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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 35 issue 1 (march 2014) : 50-56,   Doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0741.35.1.006

PESTICIDES USE AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOIL, GRAINS AND WATER OF PADDY ECOSYSTEM – A REVIEW

S
S. Selvaraj*
B
B. Basavaraj1
N
N.S. Hebsur2
1Radioisotope (Tracer) Laboratory, Agricultural College, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003, India
Cite article:- Selvaraj* S., Basavaraj1 B., Hebsur2 N.S. (2025). PESTICIDES USE AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOIL, GRAINS AND WATER OF PADDY ECOSYSTEM – A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 35(1): 50-56. doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0741.35.1.006.

ABSTRACT

Rice is one of the major staple food crops in India and grown in different agro-climatic zones, occupying an area of 14.5 lakh ha.The term ‘rice is life’ is most appropriate for India as this crop plays a vital role in country’s food security and provides livelihood for millions of rural households. Rice is always infected by the various pests during cultivation. Thus farmers growing rice use pesticides to protect their crop, some of which are persistent and contaminate the soil. From the large field study, it was observed that pesticides were used in bulk amount. Pesticides are frequently applied to crop fields to combat insect pests for better rice production. The presence of excessive residues above the tolerance level poses health hazard to the consumers. In the present review the use of pesticides, residues in soil, plant and water of paddy ecosystem is discussed

