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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 41 issue 3 (september 2020) : 291-296,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-150

Dietary Camellia sinensis Influences the Broilers: A Review

A
A.A. Khaskheli
M
M.I. Khaskheli
A
A.J. Khaskheli
A
A.A. Khaskheli
1Department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando jam, Pakistan.
Cite article:- Khaskheli A.A., Khaskheli M.I., Khaskheli A.J., Khaskheli A.A. (2020). Dietary Camellia sinensis Influences the Broilers: A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 41(3): 291-296. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-150.

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in order to understand the impact of using dietary Camellia sinensis in broilers. In this regards several studies were explored and obtained findings were found to be much interesting and useful. In summary it has been reported by researchers that Camellia sinensis supports the feed intake (4480 g/b), water intake (8960 ml/b), live body weight (2356.8 g/b), weekly weight gain (2322.8 g/b), carcass weight (1381.8 g/b) and feed conversion ratio (1.92). Further, it was stated that Camellia sinensis reduces the relative weight of heart, liver, spleen, proventriculus, intestine and fat pad   by 13.53, 61.1, 2.26, 58.13, 10.2 and 81.41%, respectively compared to their normal weights. Camellia sinensis enhances the immunity of broilers that results lower infection rate and mortality rate. Concerning digestibility it was indicated by researchers that digestibility of crude protein improves by 80.33%, ether extract by 76%, crude fiber 33.83% and metabolizable energy by 79.66%. In conclusion, Camellia sinensis has been proved an important dietary supplement for the broilers. It supports birds’ immunity, production and performance.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdo, Z.M.A., Hassan, R.A., Amal, A.E. and Shahinaz, A.H. (2010). Effect of adding Camellia sinensis and its aqueous extract as natural antioxidants to laying hen diet on productive, reproductive performance and egg quality during storage and its content of cholesterol. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal. 30: 1121-1149. 
  2. Balentine, D.A. (1997). Introduction: Tea and health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 8: 691-669. 
  3. Biswas, A.H. and Wakita, M. (2001). Comparison of two dietary factors, Camellia sinensis powder feeding and feed restriction, influencing laying performance and egg quality in hens. Journal of Poultry Science. 25: 55-61. 
  4. Biswas, M.A.H. and Wakita, M. (2001). Effect of dietary Japanese Camellia sinensis powder supplementation on feed utilization and carcass profiles in broilers. Journal of Poultry Science. 38: 50-57. 
  5. Biswas, M.A.H., Miyazaki, Y., Nomura, K. and Wakita, M. (2000). Influences of long-term feeding of Japanese Camellia sinensis powder on laying performance and egg quality in hens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 13: 980-985. 
  6. Bureenok, S., Tamaki, M., Kawamoto, Y. and Nakada, T. (2007). Additive effects of Camellia sinensis on fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) and the fermentative quality of rhodesgrass silage. Asian-Aust. Journal of Animal Science. 20: 920-924.
  7. Cao, B.H., Karasawa Y. and Guo, Y.M. (2005). Effects of Camellia sinensis polyphenols and fructo-oligosaccharides in semi- purified diets on broiler performance and caecal microflora and their metabolites. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 18: 85-89. 
  8. Chaturvedula, V.S.P. and Prakash, I. (2011). The aroma, taste, color and bioactive constituents of tea. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5: 2110-2124. 
  9. Costa, L.M., Gouveia, S.T. and Nobrega, J.A. (2002). Comparison of heating extraction procedures for Al, Ca, Mg and Mn in tea samples. Journal of Analytical Sciences. 18: 313-318.
  10. Cross, D.E., McDevitt, R.M., Hillman, K. and Acamovic, T. (2007). The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science. 48: 496-506. 
  11. Dulloo, A.G., Duret, C., Rohrer, D., Girardier, L., Mensi, N., Fathi, M., Chantre, P. and Vandermander, J. (1999). Efficacy of a Camellia sinensis extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70: 1040-1045. 
  12. Dulloo, A.G., Seydoux, L., Girardier, P. and Vandermander, J. (2000). Camellia sinensis and thermo genesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. International Journal of Poultry Science. 24: 252-258.
  13. Evans, A.J., Hood, R.L., Oakenfull, D.G. and Sidhu, G.S. (1992). Relationship between structure and function of dietary fiber: a comparative study of the effects of three galactomannana on cholesterol metabolism in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition. 68: 217-229.
