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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 39 issue 2 (june 2018) : 137-143,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1667

Improved paddy straw as ruminant feed: A review

G
G.G. Sheikh
A
A.M. Ganai
P
P.A. Reshi
S
Sheikh Bilal
S
Shabir Mir
D
Danish Masood
1Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Srinagar-190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Cite article:- Sheikh G.G., Ganai A.M., Reshi P.A., Bilal Sheikh, Mir Shabir, Masood Danish (2018). Improved paddy straw as ruminant feed: A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(2): 137-143. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1667.

ABSTRACT

Paddy straw is a major agro-residue fed to ruminants in India. Feeding only rice straw does not provide enough nutrients to the ruminants even for maintenance due to the low nutritive value of this highly lignified material containing high concentration of anti-nutrition factors like lignin, silicates and oxalates. Despite the improvements of crop residues through various processing methods such as physical and chemical, the efficient utilization to desirable extent is still awaited. So utilization of paddy straw in association with concept of complete feed along with biological agents is need of the hour to maximize advantage from given feeds in animal production systems.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdel-Azim, S.N., Ahmed, M.A., Abo-Donia, F. and Soliman, H. (2011). Evaluation of fungal treatment of some agricultural residues. Egypt. J. Sheep Goat Sci. 6:1-13.
  2. Abou-EL-Enin, O.H., Fadel, J.G. and Mackill, D.J. (1999). Differences in chemical composition and fibre digestion of rice straw with, without, anhydrous ammonia from 53 rice varieties. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 79:129-136.
  3. Agbagla-Dohnani, A., Noziere, P., Gaillard-Martinie, B., Puard, M. and Doreau, M. (2003). Effect of silica content on rice straw ruminal degradation. J. Anim. Sci. 140:183-192.
  4. Akinfemi, A. and Ogunwole, O.A. (2012). Chemical Composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw treated with Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus Pulmonarius and Pleurotus tuber-regium. Slovak Journal of Animal Science 45:14-20.
  5. Akter, Y., Akbar, M.A., Shahjalal, M. and Ahmed, T.U. (2004). Effect of urea molasses multi-nutrient blocks supplementation of dairy cows fed rice straw and green grasses on milk yield, composition, live weight gain of cows and calves and feed intake. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 7(9):1523-1525.
  6. Annonymous. (2013-14). Economic Survey, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Jammu and Kashmir Government, Srinagar. 
  7. Bae, H.D., MacAllister, T.A., Kokko, E.G., Leggett, F.L. and Cheng, K.J. (1997). Effect of silica on colonization of rice straw by ruminal bacteria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 65: 165-181.
  8. Baile, C.A. and Forbes, J.M. (1974). Control of feed intake and regulation of energy balance in ruminants. Physiol. Rew. 54:160-214.
  9. Bassiouni, M.I., Gaafar, H.M.A., Mohi, A.A.A., El-Din, Metwally, A.M. and Elshora, M.A.H. (2011). Evaluation of rations supplemented with fibrolytic enzyme on dairy cows performance 2. In situ ruminal degradability of rations containing different roughages at two concentrate to roughage ratios. Researcher 3: 21-33.
  10. Conrad, H. R. (1966). Symposium on factors influencing the voluntary intake of herbage by ruminants: Physiological and physical factors limiting feed intake. J. Anim. Sci. 25:227-235.
  11. Devendra, C. (1997). Crop residues for feeding animals in Asia: Technology development and adoption in crop/livestock systems. In: Crop Residuals in Sustainable Mixed Crop/livestock Farming System (Ed. C. Renard). CAB International; Wallingford, UK. pp. 241-267.
  12. Devendra, C. and D. Thomas. (2002). Crop-animal interactions in mixed farming systems in Asia. Agric. Syst. 71:27-40.
  13. Doyle, P.T., Devendra, C. and Pearce, G.R. (1986). Rice straw as a feed for ruminants.IDP, Canberra, Australia.
  14. ELmoghazy, M., Husain M. El-Fadaly, Tag EL-Din H. Tag EL-Din, Hamada Areda, A. (2015). Effect of sheep diets containing microbiological treated rice straw on blood parameters and nitrogen balance. Journal of Microbiology Research 5 (2): 46-56
  15. Eun, J.S., Beauchemin, K.A. and Schulze, H. (2006a). Use of an in vitro fermentation bioassay to evaluate improvements in degradation of alfalfa hay due to exogenous feed enzymes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 135: 315-328. 
  16. Fadel Elseed, A.M.A. and Abusamra, M.A.R. (2007). Effect of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture on NDF digestibility and rumen fermentation of forage sorghum hay in Nubian goat’s kids. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3:133-137.