REFERENCES

  1. Afiasco, N.,Uno, S.,Koyama, J., Matsuoka, T. and Kuwahara, N. (2010).Assessment of pesticide residues in freshwater areas affected by rice paddy effluents in southern Japan.Environ. Monit.Assess.,160 : 371-383.
  2. Anonymous, (2010). FAOSTAT (ProdStat), 2010. www.fao.org
  3. Awasthi, M. D. (1997). Degradation and persistence of synthetic pyrethroids in tropical soil and aquatic environment. Indian J. Environ. Toxicol.,7(1) : 36-38.
  4. Banerjee, H., Raha, P., Chowdhury, A., Das, A. K. and Choudhury, A. N., (1989). Studies on the residual fate and dissipation of malathion, methyl parathion and quinalphos in paddy under West Bengal climate condition. Trop. Pest Mngt. 35: 365-369.
  5. Bhattacharjee, S., Fakhruddin, A.N.M., Chowdhury, M.A.Z., Rahman, M.A. and Alam, M.K.(2012).Monitoring of selected pesticides residue levels in water samples of paddy fields and removal of cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos residues from water using rice bran.Bull. Environ. Contmn.Toxicol.,89(2): 348-353.
  6. Bhuiyan, S.I. and Castaneda, A.R. (1995).The impact of rice field pesticides on the quantity of fresh water resources.In: impact of pesticides on Farmer Health and the Rice Environment, [Pingali P.L. and Roger P.A. (ed.)] IRRI, Manila, 181-202.
  7. Bossi, R., Seiden, P., Andersen, S. M., Jacosen, C. S. and Streibig, J. C. (1999). Analysis of metsulfuron-methyl in soil by liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry: Application to field dissipation. J. Agric. Food Chem.,47: 4462-4468.
  8. Bourgeois, D., Gaudet, J., Deveau, P. and Mallet, V. N. (1993).Microextraction of organophosphorus pesticides from environmental water and analysis by gas chromatography.Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,50 : 433-440.
  9. Carson, R., (1962). Silent Spring, Houghton-Mifflin Co. Publishers, Boston,USA.
  10. Chahal, K. K. and Singh, B. (2006).Estimation of residues of butachlor, qhinalphos and triazophos in different fractions of paddy at harvest.Pestology, 30(8) : 26-28.
  11. Chilton, P. J., Lawrence, A. R. and Barker, J. A. (1993). Pesticides in groundwater: Some preliminary observations on behavior and transport in tropical environment. Hydrological, Chemical and Biological Transformations and Transport of Contamination of Aquatic Environment Proceedings of the Rostov- Don Symposium, IAHB Publication No. 219.
  12. Chowdhury, A.Z., Banik, S., Uddin, B. and Karim, N. (2012). Organophosphorus and carbomate residues detected in water samples from paddy and vegetables fields of the Savar and Dhamraiupazilas in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,9(9): 3318-3329.
  13. Deka, S. C., Barman, N. and Baruah, A.A.L.H. (2004).Pesticide residues in unpolished, polished and parboiled rice in Assam.Pesticide Res. J., 18(2) : 71-74.
  14. Devi, P.M., Reddy, N.C., Reddy, V.N. and Rao, N.B. (1997). Degradatiion of butachlor in transplanted rice and residues in soil, straw and grain of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Res. ANGRAU, 25(4): 13-15.
  15. Dikshith, T. S. S., Kumar, S. N., Raizada, R. B., Srivastava, M. K. and Ray, P. K. (1990).Residues of 1- naphthol in soil and water samples in and around Bhopal, India.Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,44 : 87-91.
  16. Gopal, M., Mukherjee, I. and Das, T. K. (2002). Residues of the new fungicide capropamid in rice (Oryza sativaL.). Pestology, 26(10): 50-53.
  17. Jabbar, A., Masud, Z. S., Parveen, Z. and Mubarik, A. L. (1993). Pesticide residues in cropland soils and shallow groundwater in Punjab, Pakistan.Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol., 51 : 268-273.
  18. Jani, J. P., Raiyani, C. V., Mistry, J. S., Patel, J. S., Desai, N. M. and Kasahyap, S. K. (1991). Residual of Organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in drinking water of Ahmedabad city, India.Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,47 : 381-385.
  19. Jinhe, S., Jianying, G. and Ziyuan, C., (1999). Fate of carbofuran in model rice/fish ecosystem. Pest Mgt. Sci.,26(2): 147-157.