  14. Friedman, M. (2007). Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 51:116-134.
  15. Fujiki, H. (1999). Two stages of cancer prevention with Camellia sinensis. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 12: 589-597.
  16. Guray, E., Ocak, N., Altop, A., Cankaya, S., Aksoy, A.H. and Ozturk, E. (2011). Growth performance, meat quality and caecal coliform bacteria count of broiler chicks fed diet with Camellia sinensis extract. Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 24: 1128-1136. 
  17. Hara, H., Orita, N., Hatano, S., Ichikawa, H., Hara, Y., Matsumoto, N., Kimura, Y., Terada, A. and Mitsuoka, T. (1995). Effect of tea polyphenols on fecal flora and fecal metabolic products of pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 57: 145-149. 
  18. Hara-Kudo, Y., Yamasaki, A., Sasaki, M., Okubo, T., Minai, Y., Haga, M., Kondo, K. and Konishi, Y.S. (2005). Antibacterial action on pathogenic bacterial spore by Camellia sinensis catechins. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 85 (4): 2354-2361.
  19. Hazzit, M., Baaliouameer, A., Faleiro, M.L. and Miguel, M.G. (2006). Composition of the essential oils of Thymus and Origanum species from Algeria and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54: 6314-6321. 
  20. Henning, S.M., Niu, Y., Lee, N.H., Thames, G.D., Minutti, R.R., Wang, H., Go, V.L. and Heber, D. (2004). Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of tea flavanols after consumption of Camellia sinensis, black tea, or a Camellia sinensis extract supplement. The American Journal of clinical Nutrition. 80:1558-1564.
  21. Ishihara, N., Chu, D.C., Akachiand, S. and Juneja, L.R. (2001). Improvement of intestinal microflora balance and prevention of digestive and respiratory organ diseases in calves by green tea extracts. Livestock Production Science. 68: 217-229.
  22. Ikeda, I., Imasato, Y. and Sasaki, E. (1992). Tea catchins decrease micellar solubility and intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats. Journal of Animal Science. 35: 1127-1141.
  23. Kajiya, K., Hojo, H., Suzuki, M., Nanjo, F., Kumazawa, S. and Nakayama, T. (2004). Relationship between antibacterial activity of catechin derivatives and their interaction with a model membrane. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52: 1514-1519. 
  24. Kaneko, K., Yamasaki, K., Tagawa, Y., Tokunaga, M., Tobisa, M. and Furuse, M. (2001). Effects of dietary japanese Camellia sinensis powder on growth, meat ingredient and lipid accumulation in broilers. Journal of Poultry Science. 38: 77-85.
  25. Karori, S.M., Wachira, F.N., Wanyoko, J.K. and Ngure, R.M. (2007). Antioxidant capacity of different types of tea products. African Journal of Animal Biotechnology. 6: 2287-2296. 
  26. Ko, S.Y., Bae, I.H., Yee, S.T., Lee, S.S., Uuganbayar, D., Oh, J.I. and Yang, C.J. (2008). Comparison of the effect of Camellia sinensis by-product and Camellia sinensis probiotics on the growth performance, meat quality andimmune response of finishing pigs. Asian Journal of Animal Science. 21: 1486-1494.
  27. Kondo, M., Kazumi, K. and Hiro, Y.O. (2004). Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by-product as protein feedstuffs: Effects of tannin on nutritive value in goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 20: 880-886.
  28. Krul, C., Luiten-Schuite, A., Tenfelde, A., vanOmmen, B., Verhagen, H. and Havenaar, R. (2001). Antimutagenic activity of Camellia sinensis and black tea extracts studied in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. Mutation Research. 474: 71-85.
  29. Labdar, S. (2010). Camellia sinensis-healthy or unhealthy?, viewed 06 April 2020, from http://www.artclesbase.com/nutriton-articles/green-tea-healthy-or unhealthy-3813575. Html. 
  30. Lee, S.G. (2005). Effects of dietary Camellia sinensis-by product on productivity in Korea beef cattle and consulting, MS thesis, Sunchon National University. Chonnam, Korea.
  31. Maron, D.J., Lu, G.P., Cai, N.S., Wu, Z.G., Li, Y.H., Chen, H., Zhu, J.Q., Jin, X.J., Wouters, B.C. and Zhao, J. (2003). Cholesterol- lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched Camellia sinensis extract: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 163: 1448-1453.
