Banner
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 36 issue 1 (march 2015) : 46-53,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2015.00005.7

Transgenic animal technology: Recent advances and applications: A Review

R
Rakesh Kumar*
A
Alok Kumar Yadav
V
Vikas Kumar Singh
R
Rajesh Kumar Vandre
P
Pankaj Kumar Singh
N
Nishant Verma
R
Ramendra Das
M
M.R. Vineeth
1Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana.
Cite article:- Kumar* Rakesh, Yadav Kumar Alok, Singh Kumar Vikas, Vandre Kumar Rajesh, Singh Kumar Pankaj, Verma Nishant, Das Ramendra, Vineeth M.R. (2025). Transgenic animal technology: Recent advances and applications: A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 36(1): 46-53. doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2015.00005.7.

ABSTRACT

Transgenic animal technologies are one of the fastest growing techniques in the biotechnology areas. It is used to incorporate exogenous genes into the animal genome by genetic engineering technology so that these genes can be inherited and expressed by offspring. Two fundamental determinants of the success of any transgenic exploitation of a livestock species are the transport of DNA across the plasma membrane of the recipient cell, and the transport of that DNA across the nuclear membrane to gain access to the chromosomes. A variety of transgenic technologies are available like microinjection method, chemical method mediated transgenesis, somatic cell nuclear transfer, restriction enzyme-mediated integration, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm mediated gene transfer and embryonic stem cell mediated method etc. Use of transgenic animals will provide solutions for drug research, xenotransplantation, disease resistance and tissue repair etc. This review focuses on various methods of transgenesis and its application.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdullah, R. B., Wan Khadijah, W. E., Kwong, P. J. (2011). Comparison of intra- and interspecies nuclear transfer techniques in the production of cloned caprine embryos. Small Ruminant Research, 98: 196-200.
  2. Bachiller, D., Schellanderk, K., Peli, J. and Ruether, U. (1991). Liposome-mediated DNA uptake by sperm cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 30: 194-200
  3. Baldassarre, H., Keefer, C.L., Wang, B., Lazaris, A., Karatzas, C.N. (2003). Nuclear transfer in goats using in vitro matured oocytes recovered by laparoscopic ovum pick-up. Cloning and Stem Cells, 5: 270-285.
  4. Bowen, R. A., Reed, M., Schnieke, A., Seidel, G. E. and Stacey, W. K. (1994). Transgenic cattle resulting from biopsied embryos: Expression of c-ski in a transgenic calf. Biology of Reproduction, 8: 664-668
  5. Brackett, B. G., Baranska, W., Sawichi, W. and Koprowski, H. (1971). Uptake of heterologous genome by mammalian spermatozoa and its transfer to ova through fertilization; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, 68:353–357
  6. Brem, G., Brenig, B., Kräusslich, H., Müller, M., Springmann, K. and Winnacker, E.L. (1988). Gene transfer by DNA microinjection of growth hormone genes in pigs. Eleventh International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination. Dublin.
  7. Brophy, B., Smolenski, G., Weeler, T., Wells, D., Huiller, P. L. and Labile, G. (2003). Cloned transgenic cattle produced milk with higher levels of b-casein and k-casein. Nature. Biotechnology, 21(2): 157-162,
  8. Carroll, D. (2008) Progress and prospects: zinc-finger nucleases as gene therapy agents. Gene Ther., 15:1463–1468
  9. Castilla, J., Printado, B., Sola, I., Sanchez-Morgado, J. M. and Enjuanes, L. (1998). Engineering passive immunity in transgenic mice secreting virus-neutralizing antibodies in milk. Nature Biotechnology, 16(4): 349- 354,
  10. Chang, K., Qian, J., Jiang, M., Liu, Y. H. and Wu, M. C. (2002). Effective generation of transgenic pigs and mice by linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer. BMC Biotechnol., 2: 120-124.
  11. Clements, J. E., Wall, R. J., Narayan, O., Dauer, D., Schoborg, R., Sheffer, D., Powell, A., Carruth, L. M., Zink, M. C. and Rexroad . C. E. (1994). Development of transgenic sheep that express the Visna virus envelope gene. Virology, 200 (2): 370-380
  12. D’Agnillo, F. and Chang, T. M. (1998). Polyhemoglobin superoxide dismutasecatalase as a blood substitute with antioxidant properties. Nature Biotechnology, 16 (7): 667-671
  13. David, B. B. and Matthew, R. A. (2013). Basic and Applied Bone Biology. Academic. p. 157
  14. Donovan, D. M., David E. K. and Robert J. W. (2005). Engineering disease resistant cattle. Transgenic Research, 14: 563-567.
