 
    30. Niwas, R., Singh, D.P., Srivastava, S.B. and Paswan, V.K. (2012). Feed supplements vis-a-vis safe food through animal husbandry: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 33(4):315–321.
    31. Peacock, C. (2005). Goats–A pathway out of poverty. Small Ruminant Research, 60:179-186.
    32. Peterson, J.B.D. (2006). Ethanol production from agricultural residues. International Sugar Journal, 108: 177–180. 
    33. Radha, Y., Eshwara Prasad, Y. and Vijayabhinandana, B. (2000). Study of income and employment generation on agricultural based livestock farming system. Paper presented at VIII Annual Conference of AERA at TNUSU, Channai, 28–29 December 2000.
    34. Randolph, T.F., Schelling, E., Grace D, Nicholson C.F., Leroy, J.L., Cole, D.C., Demment, M.W., Omore, A., Zinsstag, J. and Ruel, M. (2007). Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries. Journal of Animal Science, 85:2788–2800. 
    35. Rao, M. and Sita Ram, (1980). In: Proceedings of second forestry conference held at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India pp 525–529.
    36. Samra, J.S. and Shiv Charan Singh (2000). Silvopasture systems for soil, water and nutrient conservation on degraded land of Shiwalik foothills (sub-tropical northern India). Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 28(1): 35–42.
    37. Shukla, S.K. (2005). Experiences of Chhattisgarh biofuel development authority. Biofuels India, 4: 12–13. 
    38. Solaimalai, A., Muralidaran, C. and Subburamu, K. (2005). Alley cropping in rainfed agro-ecosystem–A review. Agricultural Reviews, 26(3):157–172. 
    39. Yadav, R.L. (1996). Cropping system. In: 50 Years of Crops Science Research in India (eds R.S. Paroda and K.L. Chaddha), pp 117-    128. New Delhi: ICAR 
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