Agricultural Reviews

  • Chief EditorPradeep K. Sharma

  • Print ISSN 0253-1496

  • Online ISSN 0976-0741

  • NAAS Rating 4.84

Frequency :
Quarterly (March, June, September & December)
Indexing Services :
AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Reviewer Article

Agricultural Reviews, volume 38 issue 1 (march 2017) : 15-28

Diseases infecting ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review

Gupta Meenu*, Manisha Kaushal1
1<p>Department of Vegetable Science,&nbsp;Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230, India.</p>
Cite article:- Meenu* Gupta, Kaushal1 Manisha (2017). Diseases infecting ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review . Agricultural Reviews. 38(1): 15-28. doi: 10.18805/ag.v0iOF.7305.

ABSTRACT

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important spice crop in India, which is also one of the leading producer and exporter of ginger in the world. During cultivation, the crop is severely infected by various diseases of them soft rot, yellows, Phyllosticta leaf spot, storage rot, bacterial wilt, mosaic, chlorotic fleck are important. These diseases reduce the potential yields drastically. The geographical distribution, losses, symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle, epidemiology and host resistance, cultural, biological, chemical and integrated management of above mentioned diseses have been discussed in the present paper. 

REFERENCES


  1. Amreen, T. and Kumar, V.B.S. (2013). Sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi causing ginger yellows against antagonist and fungicides. Environ. Ecol. 31: 663-666. 

  2. Bhai, R.S., Kishore, V.K., Kumar, A., Anandaraj, M. and Eapen, S.J. (2005). Screening of rhizobacterial isolates against soft rot disease of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). JOSAC 14: 130-136.

  3. Bhai, R.S., Sasikumar, B. and Kumar, A. (2013). Evaluation of ginger germplasm for resistance to soft rot caused by Pythium myriotylum. Indian Phytopath. 66: 93-95.

  4. Bhardwaj, S.S., Gupta, P.K., Dohroo, N.P. and Shyam, K.R. (1988). An addition to fungi causing rhizome rot of ginger. Plant Dis. Res. 3: 66.

  5. Brahma, R.N. and Nambiar, K.K.N. (1982). Survival of Phyllosticta zingiberi Ramakr., causal agent of leaf spot of ginger. In: Proceedings of National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric. (Nair, M.K., Prem Kumar T., Ravindran, P.N. and Sarma, Y.R., Eds.) CPCRI, Kasargod, pp. 123-125.

  6. Brahma, R.N. and Nambiar, K.K.N. (1984). Spore release and dispersal in ginger leaf spot pathogen Phyllosticta zingiberi. In: Proceedings of National PLACROSYM-V 1982. (Bavappa, K.V.A. et al., eds.), Placrosym Standing Committee. 

  7. Butler, E.J. (1907). An account of genus Pythium and some Chytridiaceae. Mem. Dep. Agric. India (Bot. Ser.) 1: 70.

  8. Cerezine, P.C., Olinisky, I.A., Bittencourt, M.V.L. and Valerio Folho, W.V. (1995). Phyllosticta leaf spot on ginger. Cultural characterization of the pathogen and effect of chemical treatment on disease control in Morrestes, Parana state, Brazil. Pesqui. Agropecul. Bras. 30: 477-487.

  9. Chauhan, H.L. and Patel, M.H. (1990). Etiology of complex rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Gujarat and in vitro screening of fungicides against its causal agents. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 60: 80-81.

  10. Dake, J.N. (1995). Diseases of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and their management. J. Spices Arom. Crops 4: 40-48.

  11. Dake, J.N., Ramachandran, N. and Sarma, Y.R. (1988). Strategies to control rhizome rot (Pythium spp.) and bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger. J. Coffee Res. 18: 68-72.

  12. Deadman, M., Al Hasani, H. and Al Sa’di, A. (2006). Solarization and biofumigation reduce Pythium aphanidermatum induced damping-off and enhance vegetative growth of greenhouse cucumber in Oman. J. Plant Pathol. 88: 335-337.

  13. Dohroo N.P. and Sharma S.L. (1986). Evaluation of fungicides for the control of rhizome rot of ginger in storage. Indian Phytopath. 36: 691-693.