  20. Knedel, W., Chiquin, J. C., Perez, J. and Rosales, S. (1999). Studio de los niveles de residues de Plaquicidas en las Cuencas de Amatitlan y del Motagua, ProyetcoConjunto de Investication entre Universidal del Valle de Guatemala y el Consejo National de Ciencia y Teccnolongia de Guatemala, pp 95.
  21. Kulshresta, G. and Khazanchi, R. (1982).Hydrolysis of isoproturon aqueous medium and its persistence in soil and plants. Indian J. Weed Sci., 14: 96-102.
  22. Kumari, B., Madan, V. K. and Kathpal, T. S. (2008). Status of insecticides contamination of soil and water in Haryana, India. Environ. Monit.Assess.,136 : 239-244.
  23. Nagami, H., Asauma, S., Yajima, N., Usuda, M., Hirosawa and Shimizu. S. (2004).Dymron herbicide residues in paddy soil and channel water. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,73 : 326-330.
  24. Mabury, S.A., Cox, J.S. and Crosby, D.G. (1996). Environmental fate of rice pesticides in California, Revi Environ Contamin Toxicol, 147: 71-117.
  25. Mukherjee, I. and Gopal, M. (2005). Evaluation of fentazamidefor weed control and estimation of its residues in rice. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,74: 667-672.
  26. Mukherjee, I. and Arora, S., (2011).Impact analysis of IPM programs in basmati rice by estimation of pesticide residues.Bull. Environ. Contmn.Toxicol.,86(3): 307-313.
  27. Murthy, K., Rao, N.,Narayana, L.K.,Rao, K. and Azam, K. M. (1983).Determination of Residue of Quinalphos in Paddy : Abstract published seminar on pesticide and environment, TNAU, Coimbatore, August 4-5, 1983. p. 1.
  28. Pathmarajah, S. (1996). Pesticide residues in surface return flows from rice fields in large irrigation system, D. Tech. Sc. Dissertation, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
  29. Prakash, N.B. and Devi, S.L. (2000). Persistence of butachlor in soils under different moisute regimes, J. Indian Society of Soil Science, 48(2): 249-256.
  30. Rajukkanna, K., Doraisamy, P. and Rajendran, R. (1983). Residue levels of certain insecticide dusts in rice grain and straw. Madras Argic. J., 72(3) : 141-145.
  31. Rajukkanna, K. and Doraisamy, P. (1985). Insecticides residues in rice.Madras Argic. J.,72(4) : 203-206.
  32. Sachan, H. K., Mishra, O. P. and Tandon, S. (2007). Studies on harvest time residue of butachlor in soil, rice grain and straw. Pestology, 31(6) : 43-44.
  33. Sethunathan, N.and Siddaramayya, R. (1978).Microbial degradation of pesticides in rice soils.In: Soils and Rice. IRRI: Manila 480-497.
  34. Shelton, D.R. and Parkin, T.P. (1991).Effect of moisture on sorption and biodegradation of carbendazim in soil. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 39: 2063-68.
  35. Singh, R. P. (2001). Composition of organochlorine pesticide levels in soil and groundwater of Agra, India. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,67 : 126-132.
  36. Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D and Sinha, S. (2005). Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in alluvial groundwater aquifer of Gangetic plains, India.Bull. Environ. Contamn.Toxicol.,74 : 162-169.
  37. Sondhia, S. (2008).Determination of imazosulfuron persistence in rice crop and soil.Environ. Monit. Assess.137: 205-211.
  38. Sondhia, S., 2009, Persistence of oxyfluorfen in soil and detection of its residues in rice crop.Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 91(3): 425-433.
  39. Tanabe, A. (2009). Daily variation of pesticides in surface water of a small river flowing through paddy field area. Bull. Environ. Contamn.Toxicol.,82 : 705-710.
  40. Tsochatzis, E., Tritouridou, R., Spiroudi, U. and Karpouzas, G.D. (2012).Development and validation of an HPLC-dad method for the simultaneous determination of most common rice pesticides in paddy water system.Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem.,92(5): 548-560.
  41. Vijayalaxmi, K., Kuttalam, S and Chinnaiah, C. (2000).Harvest-time residues of quinalphos on paddy.Pestology.24(6): 34-36.
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    volume 35 issue 1 (march 2014) : 50-56,   Doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0741.35.1.006