  17. Gado H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., Elghandour, M.M.Y. and Salazar, M.C. (2013). Influence of exogenous enzymes on in vitro ruminal degradation of ensiled rice straw with DDGS.Anim Nutr. Feed Technol. 13: 569-574
  18. Gado H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Odongo, N.E. and Borhami, B.E. (2011). Influence of exogenous enzymes ensiled with orange pulp on digestion and growth performance in lambs. Anim Nutr. Feed Technol.165: 131-136.
  19. Ganai, A.M. and Teli, M.A. 2010. Nutritive value of urea and fungal treated paddy straw on nutrient utilization in sheep. Veteri. Pract. 11(1): 55-59.
  20. Ganai, A.M., Matoo, F.A., Singh, P.K., Ahmad, H.A. and Samoon, M.H. (2006). Chemical composition of some feeds, fodders and plane nutrition of livestock of Kashmir valley. SKUAST Journal. Res. 8:145-151.
  21. Gomaa, R., Gado, H.M., El-Sayed, H., Abd El Mawla S. (2012). Usage of treated rice straw with exogenous anaerobic bacterial enzymes (ZAD) for Ossimi sheep.Annals of Agricultural Sciences 57: 183-190.
  22. Hossain M.M., Khan, M.J. and Akbar, M.A. (2010). Nutrient digestibility and growth of local bull calves as affected by feeding urea and urease enzyme sources treated rice straw Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 39: 97- 105.
  23. Hussein, S.S.A., Alimon, A.R., Mohamad, N I., Nurzillah, M. and Haryani, H. (2012). Improving the energy values of rice straw and oil palm empty fruit bunch in ruminant feeding. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research 3:57-64
  24. Iiyama, K., Lam, T.B.T. and Stone, B.A. (1990). Phenolic acid bridges between polysaccharides and lignin in wheat internodes. Phytochem. 29:733-737
  25. Jahromi, M.F., Liang, J.B., Rosfarizan, M., Goh, Y.M., Shokryazdan, P. and Ho, Y.W. (2011)S. Efficiency of rice straw lignocelluloses degradability by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 74135 in solid-state fermentation. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10(21): 4428-4435.
  26. Karunanandaa, K., Fales, S.L., Varga G.A. and Royse, D.J. (1992). Chemical composition and biodegradability of crop residues colonized by white rot fungi. J. Sci. Food Agric. 60:105-112.
  27. Karunanandaa, K., Varga, G.A., Akin, D.E., Rigsby, L.L. and Royse, D.J. (1995). Botanical fractions of rice straw colonized by white-    rot fungi: Changes in chemical composition and structure. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 55:179-199.
  28. Karunanandaa, K., Varga, G.A., Akin, D.E., Rigsby, L.L. and Royse, D.J. (1995). Botanical fractions of rice straw colonized by white-    rot fungi: Changes in chemical composition and structure. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 55:179-199.
  29. Kaur, K., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. (2010). Nutritional evaluation of Pleurotus florida harvested spent wheat-rice straw based diets in goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci.80:906-909
  30. Khatooni, M.A., Nobar, R.S.D. and Cheraghi, H. (2014). Evaluating possibility replacement of by-product of apple pomace with barley grain for ruminants by in vitro gas production technique. J.animl .Sci Adv 4(5): 839-844.
  31. Khattab, H.M., Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., El-Sayed, M.M., Kholif, A.M., El-Shewy, A.A. and Kholif, A.E. (2013). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw. Anim. Nutri. and Feed Techn. 13:507-516.
  32. Khattab, H.M., Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., El-Sayed, M.M., Kholif, A.M., El-Shewy, A.A. and Kholif, A.E. (2013). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw. Anim. Nutri. and Feed Techn. 13:507-516.
  33. Lamid, M., Ni Nyoman, T.P. and Sarwoko, M. (2013). Addition of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes Into Rice Straw Improves In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Products. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 3(9):166-171
  34. Liu, J.X. and Ørskov, E.R. (2000). Cellulase treatment of untreated and steam pre-treated rice straw- effects on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 88: 189-200.
  35. Maqbool, S.B., Riazuddin, S., Loc, N.T., Gatehouse, A.M.R., Gatehouse, J.A. and Christou, P. (2001). Expression of multiple insecticidal genes confers broad resistance against a range of different rice pests. Mol. Breed. 7:85–93
  36. NARC newsletter (rice special issue), May (2004). 
  37. NARC newsletter, May (2013). 
  38. Phang, O. C. and Vadiveloo. J. (1992). Effects of varieties, botanical fractions and supplements of palm oil by-products on the feeding value of rice straw in goats. Small Rumin.Res. 6:295- 301.