  14. Dohroo, N.P. (1982). Further studies on rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Ph.D. Thesis, HPKVV, Solan, HP. 

  15. Dohroo, N.P. (1987). Pythium ultimum on Zingiber officinale. Indian Phytopath. 40: 275. 

  16. Dohroo, N.P. (1989a). Seed transmission of pre-emergence rot and yellows of ginger. Plant Dis. Res. 4: 73-74.

  17. Dohroo, N.P. (1989b). Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities in rhizome rot of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 42: 167.

  18. Dohroo, N.P. (1991). New record of bacterial wilt of ginger in Himachal Pradesh. 2nd Phytopath. North Zone Meet, April 29-30, 1991. 16 p (Abst.).

  19. Dohroo, N.P. (1993). Final ICAR Report on Multilocational Project on Rhizome rot of ginger. UHF, Solan. 38p.

  20. Dohroo, N.P. (1995). Integrated management of yellows of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 48: 90-92.

  21. Dohroo, N.P. (2001). Etiology and management of storage rot of ginger in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Phytopath. 54: 49-54.

  22. Dohroo, N.P. (2005). Diseases of ginger. In: Ginger, the Genus Zingiber (Ravindran, P.N. and Babu, K.N., Eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 305-340.

  23. Dohroo, N.P. and Gupta, M. 2014. Effect of bioagents on management of rhizome diseases, plant growth parameters and nematode population in ginger. Agric. Sci. Digest. 34: 41 – 44.

  24. Dohroo, N.P. and Malhotra, R. (1995). Control of storage rot of ginger in Himachal Pradesh. pp. 199-202. In: Integrated Disease Management and Plant Health. (Gupta, V.K. and Sharma, R.C., Eds.), Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

  25. Dohroo, N.P. and Pathania, N. (1997). Ginger diseases management. pp. 247-250. In: Neem in Sustainable Agriculture. (Narwal, S.S., Tauro, P. and Bisla, S.S., Eds.). Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India. 

  26. Dohroo, N.P. and Sharma, M. (1992a). New host records of fungi from India. Indian Phytopath. 45: 280.

  27. Dohroo, N.P. and Sharma. S.K. (1992b). Variability of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi, the incitant of ginger yellows. Indian Phytopath. 45: 247-248.

  28. Dohroo, N.P., Bhardwaj, S.S. and Shyam, K.R. (1986a). Management of rhizome rot of ginger in storage through fungitoxicants. Pestology 10: 24-25.

  29. Dohroo, N.P., Kansal, S. and Ahluwalia, Neha. (2015). Studies on eco-farmer-friendly practices for management of soft rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Indian Phytopath. 68: 93-96.

  30. Dohroo, N.P., Kansal, S., Mehta, P. and Ahluwalia, N. (2012). Evaluation of eco-friendly disease management practices against soft rot of ginger caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. Plant Dis. Res. 27: 1-5.

  31. Dohroo, N.P., Sharma, S.L. and Bhardwaj, S.S. (1984a). Efficacy of soil applied fungitoxicants against rhizome rot of ginger. Indian J. Plant Prot. 12: 59-60.

  32. Dohroo, N.P., Shyam, K.R., Bhardwaj, S.S. and Korla, B.N. (1986b). Reaction of ginger germplasm to Phyllosticta leaf spot. Indian Phytopath. 39: 650-606.

  33. Doshi, A. and Mathur, S. (1987). Symptomatology, interaction and management of rhizome rot of ginger. Xenobiotics 26: 261-265.

  34. Geeta, G.S. and Reddy, T.K.R. (1990). Aspergillus flavus Link and its occurrence in relation to other mycoflora on stored spices. J. Stored Prod. Res. 26: 211-213.

  35. Grech, N.M. and Frean, R.T. (1988). Ginger leaf spot: a cause for concern in the ginger industry. Citrus Grow. Subtrop. Fruit J. 644: 14-15.

  36. Grech, N.M. and Swarts, D.H. (1990). Postharvest application of fungicides for control of fungal decay of ginger rhizomes stored under stimulated low temperature shipping conditions. Phytophylactica 22: 457-458.

  37. Gupta, M., Dohroo, N.P., Gangta, V. and Shanmugam, V. (2010). Effect of microbial inoculants on rhizome disease and growth parameters of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 63: 438-441.