    PESTICIDES USE AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOIL, GRAINS AND WATER OF PADDY ECOSYSTEM – A REVIEW

    S
    S. Selvaraj*
    B
    B. Basavaraj1
    N
    N.S. Hebsur2
    1Radioisotope (Tracer) Laboratory, Agricultural College, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003, India
    Cite article:- Selvaraj* S., Basavaraj1 B., Hebsur2 N.S. (2025). PESTICIDES USE AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOIL, GRAINS AND WATER OF PADDY ECOSYSTEM – A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 35(1): 50-56. doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0741.35.1.006.

    ABSTRACT

    Rice is one of the major staple food crops in India and grown in different agro-climatic zones, occupying an area of 14.5 lakh ha.The term ‘rice is life’ is most appropriate for India as this crop plays a vital role in country’s food security and provides livelihood for millions of rural households. Rice is always infected by the various pests during cultivation. Thus farmers growing rice use pesticides to protect their crop, some of which are persistent and contaminate the soil. From the large field study, it was observed that pesticides were used in bulk amount. Pesticides are frequently applied to crop fields to combat insect pests for better rice production. The presence of excessive residues above the tolerance level poses health hazard to the consumers. In the present review the use of pesticides, residues in soil, plant and water of paddy ecosystem is discussed

    REFERENCES

    1. Afiasco, N.,Uno, S.,Koyama, J., Matsuoka, T. and Kuwahara, N. (2010).Assessment of pesticide residues in freshwater areas affected by rice paddy effluents in southern Japan.Environ. Monit.Assess.,160 : 371-383.
    2. Anonymous, (2010). FAOSTAT (ProdStat), 2010. www.fao.org
    3. Awasthi, M. D. (1997). Degradation and persistence of synthetic pyrethroids in tropical soil and aquatic environment. Indian J. Environ. Toxicol.,7(1) : 36-38.
    4. Banerjee, H., Raha, P., Chowdhury, A., Das, A. K. and Choudhury, A. N., (1989). Studies on the residual fate and dissipation of malathion, methyl parathion and quinalphos in paddy under West Bengal climate condition. Trop. Pest Mngt. 35: 365-369.
    5. Bhattacharjee, S., Fakhruddin, A.N.M., Chowdhury, M.A.Z., Rahman, M.A. and Alam, M.K.(2012).Monitoring of selected pesticides residue levels in water samples of paddy fields and removal of cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos residues from water using rice bran.Bull. Environ. Contmn.Toxicol.,89(2): 348-353.
    6. Bhuiyan, S.I. and Castaneda, A.R. (1995).The impact of rice field pesticides on the quantity of fresh water resources.In: impact of pesticides on Farmer Health and the Rice Environment, [Pingali P.L. and Roger P.A. (ed.)] IRRI, Manila, 181-202.
    7. Bossi, R., Seiden, P., Andersen, S. M., Jacosen, C. S. and Streibig, J. C. (1999). Analysis of metsulfuron-methyl in soil by liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry: Application to field dissipation. J. Agric. Food Chem.,47: 4462-4468.
    8. Bourgeois, D., Gaudet, J., Deveau, P. and Mallet, V. N. (1993).Microextraction of organophosphorus pesticides from environmental water and analysis by gas chromatography.Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,50 : 433-440.
    9. Carson, R., (1962). Silent Spring, Houghton-Mifflin Co. Publishers, Boston,USA.
    10. Chahal, K. K. and Singh, B. (2006).Estimation of residues of butachlor, qhinalphos and triazophos in different fractions of paddy at harvest.Pestology, 30(8) : 26-28.
    11. Chilton, P. J., Lawrence, A. R. and Barker, J. A. (1993). Pesticides in groundwater: Some preliminary observations on behavior and transport in tropical environment. Hydrological, Chemical and Biological Transformations and Transport of Contamination of Aquatic Environment Proceedings of the Rostov- Don Symposium, IAHB Publication No. 219.
    12. Chowdhury, A.Z., Banik, S., Uddin, B. and Karim, N. (2012). Organophosphorus and carbomate residues detected in water samples from paddy and vegetables fields of the Savar and Dhamraiupazilas in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,9(9): 3318-3329.
    13. Deka, S. C., Barman, N. and Baruah, A.A.L.H. (2004).Pesticide residues in unpolished, polished and parboiled rice in Assam.Pesticide Res. J., 18(2) : 71-74.
    14. Devi, P.M., Reddy, N.C., Reddy, V.N. and Rao, N.B. (1997). Degradatiion of butachlor in transplanted rice and residues in soil, straw and grain of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Res. ANGRAU, 25(4): 13-15.
    15. Dikshith, T. S. S., Kumar, S. N., Raizada, R. B., Srivastava, M. K. and Ray, P. K. (1990).Residues of 1- naphthol in soil and water samples in and around Bhopal, India.Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,44 : 87-91.