  15. Draghia-Akli, R., Fiorotto, M. L., Hill, L. A., Malone, P. B., Deaver D. R. and Schwartz. R. J. (1999). Myogenic expression of an injectable protease-resistant growth hormone-releasing hormone augments long-term grow th in pigs. Nat. Biotechnol, 17:1179-1183.
  16. Geurts, A. M., Cost, G.J., Freyvert, Y., Zeitler, B., Miller, J.C., Choi, V. M., Jenkins, S.S., Wood, A., Cui, X., Meng, X., Vincent, A., Lam, S., Michalkiewicz, M., Schilling, R., Foeckler, J., Kalloway, S., Weiler, H., Menoret, S., Anegon, I., Davis, G. D., Zhang, L., Rebar, E.J., Gregory, P. D., Urnov, F. D., Jacob, H. J. and Buelow, R. (2009). Knockout ratsvia embryo microinjection of zinc-finger nucleases. Science, 325:433.
  17. Grosse-Hovest, L., Müller, S., Minoia, R., Wolf, E., Zakhartchenko, V.,Wenigerkind, H., Lassnig, C., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., Lytton, S. D., Jung, G. and Brem, G.(2004). Cloned transgenic farm animals produce a bispecific antibody for T cell-mediated tumor cell killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101(18): 6858–6863.
  18. Grosvenor, C. E., Picciano, M. F. and Baumrucker, C. R. (1993). Hormones and growth factors in milk. Endocrine Reviews, 14:710–728.
  19. He, C. and Klionsky, D. J. (2009). Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways. Immunol. Today, 11: 450–456
  20. Houdebine and Louis-Marie (2009). Production of pharmaceutical proteins by transgenic animals. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 32 (2): 107–21.
  21. Ivarie, R. (2003): Avian transgenesis: progress towards the promise. Trends Biotechnol., 21:14-19.
  22. Kues, W. A. and Niemann, H. (2004) The contribution of farm animals to human health. Trends Biotechnol., 22: 286-294
  23. Kuroiwa, H., Mori, T., Takahara, M., Miyagishima, S., Kuroiwa, T. (2002). Chloroplast division machinery as revealed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Planta, 215:185-190
  24. Lai, L., Kang, J. X., Li, R., Wang, J., Witt, W. T., Yong, H. Y., Hao,Y., Wax, D. M., Murphy, C. N., Rieke, A., Samuel, M., Linville, M. L., Korte,S. W., Evans, R. W., Starzl, T. E., Prather, R. S. and Dai, Y. (2006). Generation of cloned transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Nature Biotechnology, 24: 435-436.
  25. Lai, L., Kang, J. X., Li, R., Wang, J. and Witt, W. T. (2006). Generation of cloned transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Nat. Biotechnol. 24: 435–436.
  26. Lavitrano, M., Busnelli, M., Cerrito, M.G., Giovannoni, R., Manzini, S. and Vargiolu, A. (2006). Sperm-mediated gene transfer. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 18: 19–23
  27. Li, J., Liu, X., Wang, H., Zhang, S., Liu, F., Wang, X. and Wang, Y. (2009). Human embryos derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer using an alternative enucleation approach. Cloning and Stem Cells, 11 (1): 39–50.
  28. Li, Z. and Engelhardt, J. F. (2003). Progress toward generating a ferret model of cystic fibrosis by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol, 1: 83.
  29. Lo, B., and Parham, L., ( 2009). Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research. Endocr Rev., 30(3): 204–213.
  30. Lomax, G. P. and Dewitt, N. D. (2013). Somatic cell nuclear transfer in Oregon: Expanding the pluripotent space and informing research ethics. Stem Cells and Development, 22 (1): 25–8.