  38. Gupta, S.L., Paijwar, M.S. and Rizvi, G. (2013). Biological management of rot disease of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Trends Biosci. 6: 302.

  39. Harvey, P. and Lawrence, L. (2008). Managing Pythium root disease complexes to improve productivity of crop rotations. Outlooks Pest Manag. 19: 127-129.

  40. Hasnat, M., Rajib, B., Hossain. M.A., Anam, M.M. and Kabir, H. (2014). Effect of chemicals, bio-agent, plant extract and soil amendments in controlling rhizome rot of ginger. Internat. J. Nat. Soc. Sci.1: 1–11.

  41. Haware, M.P. and Joshi, L.K. (1973). Basal rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii from Madhya Pradesh. Indian Phytopath. 26: 575-76.

  42. Haware, M.P., Joshi, L.K. and Sharma, N.D. (1973). Effect of postharvest treatment of aureofungin on rhizome rot and viability of ginger seed rhizomes. Hind. Antibio. Bull. 15: 84-85.

  43. Hayward, A.C., Moffett, M.L. and Pegg, K.G. (1967). Bacterial wilt of ginger in Queensland. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 24: 1-5.

  44. Hoppe, P.E. (1966). Pythium species still viable after 12 years in air-dried muck soil. Phytopathology 56: 1411.

  45. Indrasenan, G. and Paily, P.V. (1974). Studies on the soft rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz. Agric. Res. J. Kerala 11: 53-56.

  46. Indrasenan, G., Kumar, K.V., Mathew, J. and Mamen, M.K. (1981). The mode of survival of Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith causing bacterial wilt of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Agric. Res. J. Kerala 19: 93-95.

  47. Indrasenan, G., Kumar, K.V., Mathew, J. and Mamen, M.K. (1982). Reaction of different types of ginger to bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith. Agric. Res J. Kerala 20: 73-75.

  48. ISPS. (2005). Experiences in Collaboration. Ginger Pests and Diseases. Indo-Swiss Project Sikkim Series 1, 75p.

  49. Jadhav, S.N., Aparadh, V.T. and Bhoite, A.S. (2013). Plant extract using for management of storage rot of ginger in Satara Tehsil (M.S.). Internat. J. Phytopharm. Res. 4: 1-2.

  50. Janse, J. (1996). Potato brown rot in Western Europe – history, present occurrence and some remarks on possible origin, epidemiology and control strategies. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO 26: 679–695.

  51. Kadam, R.V., Jagtap, G.P. and Dey, U. (2014). Management of rhizome rot (Pythium aphanidermatum) in ginger through amendments. J. Pl. Dis. Sci. 9: 209-213.

  52. Kar, A.K. and Mandal, M. (1969). New Cercospora spp. from West Bengal. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 53: 337-360.

  53. Kavitha, P.G. and Thomas, G. (2008). Evaluation of Zingiberaceae for resistance to ginger soft rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. PGR newsletter Biodiveristy International 152: 54-57.

  54. Khatso, K. and Ao, N.T. (2013). Biocontrol of rhizome rot disease of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Internat. J. Bio-    resource Stress Manag.. 4: 317-321.

  55. Kumar, A. and Abraham, S. (2008). PCR based detection of bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum in ginger rhizomes and soil collected from bacterial wilt affected field. J. Spices Aromatic Crops 17: 109-113.

  56. Kumar, A. and Anandaraj, M. (2006). Method for isolation of soil DNA and PCR based detection of ginger wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. Indian Phytopath. 59: 154-160.

  57. Kumar, A. and Sarma, Y.R. (2004). Characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt in ginger. Indian Phytopath. 57: 12-17.

  58. Kumar, A., Avasthe, R.K., Borah, T.R., Lepcha, B. and Pandey, B. (2012). Organic mulches affecting yield, quality and diseases of ginger in mid hills of North Eastern Himalayas. Indian J. Hortic. 69: 439-442.

  59. Lalfakawma, C., Nath, B.C., Bora, L.C., Srivastava, S. and Singh, J.P. (2014). Integrated disease management of Zingiber officinale Rosc. rhizome rot. The Bioscan 9: 265-269.

