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Research Article

volume 39 issue 4 (december 2018) : 333-337,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-116

Incorporation of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood) resistance in the Zimbabwean elite Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) germplasm: A review 

J
Justify Gotami Shava
S
Susan Richardson-Kageler
S
Shorai Dari
F
Frank Magama
D
Dzingai Rukuni
1Tobacco Research Board, Airport Ring Road, P O Box 1909, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Cite article:- Shava Gotami Justify, Richardson-Kageler Susan, Dari Shorai, Magama Frank, Rukuni Dzingai (2018). Incorporation of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood) resistance in the Zimbabwean elite Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) germplasm: A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(4): 333-337. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-116.

ABSTRACT

Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is currently the most popular field cash crop grown in Zimbabwe. The farming of Virginia tobacco in Zimbabwe started during the late 19th Century with introduced varieties which succumbed to most of the locally occurring pests and diseases. One major pest of tobacco that threatens the success of growing the crop has been the root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood]. The pest attacks the root system of the crop from as early as the seedbed stage to such an extent that yield losses of above 90% can be realised if the nematode is not controlled.  In Zimbabwe, the threat posed by the pest in the success of the tobacco farming industry was realised as early as the 1950s and one of the approaches used to contain it was breeding for resistance into the local tobacco germplasm among other methods such as chemical control and cultural practices like crop rotation. This paper is a review of the process that was followed in incorporating root-knot nematode resistance in flue-cured tobacco germplasm in Zimbabwe. It shows the sources/origin of the root-knot nematode (M. javanica) resistance currently present in the Zimbabwean Virginia tobacco (N. tabacum) germplasm and the methods used in transferring the resistance to elite germplasm currently used in modern breeding programmes. The current study also suggests the way forward for the future breeding research for root-knot nematode (M. javanica) resistance in continuity of the past 50 years of breeding effort for resistance to the pest.

REFERENCES

  1. Du Toit, M., Bailey L. L., Jack A. M. and Molam, M. (1999). Breeding for root-knot and disease resistance. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1998-99.
  2. Du Toit, M., Bailey L. L., Jack A. M. and Molam, M. (2000). Breeding for root-knot and disease resistance. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1999- 2000.
  3. Gildenhuys, P. J. and Daulton, R. A. C. (1952). Breeding for eelworm resistance (Meloidogyune spp.). Tobacco Research Board of Southern Rhodesia Annual Report: 1951-1952.
  4. Gnanavel, I. and Natarajan, S. K. (2014). Eco-friendly weed control options for sustainable agriculture- A review. Agric Review, 35 (3): 172-183.
  5. Ng’ambi, T. B. S., Rufty R. C., Barker C. R. and Melton, T. A. (1999). Identification of sources of resistance to four species of root-    knot nematodes in tobacco. Journal of Nematology 31 (3): 272-282.
  6. Onkendi, E. M., Kariuki G. M., Marais M. and Moleleki, L. N. (2014). The threat of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Africa: A review. Plant Pathology 63 (4): 727-737.
  7. Raeber, J. G. and Schwappenhauser, M. A. (1964). Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematode (M. javanica). Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1963-64.
  8. Raeber, J. G. and Schwappenhauser, M. A. (1966). Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematode (M. javanica) from Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1965-66.
  9. Raeber, J. G. and Schwappenhauser, M. A. (1968a). Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematode (M. javanica) from Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1967-68. 
  10. Raeber, J. G. and Schwappenhauser, M. A. (1968b). Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematode (M. javanica) from wild species. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1967-68.
  11. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1968c). Breeding for resistance to M. javanica. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1967-68.
  12. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1971). Variety Trials. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1970-71.
  13. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1973a). Variety trials. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1972-1973.
  14. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1973b). Agronomic trial of standard broad leaf lines. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1972-73.
  15. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1980a). Breeding for resistance to root-knot - Kutsaga. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1979-80.
  16. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1980b). Breeding for resistance to root-knot, Kutsaga. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1979-80.
  17. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1984a). Cooperative cultivar trials of standard and mammoth cultivars/lines. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1973-84. 
  18. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1984b). Observation trial of ST-5-5 lines (Root-knot and White mould resistant lines). Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1983-84.
  19. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1984c). Observation trial of RL-L-L lines (Root-knot and Whitemould resistant lines). Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1983-84.
  20. Selvaraj, S., Basavaraj B. and Hebsur, N. S. (2014). Pesticides use and their residues in soil, grains and water of paddy ecosystem – A review. Agric Reviews, 35 (1): 50-56.
  21. Slana, L. J., Stavely J. R., Grosso J. J. and Golden, A. M. (1976). Probable sources of Meloidogyne incognita resistance in tobacco as indicated by reactions to five Meloidogyne isolates. Phytopathology 67: 537-543.
  22. Thakur, A. K., Chauhan D. K., Parmar N. and Verma, V. (2012). Role of genetic engineering in horticul role of genetic engineering in horticultural crop improvement – A review. Agric Reviews, 33 (3): 248 – 255. 
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    Research Article

    volume 39 issue 4 (december 2018) : 333-337,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-116