  31. McCurry, K., Byrne, G. W., Martin, R., McClellan, M. J., Platt, S. M. and Logan, J. S. (1997). Transgenic pigs expressing human CD59 and decay-accelerating factor produce an intrinsic barrier to complement-mediated damage. Transplantation, 63: 149-155
  32. Meade, H. M., Echelard, Y., Ziomek, C. A., Young, M. W., Harvey, M., Cole, E. S., Groet, S., Smith, T. E., Curling, J. M., 1999. Expression of recombinant proteins in the milk of transgenic animals. In: Fernandez, J.M., Hoeffler, J.P. (Eds.), Gene Expression Systems. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 399–427
  33. Mullin, E. (2014). Researchers repair retinas in mice with virus-free stem cell. Fiercebiotech.com.
  34. Nagano, M., Shinohara, T., Avarbock, M. R. and Brinster, R. L. (2000). Retrovirus-meditated gene delivery into male germ line stem cells. FEBS Lett., 475: 7–10
  35. Niemann, H. and Kues, A.W. (2000). Transgenic livestock: premises and promises. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 60: 277–293
  36. Nottle, M. B., Haskard, K. A., Verma, P. J., Du, Z. T., Grupen, C. G., McIlfatrick, S. M., Ashman, R. J., Harrison, S. J., Barlow, H., Wigley, P. L., Lyons, I. G., Cowan, P. J., Crawford, R. J., Tolstoshev, P. L., Pearse, M. J., Robins, A. J. and Apice. A. J. d. (2001). Effect of DNA concentration on transgenesis rates in mice and pigs. Transgenic Res., 10:523–531
  37. Palmarini, M. and Fan, H. (2001). Retrovirus-induced ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, an animal model for lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93: 1603–1614
  38. Pera, M. and Trounson, A. (2013). Cloning debate: Stem-cell researchers must stay engaged. Nature, 498 (7453): 159–61.
  39. Platt, J. L., Fischel, R. J., Matas, A. J., Reif, S. A., Bolman, R. M. and Bach, F. H. (1991). Immunopathology of hyperacute xenograft rejection in a swine-to-primate model. Transplantation, 52: 214-220
  40. Ponder, K.P., Melniczek, J. R. and Xu, L. (2002). Therapeutic neonatal hepatic gene therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis in dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci., 99: 102–107
  41. Rieth, A., Pothier, F. and Sirard, M. A. (2000). Electroporation of bovine spermatozoa to carry DNA containing highly repetitive sequences into oocytes and detection of homologous recombination events. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 57:338–345
  42. Rubinson, D. A. (2003). A lentivirus-based system to functionally silence genes in primary mammalian cells, stem cells and transgenic mice by RNA interference. Nature Genet., 33:401–406
  43. Rudolph, N. S.(1999). Biopharmaceutical production in transgenic livestock. Tibtech., 17: 367–374
  44. Shemesh, M., Gurevich, M., Markowitz, E., Benvenisti, L., Shore, L.S. and Stram, Y. (2000). Gene integration into bovine sperm genome and its expression in transgenic offspring. Mol Reprod Dev., 56: 306–308.
  45. Thermes, V., Grabher, C., Ristoratore, F., Bourrat, F., Choulika ,A., Wittbrodt, J. and Joly, J. S. (2002). I-SceI meganuclease mediates highly efficient transgenesis in fish. Mech. Dev., 118:91-98.
  46. Theuring, F. (1995) In BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford: Functional Analysis of the Human Genome (eds F Farzaneh, DN Cooper), pp. 185–205.
  47. Tsai, H. J. (2000). Electroporated sperm mediation of a gene transfer system for finfish and shellfish. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 56: 281-284.
  48. Van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., and Kindt, M. (2001). Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40: 121-130.
  49. Varga, C. M., Wickham, T. J. and Lauffenburger, D. A. (2000). Receptor mediated targeting of gene delivery vectors: Insights from molecular mechanisms for improved vehicle design. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 70: 593-605
  50. Weissmann, C., Enari, M., Klohn, P. C., Rossi, D. and Flechsig, E. (2002). Transmission of prions. Proceedings of the Natural Academic of Sciences, USA, 99 ( Suppl.4): 16378- 16383,
  51. Wheeler, M. B., Monaco, E., Bionaz, M., and Tanaka, T. (2010). The role of existing and emerging biotechnologies for livestock production: Toward holism. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 38(Suppl 2), s463-s484.