  60. Lana, M.M., Casali, V.W.D., Finger, F.L. and Reis, F.P. (1993). Evaluation of postharvest storage of ginger rhizomes. Hortic. Bras. 11: 139-141.

  61. Le, D.P., Smith, M., Hudler, G.W. and Aitken, E. (2014). Pythium soft rot of ginger: Detection and identification of the causal pathogens and their control. Crop Protec. 65: 153-167.

  62. Lokesh, M.S., Patil, S.V., Gurumurthy, S.B., Palakshappa, M.G. and Anandaraj, M. (2012). Solarization and antagonistic organisms for management of rhizome rot of ginger in Karnataka. Int. J. Plant Protec 5: 195-200. 

  63. Manasa, M., Kambar, Y., Pallavi, S., Vivek, M.N., Onkarappa, R. and Prashith Kekuda, T.R. (2013). Biocontrol potential of Streptomyces species against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi (causal agent of rhizome rot of ginger). Adv Sci Res. 4: 1 -3.

  64. Mathur, K., Ram, D., Poonia, J. and Lodha, B.C. (2002). Integration of soil solarization and pesticides for management of rhizome rot of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 55: 345-347.

  65. Meena and Mathur, S. (2005). Eco-friendly management of rhizome rot of ginger caused by Fusarium oxysporum through chemical and bio-agent. Indian Phytopath. 29: 238-246.

  66. Mehrotra, B.S. (1952). Fusarium roseum and Sclerotium rolfsii on ginger rhizomes. Indian Phytopath. 5:52-54.

  67. Mishra, B. and Rath, G.C. (1989). Geotrichum rot of stored ginger. Indian J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 18: 213.

  68. Moreira, S.I., Dutra, D.C., Rodrigues, A.C., Oliveira, J.R., Dhingra, O.D. and Pereira, O.L. (2013). Fungi and bacteria associated with post-harvest rot of ginger rhizomes in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Trop. Pl. Path. 38:218-226.

  69. Mulya, K., Shiomi, T. and Oniki, M. (1990). Bacterial wilt disease on industrial crops in Indonesia. Ind. Crops Res. J. 2: 30-36.

  70. Nageshwar Rao, T.G., Sasikumar, B. and George, J.K. (1995). Field reaction of ginger germplasm to Phyllosticta zingiberi. Indian Phytopath. 48: 463-465. 

  71. Nambiar, K.K.N. and Sarma, Y.R. (1974a). Mosaic diseases of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Arecanut and Spices Bulletin 6: 3-4.

  72. Nath, P.D. (1993). Effect of shade and treatment for rhizome rot of ginger. Ann. Agric. Res. 14: 327-328.

  73. Nelson, Scot. (2013). Bacterial Wilt of Edible Ginger in Hawai‘i. University of Hawai’i – College of Tropical Agriculture and Human resources, 8p. 

  74. Nema, K.G. and Aggarwal, G.P. (1960). Fungi causing plant diseases at Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh- IV). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India 30: 55-58.

  75. Ojha, K.L., Yadav, B.P. and Bhagat, A.P. (1986). Chemical control of bacterial wilt of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 39: 600-601.

  76. Okwouwulu, P.A. and Nnodu, E.C. (1988). Some effect of pre-storage chemical treatments and age at harvesting on the storability of fresh ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Trop. Sci. 28: 123-125.

  77. Overy, D.P. and Frisvad, J.C. (2005). Mycotoxin production and postharvest storage rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale) by Penicillium brevicompactum. J. Food Prot. 68: 607-609.

  78. Pappallardo, L., Smith, M.K., Hamill, B, Stirling, C.A.M. and McKay, D. (2009). DNA amplification fingerprinting analysis of genetic variation within Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi. Australasian Pl. Path. 38: 51–54.

  79. Paret, M.L., deSilva, A.S., Criley, R.A. and Alvarez, A.M. (2008). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum with an immunostrip assay; its specificity and sensitivity. Indian Phytopath. 61: 518-522.

  80. Patiram Upadhyaya, R.C. and Singh, L.N. (1995). An appraisal of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) production in Sikkim. J. Spices Arom. Crops, 4: 111-118.