  32. Mukhatar, H. and Ahmad, N. (1999). Mechanism of cancer chemopreventive of Camellia sinensis. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 220: 234-238.
  33. Muramatsu, K., Fukuyu, M. and Hara, Y. (1986). Effect of Camellia sinensis catechins on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol- fed rats. Journal of Nutritional Science. 32: 613-622.
  34. Naidu, A.S. (2000). Natural food antimicrobial systems, in L.R. Juneja, T. Okubo and P. Hung (eds.), Catechins, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 
  35. Reto, M., Figueira, M.E., Filipe, H.M. and Almeida, C.M. (2007). Chemical composition of Camellia sinensis (Camellia sinensis) infusions commercialized in Portugal. Journal of Plant Foods for Animal Nutrition. 62: 139-144. 
  36. Saadoun, A. and B. Leclercq. (1983). Comparison of in vivo fatty acid synthesis of the genetically lean and fat chickens. Journal of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology. 75: 641-644.
  37. Sarker, M.S.K., Ko, S.Y., Lee, S.M., Kim, G.M., Choi, J.K. and Yang, C.J. (2010). Effect of different feed additives on growth performance and blood profiles of Korean Hanwoo calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 23: 52-60.
  38. Sarker, M.S.K., Yim, K.J., Ko, S.Y. Uuganbayar, D., Kim, G.M., Bae, H.I., Oh, J.I., Yee, S.T. and Yang, C.J. (2010). Camellia sinensis level on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 9: 10-14. 
  39. Shen, C.L., Yeh, J.K., Cao, J.J. and Wang, J.S. (2009). Camellia sinensis and bone metabolism. Nutrition Research. 29: 437-456.
  40. Shomali, T., Najmeh, M. and Saeed, N. (2012). ‘Two weeks of dietary supplementation with Camellia sinensis powder does not affect performance, D-xylose absorption and selected serum parameters in broiler chickens’. Journal of Poultry Pathology. 21: 1023-1027. 
  41. Shu, W.S., Zhang, Z.Q., Lan, C.Y. and Wong, M.H. (2003). Fluoride and aluminum concentrations of tea plants and tea products from Sichuan Province, China. Journal of Poultry Science. 52: 1475-1482. 
  42. Sommer, A.P., Zhu, D. and Scharnweber, T. (2010). Extraordinary anticancer effect of Camellia sinensis and red light. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 28: 429-430.
  43. Taylor, P.W., Miller, H. and Stapleton, P.D. (2005). ‘Antimicrobial properties of Camellia sinensis catechins’. Journal of Food Science Technology. 2: 71-81. 
  44. Terada, A., Hara, H., Nakajyo, S., Ichikawa, H., Hara, Y., Fukai, K., Kobayashi, Y. and T. Mitsuoka. (1993). Effect of supplements of tea polyphenols on the caecal flora and caecal metabolites of chicks. Journal of Microbial Ecology. 6: 3-9. 
  45. Uuganbayar, D. (2004). A study on the utilization of Camellia sinensis for laying hens and broiler chicks. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea. 
  46. Uuganbayar, D., Shin, I.S. and Yang. (2006). Comparative performance of hens fed diets containing Korean, Japanese and Chinese Camellia sinensis. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 19: 1190-1196. 
  47. Wang, H., Provan, G.H. and Helliwell, K. (2000). Tea flavonoids: Their functions, utilization and analysis. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 11: 152-160. 
  48. Xu, J., Zhu, S.G., Yang, F.M., Cheg, L.C., Hu, Y., Pan, G.X. and Hu, Q.H. (2003). The influence of selenium on the antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 83: 451-455.
  49. Yamane, T., Goto, H., Takahashi, D., Takeda, H., Otowaki, K. and Tsuchida, T. (1999). Effects of hot water extracts of tea on performance of laying hens. Journal of Japanese Poultry Science. 36: 31-37. 
  50. Yang, C.J., Yang, I.Y., Oh, D.H., Bae, I.H., Cho, S.G., Kong, I.G., Uuganbayar, D., Nou, I.S. and Choi, K.S. (2003). Effect of Camellia sinensis by-product on performance and body composition in broiler chicks. Asian Journal of Animal Science. 16: 867-872.