Published In
Agricultural Reviews
Article Metrics
Metrics Icon
0
Views
0
Citations
Reviewed By
Share Article
Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    volume 36 issue 1 (march 2015) : 46-53,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2015.00005.7

    Transgenic animal technology: Recent advances and applications: A Review

    R
    Rakesh Kumar*
    A
    Alok Kumar Yadav
    V
    Vikas Kumar Singh
    R
    Rajesh Kumar Vandre
    P
    Pankaj Kumar Singh
    N
    Nishant Verma
    R
    Ramendra Das
    M
    M.R. Vineeth
    1Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana.
    Cite article:- Kumar* Rakesh, Yadav Kumar Alok, Singh Kumar Vikas, Vandre Kumar Rajesh, Singh Kumar Pankaj, Verma Nishant, Das Ramendra, Vineeth M.R. (2025). Transgenic animal technology: Recent advances and applications: A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 36(1): 46-53. doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2015.00005.7.

    ABSTRACT

    Transgenic animal technologies are one of the fastest growing techniques in the biotechnology areas. It is used to incorporate exogenous genes into the animal genome by genetic engineering technology so that these genes can be inherited and expressed by offspring. Two fundamental determinants of the success of any transgenic exploitation of a livestock species are the transport of DNA across the plasma membrane of the recipient cell, and the transport of that DNA across the nuclear membrane to gain access to the chromosomes. A variety of transgenic technologies are available like microinjection method, chemical method mediated transgenesis, somatic cell nuclear transfer, restriction enzyme-mediated integration, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm mediated gene transfer and embryonic stem cell mediated method etc. Use of transgenic animals will provide solutions for drug research, xenotransplantation, disease resistance and tissue repair etc. This review focuses on various methods of transgenesis and its application.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdullah, R. B., Wan Khadijah, W. E., Kwong, P. J. (2011). Comparison of intra- and interspecies nuclear transfer techniques in the production of cloned caprine embryos. Small Ruminant Research, 98: 196-200.
    2. Bachiller, D., Schellanderk, K., Peli, J. and Ruether, U. (1991). Liposome-mediated DNA uptake by sperm cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 30: 194-200
    3. Baldassarre, H., Keefer, C.L., Wang, B., Lazaris, A., Karatzas, C.N. (2003). Nuclear transfer in goats using in vitro matured oocytes recovered by laparoscopic ovum pick-up. Cloning and Stem Cells, 5: 270-285.
    4. Bowen, R. A., Reed, M., Schnieke, A., Seidel, G. E. and Stacey, W. K. (1994). Transgenic cattle resulting from biopsied embryos: Expression of c-ski in a transgenic calf. Biology of Reproduction, 8: 664-668
    5. Brackett, B. G., Baranska, W., Sawichi, W. and Koprowski, H. (1971). Uptake of heterologous genome by mammalian spermatozoa and its transfer to ova through fertilization; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, 68:353–357
    6. Brem, G., Brenig, B., Kräusslich, H., Müller, M., Springmann, K. and Winnacker, E.L. (1988). Gene transfer by DNA microinjection of growth hormone genes in pigs. Eleventh International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination. Dublin.
    7. Brophy, B., Smolenski, G., Weeler, T., Wells, D., Huiller, P. L. and Labile, G. (2003). Cloned transgenic cattle produced milk with higher levels of b-casein and k-casein. Nature. Biotechnology, 21(2): 157-162,
    8. Carroll, D. (2008) Progress and prospects: zinc-finger nucleases as gene therapy agents. Gene Ther., 15:1463–1468
    9. Castilla, J., Printado, B., Sola, I., Sanchez-Morgado, J. M. and Enjuanes, L. (1998). Engineering passive immunity in transgenic mice secreting virus-neutralizing antibodies in milk. Nature Biotechnology, 16(4): 349- 354,
    10. Chang, K., Qian, J., Jiang, M., Liu, Y. H. and Wu, M. C. (2002). Effective generation of transgenic pigs and mice by linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer. BMC Biotechnol., 2: 120-124.
    11. Clements, J. E., Wall, R. J., Narayan, O., Dauer, D., Schoborg, R., Sheffer, D., Powell, A., Carruth, L. M., Zink, M. C. and Rexroad . C. E. (1994). Development of transgenic sheep that express the Visna virus envelope gene. Virology, 200 (2): 370-380
    12. D’Agnillo, F. and Chang, T. M. (1998). Polyhemoglobin superoxide dismutasecatalase as a blood substitute with antioxidant properties. Nature Biotechnology, 16 (7): 667-671
    13. David, B. B. and Matthew, R. A. (2013). Basic and Applied Bone Biology. Academic. p. 157
    14. Donovan, D. M., David E. K. and Robert J. W. (2005). Engineering disease resistant cattle. Transgenic Research, 14: 563-567.