  81. Pegg, K.G. and Moffett, M.L. (1971). Host range of ginger strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum in Queensland. Australian J. Exp. Agric. Animal Husbandry 11:696-698. 

  82. Pegg, K.G., Moffett, M.L. and Colbran, R.C. 1974. Disease of ginger in Queensland. Queensl. Agric. J. 100: 611-618.

  83. Poudyal, B.K. (2012). Jeevatu: one of the best bio-agents for the control of soft rot of ginger. 2nd International Conference on Environment Science and Biotechnology IPCBEE vol.48, IACSIT Press, Singapore, pp. 66-70.

  84. Praveen, T. and Sharma, K. (2014). Management of “soft rot” of ginger by botanicals. Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci. 5: 3478- 3484.

  85. Priya, R., Swetha and Subramanian, R.B. (2008). Isolation and molecular analysis of R-gene in resistant Zingiber officinale (ginger) varieties against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi. Bioresource Technology 99: 4540–4543.

  86. Rajan, P.P., Gupta, S.R., Sarma, Y.R. and Jackson, G.V.H. (2002). Diseases of ginger and their control with Trichoderma harzianum. Indian Phytopath. 55: 173-177. 

  87. Rakesh, K.N., Dileep, N., Noor Nawaz, A.S. and Junaid, S. (2013). Antifungal activity of cow urine against fungal pathogens causing rhizome rot of ginger. Environ. Ecol. 31: 1241-1244.

  88. Ram, D., Mathur, K., Lodha, B.C. and Webster, J. (2000). Evaluation of resident biocontrol agents as seed treatments against ginger rhizome rot. Indian Phytopath. 53: 450-454.

  89. Ram, J. and Thakore, B.B.L. (2009). Management of storage rot of ginger by using plant extracts and biocontrol agents. J Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 39: 475-479.

  90. Ramachandran, N., Dake, G.N. and Sarma, Y.R. (1989). Effect of systemic fungicides on in vitro growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, the rhizome rot pathogen of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 42: 463-465.

  91. Ramakraishanan, T.S. (1942). A leaf spot disease of Zingiber officinale caused by Phyllosticta zingiberi n.sp. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. B. 20: 167-171.

  92. Rames, E.K., Smith, M.K., Hamill, S.D. and De Faveri, J. (2013). Microbial indicators related to yield and disease and changes in soil microbial community structure with ginger farm management practices. Australas. Pl. Pathol. 42: 685-692. 

  93. Ramteke, P.K. and Kamble, S.S. (2011). Evaluation of phytoextracts against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. causing rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Current Biotica 4: 469-474.

  94. Rana, K.S. (1991). Effect of seed selection in the management of yellows disease of ginger. Indian J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 21: 183-185.

  95. Rana, K.S. and Arya, P.S. (1991). Rhizome rot and yellows disease of ginger in H.P. Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 21: 60-62.

  96. Rao, T.N.G., Sasikumar, B. and George, J.K. (1995). Field reaction of ginger germplasm to Phyllosticta zingiberi. Indian Phytopath. 48: 463-465.

  97. Rathaiah, Y. (1979). Pyricularia leaf spot of ginger in Assam. Indian Phytopath. 32: 321-322.

  98. Rathaiah, Y. (1987). Control of soft rot of ginger with Ridomil. Pesticides 21: 29-30.

  99. Rathore, V.R.S., Mathur, K. and Lodha, B.C. (1992). Activity of volatile and non-volatile substances produced by Trichoderma viride in ginger rhizome rot pathogen. Indian Phytopath. 45: 253-254.

  100. Sadanandan, A.K. and Iyer, R. (1986). Effect of organic amendments on rhizome rot of ginger. Indian Cocoa Arecanut Spices J. 9: 94-95.

  101. Sagar, S.D. (2006). Investigations on the etiology, epidemiology and integrated management of rhizome rot complex of ginger and turmeric. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad- 580005. 

  102. Sagar, S.D., Kulkarni, S. and Hegde, Y.R. (2007). Management of rhizome rot of ginger by botanicals. Internat. J. Plant Sci. 2: 155-158.

  103. Samuel, M. and Mathew, J. (1986). Role and association of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in induction of bacterial wilt of ginger incited by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Indian Phytopath. 36: 398-399. 