  51. Yilmaz, Y. (2006). Novel uses of catechins in foods. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 17: 164-171. 
  52. Yugarani, Y. (1992). Tan BKH, Tech M and Das NP. Effects of polyphenolic natural products on the lipid profiles of rats fed high fat diet. Lipids. 27: 181-186. 
  53. Zanchi, R., E. Canzi, L. Molteni, M. Scozzoli. (2008). Effect of Camellia sinensis L. whole plant extract on piglet intestinal ecosystem. Annals of microbiology. 58: 147-52. 
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    Research Article

    volume 41 issue 3 (september 2020) : 291-296,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-150

    Dietary Camellia sinensis Influences the Broilers: A Review

    A
    A.A. Khaskheli
    M
    M.I. Khaskheli
    A
    A.J. Khaskheli
    A
    A.A. Khaskheli
    1Department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando jam, Pakistan.
    Cite article:- Khaskheli A.A., Khaskheli M.I., Khaskheli A.J., Khaskheli A.A. (2020). Dietary Camellia sinensis Influences the Broilers: A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 41(3): 291-296. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-150.

    ABSTRACT

    This study was conducted in order to understand the impact of using dietary Camellia sinensis in broilers. In this regards several studies were explored and obtained findings were found to be much interesting and useful. In summary it has been reported by researchers that Camellia sinensis supports the feed intake (4480 g/b), water intake (8960 ml/b), live body weight (2356.8 g/b), weekly weight gain (2322.8 g/b), carcass weight (1381.8 g/b) and feed conversion ratio (1.92). Further, it was stated that Camellia sinensis reduces the relative weight of heart, liver, spleen, proventriculus, intestine and fat pad   by 13.53, 61.1, 2.26, 58.13, 10.2 and 81.41%, respectively compared to their normal weights. Camellia sinensis enhances the immunity of broilers that results lower infection rate and mortality rate. Concerning digestibility it was indicated by researchers that digestibility of crude protein improves by 80.33%, ether extract by 76%, crude fiber 33.83% and metabolizable energy by 79.66%. In conclusion, Camellia sinensis has been proved an important dietary supplement for the broilers. It supports birds’ immunity, production and performance.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdo, Z.M.A., Hassan, R.A., Amal, A.E. and Shahinaz, A.H. (2010). Effect of adding Camellia sinensis and its aqueous extract as natural antioxidants to laying hen diet on productive, reproductive performance and egg quality during storage and its content of cholesterol. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal. 30: 1121-1149. 
    2. Balentine, D.A. (1997). Introduction: Tea and health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 8: 691-669. 
    3. Biswas, A.H. and Wakita, M. (2001). Comparison of two dietary factors, Camellia sinensis powder feeding and feed restriction, influencing laying performance and egg quality in hens. Journal of Poultry Science. 25: 55-61. 
    4. Biswas, M.A.H. and Wakita, M. (2001). Effect of dietary Japanese Camellia sinensis powder supplementation on feed utilization and carcass profiles in broilers. Journal of Poultry Science. 38: 50-57. 
    5. Biswas, M.A.H., Miyazaki, Y., Nomura, K. and Wakita, M. (2000). Influences of long-term feeding of Japanese Camellia sinensis powder on laying performance and egg quality in hens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 13: 980-985. 
    6. Bureenok, S., Tamaki, M., Kawamoto, Y. and Nakada, T. (2007). Additive effects of Camellia sinensis on fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) and the fermentative quality of rhodesgrass silage. Asian-Aust. Journal of Animal Science. 20: 920-924.
    7. Cao, B.H., Karasawa Y. and Guo, Y.M. (2005). Effects of Camellia sinensis polyphenols and fructo-oligosaccharides in semi- purified diets on broiler performance and caecal microflora and their metabolites. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 18: 85-89. 
    8. Chaturvedula, V.S.P. and Prakash, I. (2011). The aroma, taste, color and bioactive constituents of tea. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5: 2110-2124. 
    9. Costa, L.M., Gouveia, S.T. and Nobrega, J.A. (2002). Comparison of heating extraction procedures for Al, Ca, Mg and Mn in tea samples. Journal of Analytical Sciences. 18: 313-318.
    10. Cross, D.E., McDevitt, R.M., Hillman, K. and Acamovic, T. (2007). The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science. 48: 496-506. 