  39. Pothiraj, C., Balaji, P. and Eyini, M. (2006). Enhanced production of cellulases by various fungal cultures in solid state fermentation of cassava waste. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5:1882-1885. 
  40. Prasad, C.S., Sampath, K.T., Shivaramaiah, M.T. and Walli, T.K. (1993). Dry matter intake, digestibility and supplementation of slender and coarse straws-A review. In: [Singh, K, Schiere, JB (Eds.)] Feeding of Ruminants on Fibrous Crop Residues. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.pp.188-203.
  41. Reddy, D.V. (1996). Evaluation of rice straw-poultry droppings based rations supplemented with graded levels of rice bran in fistulated buffaloes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 58:227-237.
  42. Salehpor, S., Rasouli, B.and Ghotbi, A.A. (2012). Evaluation of digestibility and nutritional value of processed rice straw by bacterial, enzymatic and chemical methods with gas production and chemical methods.Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 4(13): 1992-1996.
  43. Samsudin, A.A., Masori, M.F. and Ibrahim, A. (2013). The effects of effective microorganisms (em) on the nutritive values of fungaltreated rice straw.Mal. J. Anim. Sci., 16(1): 97-105.
  44. Saritha, M., Arora, A. and Naina, L. (2012). Pretreatement of paddy straw with Trametes hirsute for improved enzymztic saccharification bioresour technol. 104: 459-65
  45. Schiere, J.B. and Ibrahim, M.N.M. (1989). Feeding of ureaammonia treated rice straw: A compilation of miscellaneous reports produced by the straw utilization project (Sri Lanka). Pudoc, Wageningen.
  46. Selim, A.S.M., Pan, J., Takano, T., Suzuki, T., Koike, S., Kobayashi, Y. and Tanaka, K. (2004). Effect of ammonia treatment on physical strength of rice straw, distribution of straw particles and particle-associated bacteria in sheep rumen. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 115: 117-128.
  47. Sharma, M.N., Khare, A. and Gupta, S.K. (2001). Hydrolysis of rice hull by crosslinked Aspergillus nigercellulase. Bioresour.Technol. 78: 281- 284.
  48. Sharma, R.K. and Arora, D.S. (2010). Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and enhancement of in vitro digestibility during solid state fermentation of wheat straw by Phlebia floridensis.Bioresour. Technol. 101:9248-9253.
  49. Sheikh, G.G., Sarkar, T.K., Ganai, A.M., Ahmad, H.A. and Islam, S. (2014). Effect of feeding urea molasses impregnated paddy straw on nutrient utilization, milk yield and economics of feeding in crossbred cows. Indian J. Anim. Nutri. 2:152-155.
  50. Shen, H.S., Ni, D.B. and Sundstøl, F. (1998). Studies on untreated and urea-treated rice straw from three cultivation seasons: Physical and chemical measurements in straw and straw fractions. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 73:243-261. 
  51. Shen, H.S., Sundstøl, F., Eng, E.R. and Eik, L.O. (1999). Studies on untreated and urea-treated rice straw from three cultivation seasons: 3. Histological investigations by light and scanning electron microscopy. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 80:151-159.
  52. Shrivastava, B., Jain, K.K., Kalra, A. and Kuhad, R.C. (2014). Bioprocessing of wheat straw into nutritionally rich and digested cattle feed. Scientific Report (4).
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  54. Theander, O. and Aman, P. (1984). Anatomical and chemical characteristics. In: Straw and other fibrous by-products as feed. (Ed. F. Sundstøl and E. Own).Developments in animal veterinary sciences, 14. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 45-78.
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  57. Vadiveloo, J. (1995). Factors contributing to varietal differences in the nutritive value of rice straw. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 54:45-53. 
  58. Vadiveloo, J. (2000). Nutritional properties of the leaf and stem of rice straw. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 83:57-65. 
  59. Vadiveloo, J. (2003). The effect of agronomic improvement and urea treatment on the nutritional value of Malaysian rice straw varieties. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 108:33-146.
  60. Van Soest, P. J. (2006). Review: rice straw, the role of silica and treatments to improve quality. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 130:137-171
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 39 issue 2 (june 2018) : 137-143,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1667

    Improved paddy straw as ruminant feed: A review

    G
    G.G. Sheikh
    A
    A.M. Ganai
    P
    P.A. Reshi
    S
    Sheikh Bilal
    S
    Shabir Mir
    D
    Danish Masood
    1Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Srinagar-190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
    Cite article:- Sheikh G.G., Ganai A.M., Reshi P.A., Bilal Sheikh, Mir Shabir, Masood Danish (2018). Improved paddy straw as ruminant feed: A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(2): 137-143. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1667.