  104. Senapati, A.K. and Sugata, G. (2005). Screening of ginger varieties against rhizome rot disease complex in eastern ghat high land zone of Orissa. Indian Phytopath. 58: 437-439.

  105. Senapati, A.K., Mukharjee, A.K. and Ghose, S. (2012). Identification of resistance sources in ginger cultivars against Phyllosticta leaf spot. Indian J. Pl. Protec. 40: 80-81.

  106. Setty, T.A.S., Guruprasad, T.R., Mohan, E. and Reddy, M.N.N. (1995a). Susceptibility of ginger cultivars to rhizome rot at west coast conditions. Environ. Ecol. 13: 242-244.

  107. Setty, T.A.S., Guruprasad, T.R., Mohan, E. and Reddy, M.N.N. (1995b). Susceptibility of ginger cultivars to Phyllosticta leaf spot at west coast conditions. Environ. Ecol. 13: 443-444.

  108. Shanmugam, V., Gupta, S. and Dohroo, N.P. (2013a). Selection of a compatible biocontrol strain mixture based on co-    cultivation to control rhizome rot of ginger. Crop Prot. 43: 119-127.

  109. Shanmugam, V., Thakur, H., Kaur, J., Gupta, S., Rajkumar, S. and Dohroo, N.P. (2013b). Genetic diversity of Fusarium spp. inciting rhizome rot of ginger and its management by PGPR consortium in the western Himalayas. Biol. Conl. 66: 1–7.

  110. Sharma, B.R., Dutta, S., Ray, S. and Roy, S. (2012). Influence of plant spacing, seed rhizome size and cultivars on the incidence of rhizome rot and wilt disease complex of ginger. J. Horti. Forestry 4: 105-107.

  111. Sharma, I.D., Dohroo, N.P., Dubey, J.K. and Korla, B.N. (1992). Monitoring mancozeb and carbendazim residues in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) following postharvest dip. Plant Dis. Res. 7: 13-15.

  112. Sharma, N.D. and Jain, A.C. (1977). A checklist and selected bibliography of ginger diseases of the world. PANS 23: 474-481.

  113. Sharma, N.D. and Jain, A.C. (1978). Studies in biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi, the causal organism of yellows disease of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 31: 260-261.

  114. Sharma, S.K. and Dohroo, N.P. (1989). Effect of soil hydrothermal regimes on the development of ginger yellows. Indian J. Plant Pathol. 7: 109-111.

  115. Sharma, S.K. and Dohroo, N.P. (1990). Occurrence and distribution of fungi causing ginger yellows in H.P. Plant Dis. Res. 5: 200-202.

  116. Sharma, S.K. and Dohroo, N.P. (1991). Postharvest management of rhizome rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi Trujillo) of ginger through chemical and antagonist. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J. 14: 150-152.

  117. Sharma, S.L. and Dohroo, N.P. (1980). Efficacy of chemicals in controlling rhizome rot of ginger and turmeric (ICAR) CPCRI, Calicut, 8-9 April, 1980, 65p.

  118. Simmonds, J.H. (1955). Science Branch, Plant Pathology Section. Rep. Dep. Agric. Queensl. 1953-54, pp55-56.

  119. Singh, A.K. (2011). Management of rhizome rot caused by Pythium, Fusarium and Ralstonia spp. in ginger (Zingiber officinale) under natural field conditions. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 81: 268-270. 

  120. Singh, A.K. (2015). Efficacy of fungicides for the control of leaf spot disease of ginger under the field conditions of Chhattisgarh (India). African J. Agric. Res. 10: 1301-1305.

  121. Singh, A.K., Singh, S. and Edison, S. (2004). Effect of shading on the Phyllosticta leaf spot, sun burn of leaves and yield of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 57: 197-199.

  122. Singh, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (2001). Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research (2nd Ed.). Wiley International Science Publication, pp. 28-192.

  123. Sinha, S. K., Singh, V.N. and Singh, D.N. (2000). Control of bacterial wilt of ginger (Zingiber officinale) with antibiotics. J. Res., Birsa Agric. Univ.12: 41-43.

  124. Smith, M. and Abbas, R. (2011). Controlling Pythium and associated pests in ginger. RIRDC Publication No. 11/128, Canberra.