    11. Dulloo, A.G., Duret, C., Rohrer, D., Girardier, L., Mensi, N., Fathi, M., Chantre, P. and Vandermander, J. (1999). Efficacy of a Camellia sinensis extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70: 1040-1045. 
    12. Dulloo, A.G., Seydoux, L., Girardier, P. and Vandermander, J. (2000). Camellia sinensis and thermo genesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. International Journal of Poultry Science. 24: 252-258.
    13. Evans, A.J., Hood, R.L., Oakenfull, D.G. and Sidhu, G.S. (1992). Relationship between structure and function of dietary fiber: a comparative study of the effects of three galactomannana on cholesterol metabolism in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition. 68: 217-229.
    14. Friedman, M. (2007). Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 51:116-134.
    15. Fujiki, H. (1999). Two stages of cancer prevention with Camellia sinensis. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 12: 589-597.
    16. Guray, E., Ocak, N., Altop, A., Cankaya, S., Aksoy, A.H. and Ozturk, E. (2011). Growth performance, meat quality and caecal coliform bacteria count of broiler chicks fed diet with Camellia sinensis extract. Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 24: 1128-1136. 
    17. Hara, H., Orita, N., Hatano, S., Ichikawa, H., Hara, Y., Matsumoto, N., Kimura, Y., Terada, A. and Mitsuoka, T. (1995). Effect of tea polyphenols on fecal flora and fecal metabolic products of pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 57: 145-149. 
    18. Hara-Kudo, Y., Yamasaki, A., Sasaki, M., Okubo, T., Minai, Y., Haga, M., Kondo, K. and Konishi, Y.S. (2005). Antibacterial action on pathogenic bacterial spore by Camellia sinensis catechins. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 85 (4): 2354-2361.
    19. Hazzit, M., Baaliouameer, A., Faleiro, M.L. and Miguel, M.G. (2006). Composition of the essential oils of Thymus and Origanum species from Algeria and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54: 6314-6321. 
    20. Henning, S.M., Niu, Y., Lee, N.H., Thames, G.D., Minutti, R.R., Wang, H., Go, V.L. and Heber, D. (2004). Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of tea flavanols after consumption of Camellia sinensis, black tea, or a Camellia sinensis extract supplement. The American Journal of clinical Nutrition. 80:1558-1564.
    21. Ishihara, N., Chu, D.C., Akachiand, S. and Juneja, L.R. (2001). Improvement of intestinal microflora balance and prevention of digestive and respiratory organ diseases in calves by green tea extracts. Livestock Production Science. 68: 217-229.
    22. Ikeda, I., Imasato, Y. and Sasaki, E. (1992). Tea catchins decrease micellar solubility and intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats. Journal of Animal Science. 35: 1127-1141.
    23. Kajiya, K., Hojo, H., Suzuki, M., Nanjo, F., Kumazawa, S. and Nakayama, T. (2004). Relationship between antibacterial activity of catechin derivatives and their interaction with a model membrane. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52: 1514-1519. 
    24. Kaneko, K., Yamasaki, K., Tagawa, Y., Tokunaga, M., Tobisa, M. and Furuse, M. (2001). Effects of dietary japanese Camellia sinensis powder on growth, meat ingredient and lipid accumulation in broilers. Journal of Poultry Science. 38: 77-85.
    25. Karori, S.M., Wachira, F.N., Wanyoko, J.K. and Ngure, R.M. (2007). Antioxidant capacity of different types of tea products. African Journal of Animal Biotechnology. 6: 2287-2296. 
    26. Ko, S.Y., Bae, I.H., Yee, S.T., Lee, S.S., Uuganbayar, D., Oh, J.I. and Yang, C.J. (2008). Comparison of the effect of Camellia sinensis by-product and Camellia sinensis probiotics on the growth performance, meat quality andimmune response of finishing pigs. Asian Journal of Animal Science. 21: 1486-1494.
    27. Kondo, M., Kazumi, K. and Hiro, Y.O. (2004). Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by-product as protein feedstuffs: Effects of tannin on nutritive value in goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 20: 880-886.
    28. Krul, C., Luiten-Schuite, A., Tenfelde, A., vanOmmen, B., Verhagen, H. and Havenaar, R. (2001). Antimutagenic activity of Camellia sinensis and black tea extracts studied in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. Mutation Research. 474: 71-85.