    ABSTRACT

    Paddy straw is a major agro-residue fed to ruminants in India. Feeding only rice straw does not provide enough nutrients to the ruminants even for maintenance due to the low nutritive value of this highly lignified material containing high concentration of anti-nutrition factors like lignin, silicates and oxalates. Despite the improvements of crop residues through various processing methods such as physical and chemical, the efficient utilization to desirable extent is still awaited. So utilization of paddy straw in association with concept of complete feed along with biological agents is need of the hour to maximize advantage from given feeds in animal production systems.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdel-Azim, S.N., Ahmed, M.A., Abo-Donia, F. and Soliman, H. (2011). Evaluation of fungal treatment of some agricultural residues. Egypt. J. Sheep Goat Sci. 6:1-13.
    2. Abou-EL-Enin, O.H., Fadel, J.G. and Mackill, D.J. (1999). Differences in chemical composition and fibre digestion of rice straw with, without, anhydrous ammonia from 53 rice varieties. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 79:129-136.
    3. Agbagla-Dohnani, A., Noziere, P., Gaillard-Martinie, B., Puard, M. and Doreau, M. (2003). Effect of silica content on rice straw ruminal degradation. J. Anim. Sci. 140:183-192.
    4. Akinfemi, A. and Ogunwole, O.A. (2012). Chemical Composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw treated with Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus Pulmonarius and Pleurotus tuber-regium. Slovak Journal of Animal Science 45:14-20.
    5. Akter, Y., Akbar, M.A., Shahjalal, M. and Ahmed, T.U. (2004). Effect of urea molasses multi-nutrient blocks supplementation of dairy cows fed rice straw and green grasses on milk yield, composition, live weight gain of cows and calves and feed intake. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 7(9):1523-1525.
    6. Annonymous. (2013-14). Economic Survey, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Jammu and Kashmir Government, Srinagar. 
    7. Bae, H.D., MacAllister, T.A., Kokko, E.G., Leggett, F.L. and Cheng, K.J. (1997). Effect of silica on colonization of rice straw by ruminal bacteria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 65: 165-181.
    8. Baile, C.A. and Forbes, J.M. (1974). Control of feed intake and regulation of energy balance in ruminants. Physiol. Rew. 54:160-214.
    9. Bassiouni, M.I., Gaafar, H.M.A., Mohi, A.A.A., El-Din, Metwally, A.M. and Elshora, M.A.H. (2011). Evaluation of rations supplemented with fibrolytic enzyme on dairy cows performance 2. In situ ruminal degradability of rations containing different roughages at two concentrate to roughage ratios. Researcher 3: 21-33.
    10. Conrad, H. R. (1966). Symposium on factors influencing the voluntary intake of herbage by ruminants: Physiological and physical factors limiting feed intake. J. Anim. Sci. 25:227-235.
    11. Devendra, C. (1997). Crop residues for feeding animals in Asia: Technology development and adoption in crop/livestock systems. In: Crop Residuals in Sustainable Mixed Crop/livestock Farming System (Ed. C. Renard). CAB International; Wallingford, UK. pp. 241-267.
    12. Devendra, C. and D. Thomas. (2002). Crop-animal interactions in mixed farming systems in Asia. Agric. Syst. 71:27-40.
    13. Doyle, P.T., Devendra, C. and Pearce, G.R. (1986). Rice straw as a feed for ruminants.IDP, Canberra, Australia.
    14. ELmoghazy, M., Husain M. El-Fadaly, Tag EL-Din H. Tag EL-Din, Hamada Areda, A. (2015). Effect of sheep diets containing microbiological treated rice straw on blood parameters and nitrogen balance. Journal of Microbiology Research 5 (2): 46-56
    15. Eun, J.S., Beauchemin, K.A. and Schulze, H. (2006a). Use of an in vitro fermentation bioassay to evaluate improvements in degradation of alfalfa hay due to exogenous feed enzymes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 135: 315-328. 
    16. Fadel Elseed, A.M.A. and Abusamra, M.A.R. (2007). Effect of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture on NDF digestibility and rumen fermentation of forage sorghum hay in Nubian goat’s kids. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3:133-137.
    17. Gado H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., Elghandour, M.M.Y. and Salazar, M.C. (2013). Influence of exogenous enzymes on in vitro ruminal degradation of ensiled rice straw with DDGS.Anim Nutr. Feed Technol. 13: 569-574
    18. Gado H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Odongo, N.E. and Borhami, B.E. (2011). Influence of exogenous enzymes ensiled with orange pulp on digestion and growth performance in lambs. Anim Nutr. Feed Technol.165: 131-136.