  125. Sohi, H.S., Sharma, S.L. and Verma, B.R. (1973). Chemical control of Phyllosticta leaf spot of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Pesticides 7: 21-22.

  126. Sood, R. and Dohroo, N.P. (2005). Epidemiology and management of leaf spot of ginger in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Phytopath. 58: 282-288.

  127. Srivastava, L.S. (1994). Management of soft rot of ginger in Sikkim. Plant Dis. Res. 9: 146-149.

  128. Stirling, G.R., Smith, M.K., Smith, J.P., Stirling, A.M. and Hamill, S.D. (2012). Organic inputs, tillage and rotation practices influence soil health and suppressiveness to soilborne pests and pathogens of ginger. Australas. Plant Pathol. 41: 99-112.

  129. Stirling, M.R., Akhter, N., Chowdhury, S.M., Ali, M. and Ahmed, K.U. (2006). Evaluation of fungicide against Pythium aphanidermatum causing rhizome rot of ginger. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2: 27-30.

  130. Su, I.Y. (1980). Studies on ginger mosaic virus. Korean J. Plant Prot.19: 67-72.

  131. Sundaram, N.V. (1961). Notes on some fungi from South India. Indian Phytopath. 14: 202-209.

  132. Swanson, J.K., Yao, J., Tans-Kersten, J.K. and Allen, C. (2005). Behavior of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 during latent and active infection of geranium. Phytopathology 95:136–14.

  133. Thakore, B.B.L., Mathur, S. and Singh, R.B. (1988). Effect of rhizome treatment with fungicides for economic control of rot. J. Phytol. Res.1: 83-84.

  134. Thakore, B.B.L., Mathur, S., Singh, R.B. and Chakravarti, B.P. (1987). Soil amendment with oil cakes in ginger field for rhizome rot control. Korean J. Plant Prot. 26: 267-268.

  135. Thammakijjawat, P., Thaveechai, N., Kositratana, W., Chunwongse, J., Frederick, R.D. and Schaad, N.W. (2006). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in ginger rhizomes by real-time PCR. Canadian J. Pl. Pathol. 28: 391-400. 

  136. Thomas, J.E. (1986). Purification and properties of ginger chlorotic fleck virus. Ann. App. Biol. 108: 43-50.

  137. Thomas, K.M. (1938). Detailed Administration Report of the Government Mycologist, Madras, 1937-38, 21p.

  138. Tsang, M.M.C. and Shintaku, M. (1998) . Hot air treatment for control of bacterial wilt in ginger root. Appl. Engineering Agric. 14: 159-163.

  139. Usman, M.B. (2006). Management of Fusarium and nemic wilts of ginger by grafting, soil amendment, chemicals and bio-    agents. Indian Phytopath. 23: 255-259.

  140. Verma, R.K. and Vyas, S.C. (1981). Persistence and protective activity of some fungicides in relation to Phytllosticta leaf spot of ginger. Indian J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 11:14-16.

  141. Wang, P.H., Chung, C.Y., Lin, Y.S. and Yeh, Y. (2003). Use of polymerase chain reaction to detect the soft rot pathogen, Pythium myriotylum, in infected ginger rhizomes. Letters Appl. Microbiol. 36: 116–120.

  142. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

  143. Yang, K.D., Kim, H.M., Lee, W.H. and So, I.N. (1988). Studies on rhizome rot of ginger caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi and Pythium zingiberum. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 4:271-277.

  144. Yang, W., Xua, Q., Liua, H.X., Wanga, Y.P., Wanga, Y.M., Yangb, H.T. and Gu, J.H. (2012). Evaluation of biological control agents against Ralstonia wilt on ginger. Biol. Cont. 62: 144-151.

  145. Yella, R., Gogoi, R., Gogoi, G. and Phookan, A.K. (2006). A simple technique for producing oospores in Pythium myriotylum, causing soft rot of ginger. Indian Phytopath. 59: 368-369.

  146. Yu, Q., Alvarez, A.M., Moore, P.H., Zee, F., Kim, M.S., de Silva, A., Hepperly, P.R. and Ming, R. (2003). Molecular diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum isolated from ginger in Hawaii. Phytopathology 93: 1124-1130.

     
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)