    29. Labdar, S. (2010). Camellia sinensis-healthy or unhealthy?, viewed 06 April 2020, from http://www.artclesbase.com/nutriton-articles/green-tea-healthy-or unhealthy-3813575. Html. 
    30. Lee, S.G. (2005). Effects of dietary Camellia sinensis-by product on productivity in Korea beef cattle and consulting, MS thesis, Sunchon National University. Chonnam, Korea.
    31. Maron, D.J., Lu, G.P., Cai, N.S., Wu, Z.G., Li, Y.H., Chen, H., Zhu, J.Q., Jin, X.J., Wouters, B.C. and Zhao, J. (2003). Cholesterol- lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched Camellia sinensis extract: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 163: 1448-1453.
    32. Mukhatar, H. and Ahmad, N. (1999). Mechanism of cancer chemopreventive of Camellia sinensis. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 220: 234-238.
    33. Muramatsu, K., Fukuyu, M. and Hara, Y. (1986). Effect of Camellia sinensis catechins on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol- fed rats. Journal of Nutritional Science. 32: 613-622.
    34. Naidu, A.S. (2000). Natural food antimicrobial systems, in L.R. Juneja, T. Okubo and P. Hung (eds.), Catechins, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 
    35. Reto, M., Figueira, M.E., Filipe, H.M. and Almeida, C.M. (2007). Chemical composition of Camellia sinensis (Camellia sinensis) infusions commercialized in Portugal. Journal of Plant Foods for Animal Nutrition. 62: 139-144. 
    36. Saadoun, A. and B. Leclercq. (1983). Comparison of in vivo fatty acid synthesis of the genetically lean and fat chickens. Journal of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology. 75: 641-644.
    37. Sarker, M.S.K., Ko, S.Y., Lee, S.M., Kim, G.M., Choi, J.K. and Yang, C.J. (2010). Effect of different feed additives on growth performance and blood profiles of Korean Hanwoo calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 23: 52-60.
    38. Sarker, M.S.K., Yim, K.J., Ko, S.Y. Uuganbayar, D., Kim, G.M., Bae, H.I., Oh, J.I., Yee, S.T. and Yang, C.J. (2010). Camellia sinensis level on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 9: 10-14. 
    39. Shen, C.L., Yeh, J.K., Cao, J.J. and Wang, J.S. (2009). Camellia sinensis and bone metabolism. Nutrition Research. 29: 437-456.
    40. Shomali, T., Najmeh, M. and Saeed, N. (2012). ‘Two weeks of dietary supplementation with Camellia sinensis powder does not affect performance, D-xylose absorption and selected serum parameters in broiler chickens’. Journal of Poultry Pathology. 21: 1023-1027. 
    41. Shu, W.S., Zhang, Z.Q., Lan, C.Y. and Wong, M.H. (2003). Fluoride and aluminum concentrations of tea plants and tea products from Sichuan Province, China. Journal of Poultry Science. 52: 1475-1482. 
    42. Sommer, A.P., Zhu, D. and Scharnweber, T. (2010). Extraordinary anticancer effect of Camellia sinensis and red light. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 28: 429-430.
    43. Taylor, P.W., Miller, H. and Stapleton, P.D. (2005). ‘Antimicrobial properties of Camellia sinensis catechins’. Journal of Food Science Technology. 2: 71-81. 
    44. Terada, A., Hara, H., Nakajyo, S., Ichikawa, H., Hara, Y., Fukai, K., Kobayashi, Y. and T. Mitsuoka. (1993). Effect of supplements of tea polyphenols on the caecal flora and caecal metabolites of chicks. Journal of Microbial Ecology. 6: 3-9. 
    45. Uuganbayar, D. (2004). A study on the utilization of Camellia sinensis for laying hens and broiler chicks. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea. 
    46. Uuganbayar, D., Shin, I.S. and Yang. (2006). Comparative performance of hens fed diets containing Korean, Japanese and Chinese Camellia sinensis. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 19: 1190-1196. 
    47. Wang, H., Provan, G.H. and Helliwell, K. (2000). Tea flavonoids: Their functions, utilization and analysis. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 11: 152-160. 
    48. Xu, J., Zhu, S.G., Yang, F.M., Cheg, L.C., Hu, Y., Pan, G.X. and Hu, Q.H. (2003). The influence of selenium on the antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 83: 451-455.
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