    19. Ganai, A.M. and Teli, M.A. 2010. Nutritive value of urea and fungal treated paddy straw on nutrient utilization in sheep. Veteri. Pract. 11(1): 55-59.
    20. Ganai, A.M., Matoo, F.A., Singh, P.K., Ahmad, H.A. and Samoon, M.H. (2006). Chemical composition of some feeds, fodders and plane nutrition of livestock of Kashmir valley. SKUAST Journal. Res. 8:145-151.
    21. Gomaa, R., Gado, H.M., El-Sayed, H., Abd El Mawla S. (2012). Usage of treated rice straw with exogenous anaerobic bacterial enzymes (ZAD) for Ossimi sheep.Annals of Agricultural Sciences 57: 183-190.
    22. Hossain M.M., Khan, M.J. and Akbar, M.A. (2010). Nutrient digestibility and growth of local bull calves as affected by feeding urea and urease enzyme sources treated rice straw Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 39: 97- 105.
    23. Hussein, S.S.A., Alimon, A.R., Mohamad, N I., Nurzillah, M. and Haryani, H. (2012). Improving the energy values of rice straw and oil palm empty fruit bunch in ruminant feeding. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research 3:57-64
    24. Iiyama, K., Lam, T.B.T. and Stone, B.A. (1990). Phenolic acid bridges between polysaccharides and lignin in wheat internodes. Phytochem. 29:733-737
    25. Jahromi, M.F., Liang, J.B., Rosfarizan, M., Goh, Y.M., Shokryazdan, P. and Ho, Y.W. (2011)S. Efficiency of rice straw lignocelluloses degradability by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 74135 in solid-state fermentation. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10(21): 4428-4435.
    26. Karunanandaa, K., Fales, S.L., Varga G.A. and Royse, D.J. (1992). Chemical composition and biodegradability of crop residues colonized by white rot fungi. J. Sci. Food Agric. 60:105-112.
    27. Karunanandaa, K., Varga, G.A., Akin, D.E., Rigsby, L.L. and Royse, D.J. (1995). Botanical fractions of rice straw colonized by white-    rot fungi: Changes in chemical composition and structure. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 55:179-199.
    28. Karunanandaa, K., Varga, G.A., Akin, D.E., Rigsby, L.L. and Royse, D.J. (1995). Botanical fractions of rice straw colonized by white-    rot fungi: Changes in chemical composition and structure. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 55:179-199.
    29. Kaur, K., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. (2010). Nutritional evaluation of Pleurotus florida harvested spent wheat-rice straw based diets in goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci.80:906-909
    30. Khatooni, M.A., Nobar, R.S.D. and Cheraghi, H. (2014). Evaluating possibility replacement of by-product of apple pomace with barley grain for ruminants by in vitro gas production technique. J.animl .Sci Adv 4(5): 839-844.
    31. Khattab, H.M., Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., El-Sayed, M.M., Kholif, A.M., El-Shewy, A.A. and Kholif, A.E. (2013). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw. Anim. Nutri. and Feed Techn. 13:507-516.
    32. Khattab, H.M., Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., El-Sayed, M.M., Kholif, A.M., El-Shewy, A.A. and Kholif, A.E. (2013). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw. Anim. Nutri. and Feed Techn. 13:507-516.
    33. Lamid, M., Ni Nyoman, T.P. and Sarwoko, M. (2013). Addition of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes Into Rice Straw Improves In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Products. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 3(9):166-171
    34. Liu, J.X. and Ørskov, E.R. (2000). Cellulase treatment of untreated and steam pre-treated rice straw- effects on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 88: 189-200.
    35. Maqbool, S.B., Riazuddin, S., Loc, N.T., Gatehouse, A.M.R., Gatehouse, J.A. and Christou, P. (2001). Expression of multiple insecticidal genes confers broad resistance against a range of different rice pests. Mol. Breed. 7:85–93
    36. NARC newsletter (rice special issue), May (2004). 
    37. NARC newsletter, May (2013). 
    38. Phang, O. C. and Vadiveloo. J. (1992). Effects of varieties, botanical fractions and supplements of palm oil by-products on the feeding value of rice straw in goats. Small Rumin.Res. 6:295- 301.
    39. Pothiraj, C., Balaji, P. and Eyini, M. (2006). Enhanced production of cellulases by various fungal cultures in solid state fermentation of cassava waste. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5:1882-1885. 
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