    15. Draghia-Akli, R., Fiorotto, M. L., Hill, L. A., Malone, P. B., Deaver D. R. and Schwartz. R. J. (1999). Myogenic expression of an injectable protease-resistant growth hormone-releasing hormone augments long-term grow th in pigs. Nat. Biotechnol, 17:1179-1183.
    16. Geurts, A. M., Cost, G.J., Freyvert, Y., Zeitler, B., Miller, J.C., Choi, V. M., Jenkins, S.S., Wood, A., Cui, X., Meng, X., Vincent, A., Lam, S., Michalkiewicz, M., Schilling, R., Foeckler, J., Kalloway, S., Weiler, H., Menoret, S., Anegon, I., Davis, G. D., Zhang, L., Rebar, E.J., Gregory, P. D., Urnov, F. D., Jacob, H. J. and Buelow, R. (2009). Knockout ratsvia embryo microinjection of zinc-finger nucleases. Science, 325:433.
    17. Grosse-Hovest, L., Müller, S., Minoia, R., Wolf, E., Zakhartchenko, V.,Wenigerkind, H., Lassnig, C., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., Lytton, S. D., Jung, G. and Brem, G.(2004). Cloned transgenic farm animals produce a bispecific antibody for T cell-mediated tumor cell killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101(18): 6858–6863.
    18. Grosvenor, C. E., Picciano, M. F. and Baumrucker, C. R. (1993). Hormones and growth factors in milk. Endocrine Reviews, 14:710–728.
    19. He, C. and Klionsky, D. J. (2009). Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways. Immunol. Today, 11: 450–456
    20. Houdebine and Louis-Marie (2009). Production of pharmaceutical proteins by transgenic animals. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 32 (2): 107–21.
    21. Ivarie, R. (2003): Avian transgenesis: progress towards the promise. Trends Biotechnol., 21:14-19.
    22. Kues, W. A. and Niemann, H. (2004) The contribution of farm animals to human health. Trends Biotechnol., 22: 286-294
    23. Kuroiwa, H., Mori, T., Takahara, M., Miyagishima, S., Kuroiwa, T. (2002). Chloroplast division machinery as revealed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Planta, 215:185-190
    24. Lai, L., Kang, J. X., Li, R., Wang, J., Witt, W. T., Yong, H. Y., Hao,Y., Wax, D. M., Murphy, C. N., Rieke, A., Samuel, M., Linville, M. L., Korte,S. W., Evans, R. W., Starzl, T. E., Prather, R. S. and Dai, Y. (2006). Generation of cloned transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Nature Biotechnology, 24: 435-436.
    25. Lai, L., Kang, J. X., Li, R., Wang, J. and Witt, W. T. (2006). Generation of cloned transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Nat. Biotechnol. 24: 435–436.
    26. Lavitrano, M., Busnelli, M., Cerrito, M.G., Giovannoni, R., Manzini, S. and Vargiolu, A. (2006). Sperm-mediated gene transfer. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 18: 19–23
    27. Li, J., Liu, X., Wang, H., Zhang, S., Liu, F., Wang, X. and Wang, Y. (2009). Human embryos derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer using an alternative enucleation approach. Cloning and Stem Cells, 11 (1): 39–50.
    28. Li, Z. and Engelhardt, J. F. (2003). Progress toward generating a ferret model of cystic fibrosis by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol, 1: 83.
    29. Lo, B., and Parham, L., ( 2009). Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research. Endocr Rev., 30(3): 204–213.
    30. Lomax, G. P. and Dewitt, N. D. (2013). Somatic cell nuclear transfer in Oregon: Expanding the pluripotent space and informing research ethics. Stem Cells and Development, 22 (1): 25–8.