    16. Gopal, M., Mukherjee, I. and Das, T. K. (2002). Residues of the new fungicide capropamid in rice (Oryza sativaL.). Pestology, 26(10): 50-53.
    17. Jabbar, A., Masud, Z. S., Parveen, Z. and Mubarik, A. L. (1993). Pesticide residues in cropland soils and shallow groundwater in Punjab, Pakistan.Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol., 51 : 268-273.
    18. Jani, J. P., Raiyani, C. V., Mistry, J. S., Patel, J. S., Desai, N. M. and Kasahyap, S. K. (1991). Residual of Organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in drinking water of Ahmedabad city, India.Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,47 : 381-385.
    19. Jinhe, S., Jianying, G. and Ziyuan, C., (1999). Fate of carbofuran in model rice/fish ecosystem. Pest Mgt. Sci.,26(2): 147-157.
    20. Knedel, W., Chiquin, J. C., Perez, J. and Rosales, S. (1999). Studio de los niveles de residues de Plaquicidas en las Cuencas de Amatitlan y del Motagua, ProyetcoConjunto de Investication entre Universidal del Valle de Guatemala y el Consejo National de Ciencia y Teccnolongia de Guatemala, pp 95.
    21. Kulshresta, G. and Khazanchi, R. (1982).Hydrolysis of isoproturon aqueous medium and its persistence in soil and plants. Indian J. Weed Sci., 14: 96-102.
    22. Kumari, B., Madan, V. K. and Kathpal, T. S. (2008). Status of insecticides contamination of soil and water in Haryana, India. Environ. Monit.Assess.,136 : 239-244.
    23. Nagami, H., Asauma, S., Yajima, N., Usuda, M., Hirosawa and Shimizu. S. (2004).Dymron herbicide residues in paddy soil and channel water. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,73 : 326-330.
    24. Mabury, S.A., Cox, J.S. and Crosby, D.G. (1996). Environmental fate of rice pesticides in California, Revi Environ Contamin Toxicol, 147: 71-117.
    25. Mukherjee, I. and Gopal, M. (2005). Evaluation of fentazamidefor weed control and estimation of its residues in rice. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,74: 667-672.
    26. Mukherjee, I. and Arora, S., (2011).Impact analysis of IPM programs in basmati rice by estimation of pesticide residues.Bull. Environ. Contmn.Toxicol.,86(3): 307-313.
    27. Murthy, K., Rao, N.,Narayana, L.K.,Rao, K. and Azam, K. M. (1983).Determination of Residue of Quinalphos in Paddy : Abstract published seminar on pesticide and environment, TNAU, Coimbatore, August 4-5, 1983. p. 1.
    28. Pathmarajah, S. (1996). Pesticide residues in surface return flows from rice fields in large irrigation system, D. Tech. Sc. Dissertation, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
    29. Prakash, N.B. and Devi, S.L. (2000). Persistence of butachlor in soils under different moisute regimes, J. Indian Society of Soil Science, 48(2): 249-256.
    30. Rajukkanna, K., Doraisamy, P. and Rajendran, R. (1983). Residue levels of certain insecticide dusts in rice grain and straw. Madras Argic. J., 72(3) : 141-145.
    31. Rajukkanna, K. and Doraisamy, P. (1985). Insecticides residues in rice.Madras Argic. J.,72(4) : 203-206.
    32. Sachan, H. K., Mishra, O. P. and Tandon, S. (2007). Studies on harvest time residue of butachlor in soil, rice grain and straw. Pestology, 31(6) : 43-44.
    33. Sethunathan, N.and Siddaramayya, R. (1978).Microbial degradation of pesticides in rice soils.In: Soils and Rice. IRRI: Manila 480-497.
    34. Shelton, D.R. and Parkin, T.P. (1991).Effect of moisture on sorption and biodegradation of carbendazim in soil. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 39: 2063-68.
    35. Singh, R. P. (2001). Composition of organochlorine pesticide levels in soil and groundwater of Agra, India. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.,67 : 126-132.
    36. Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D and Sinha, S. (2005). Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in alluvial groundwater aquifer of Gangetic plains, India.Bull. Environ. Contamn.Toxicol.,74 : 162-169.
    37. Sondhia, S. (2008).Determination of imazosulfuron persistence in rice crop and soil.Environ. Monit. Assess.137: 205-211.
    38. Sondhia, S., 2009, Persistence of oxyfluorfen in soil and detection of its residues in rice crop.Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 91(3): 425-433.
    39. Tanabe, A. (2009). Daily variation of pesticides in surface water of a small river flowing through paddy field area. Bull. Environ. Contamn.Toxicol.,82 : 705-710.
    40. Tsochatzis, E., Tritouridou, R., Spiroudi, U. and Karpouzas, G.D. (2012).Development and validation of an HPLC-dad method for the simultaneous determination of most common rice pesticides in paddy water system.Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem.,92(5): 548-560.
    41. Vijayalaxmi, K., Kuttalam, S and Chinnaiah, C. (2000).Harvest-time residues of quinalphos on paddy.Pestology.24(6): 34-36.
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