    31. McCurry, K., Byrne, G. W., Martin, R., McClellan, M. J., Platt, S. M. and Logan, J. S. (1997). Transgenic pigs expressing human CD59 and decay-accelerating factor produce an intrinsic barrier to complement-mediated damage. Transplantation, 63: 149-155
    32. Meade, H. M., Echelard, Y., Ziomek, C. A., Young, M. W., Harvey, M., Cole, E. S., Groet, S., Smith, T. E., Curling, J. M., 1999. Expression of recombinant proteins in the milk of transgenic animals. In: Fernandez, J.M., Hoeffler, J.P. (Eds.), Gene Expression Systems. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 399–427
    33. Mullin, E. (2014). Researchers repair retinas in mice with virus-free stem cell. Fiercebiotech.com.
    34. Nagano, M., Shinohara, T., Avarbock, M. R. and Brinster, R. L. (2000). Retrovirus-meditated gene delivery into male germ line stem cells. FEBS Lett., 475: 7–10
    35. Niemann, H. and Kues, A.W. (2000). Transgenic livestock: premises and promises. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 60: 277–293
    36. Nottle, M. B., Haskard, K. A., Verma, P. J., Du, Z. T., Grupen, C. G., McIlfatrick, S. M., Ashman, R. J., Harrison, S. J., Barlow, H., Wigley, P. L., Lyons, I. G., Cowan, P. J., Crawford, R. J., Tolstoshev, P. L., Pearse, M. J., Robins, A. J. and Apice. A. J. d. (2001). Effect of DNA concentration on transgenesis rates in mice and pigs. Transgenic Res., 10:523–531
    37. Palmarini, M. and Fan, H. (2001). Retrovirus-induced ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, an animal model for lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93: 1603–1614
    38. Pera, M. and Trounson, A. (2013). Cloning debate: Stem-cell researchers must stay engaged. Nature, 498 (7453): 159–61.
    39. Platt, J. L., Fischel, R. J., Matas, A. J., Reif, S. A., Bolman, R. M. and Bach, F. H. (1991). Immunopathology of hyperacute xenograft rejection in a swine-to-primate model. Transplantation, 52: 214-220
    40. Ponder, K.P., Melniczek, J. R. and Xu, L. (2002). Therapeutic neonatal hepatic gene therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis in dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci., 99: 102–107
    41. Rieth, A., Pothier, F. and Sirard, M. A. (2000). Electroporation of bovine spermatozoa to carry DNA containing highly repetitive sequences into oocytes and detection of homologous recombination events. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 57:338–345
    42. Rubinson, D. A. (2003). A lentivirus-based system to functionally silence genes in primary mammalian cells, stem cells and transgenic mice by RNA interference. Nature Genet., 33:401–406
    43. Rudolph, N. S.(1999). Biopharmaceutical production in transgenic livestock. Tibtech., 17: 367–374
    44. Shemesh, M., Gurevich, M., Markowitz, E., Benvenisti, L., Shore, L.S. and Stram, Y. (2000). Gene integration into bovine sperm genome and its expression in transgenic offspring. Mol Reprod Dev., 56: 306–308.
    45. Thermes, V., Grabher, C., Ristoratore, F., Bourrat, F., Choulika ,A., Wittbrodt, J. and Joly, J. S. (2002). I-SceI meganuclease mediates highly efficient transgenesis in fish. Mech. Dev., 118:91-98.
    46. Theuring, F. (1995) In BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford: Functional Analysis of the Human Genome (eds F Farzaneh, DN Cooper), pp. 185–205.
    47. Tsai, H. J. (2000). Electroporated sperm mediation of a gene transfer system for finfish and shellfish. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 56: 281-284.
    48. Van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., and Kindt, M. (2001). Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40: 121-130.
    49. Varga, C. M., Wickham, T. J. and Lauffenburger, D. A. (2000). Receptor mediated targeting of gene delivery vectors: Insights from molecular mechanisms for improved vehicle design. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 70: 593-605
    50. Weissmann, C., Enari, M., Klohn, P. C., Rossi, D. and Flechsig, E. (2002). Transmission of prions. Proceedings of the Natural Academic of Sciences, USA, 99 ( Suppl.4): 16378- 16383,
    51. Wheeler, M. B., Monaco, E., Bionaz, M., and Tanaka, T. (2010). The role of existing and emerging biotechnologies for livestock production: Toward holism. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 38(Suppl 2), s463-s484.
    In this Article
      Contact us
      Follow us
      Published In
      Agricultural Reviews

      Editorial Board

      View all (0)