    Incorporation of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood) resistance in the Zimbabwean elite Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) germplasm: A review 

    J
    Justify Gotami Shava
    S
    Susan Richardson-Kageler
    S
    Shorai Dari
    F
    Frank Magama
    D
    Dzingai Rukuni
    1Tobacco Research Board, Airport Ring Road, P O Box 1909, Harare, Zimbabwe.
    Cite article:- Shava Gotami Justify, Richardson-Kageler Susan, Dari Shorai, Magama Frank, Rukuni Dzingai (2018). Incorporation of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood) resistance in the Zimbabwean elite Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) germplasm: A review. Agricultural Reviews. 39(4): 333-337. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-116.

    ABSTRACT

    Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is currently the most popular field cash crop grown in Zimbabwe. The farming of Virginia tobacco in Zimbabwe started during the late 19th Century with introduced varieties which succumbed to most of the locally occurring pests and diseases. One major pest of tobacco that threatens the success of growing the crop has been the root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood]. The pest attacks the root system of the crop from as early as the seedbed stage to such an extent that yield losses of above 90% can be realised if the nematode is not controlled.  In Zimbabwe, the threat posed by the pest in the success of the tobacco farming industry was realised as early as the 1950s and one of the approaches used to contain it was breeding for resistance into the local tobacco germplasm among other methods such as chemical control and cultural practices like crop rotation. This paper is a review of the process that was followed in incorporating root-knot nematode resistance in flue-cured tobacco germplasm in Zimbabwe. It shows the sources/origin of the root-knot nematode (M. javanica) resistance currently present in the Zimbabwean Virginia tobacco (N. tabacum) germplasm and the methods used in transferring the resistance to elite germplasm currently used in modern breeding programmes. The current study also suggests the way forward for the future breeding research for root-knot nematode (M. javanica) resistance in continuity of the past 50 years of breeding effort for resistance to the pest.

    REFERENCES

    1. Du Toit, M., Bailey L. L., Jack A. M. and Molam, M. (1999). Breeding for root-knot and disease resistance. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1998-99.
    2. Du Toit, M., Bailey L. L., Jack A. M. and Molam, M. (2000). Breeding for root-knot and disease resistance. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1999- 2000.
    3. Gildenhuys, P. J. and Daulton, R. A. C. (1952). Breeding for eelworm resistance (Meloidogyune spp.). Tobacco Research Board of Southern Rhodesia Annual Report: 1951-1952.
    4. Gnanavel, I. and Natarajan, S. K. (2014). Eco-friendly weed control options for sustainable agriculture- A review. Agric Review, 35 (3): 172-183.
    5. Ng’ambi, T. B. S., Rufty R. C., Barker C. R. and Melton, T. A. (1999). Identification of sources of resistance to four species of root-    knot nematodes in tobacco. Journal of Nematology 31 (3): 272-282.
    6. Onkendi, E. M., Kariuki G. M., Marais M. and Moleleki, L. N. (2014). The threat of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Africa: A review. Plant Pathology 63 (4): 727-737.
    7. Raeber, J. G. and Schwappenhauser, M. A. (1964). Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematode (M. javanica). Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1963-64.
    8. Raeber, J. G. and Schwappenhauser, M. A. (1966). Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematode (M. javanica) from Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1965-66.
    9. Raeber, J. G. and Schwappenhauser, M. A. (1968a). Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematode (M. javanica) from Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1967-68. 
    10. Raeber, J. G. and Schwappenhauser, M. A. (1968b). Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematode (M. javanica) from wild species. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1967-68.
    11. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1968c). Breeding for resistance to M. javanica. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1967-68.
    12. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1971). Variety Trials. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1970-71.
    13. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1973a). Variety trials. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1972-1973.
    14. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1973b). Agronomic trial of standard broad leaf lines. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1972-73.
    15. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1980a). Breeding for resistance to root-knot - Kutsaga. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1979-80.
    16. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1980b). Breeding for resistance to root-knot, Kutsaga. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1979-80.
    17. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1984a). Cooperative cultivar trials of standard and mammoth cultivars/lines. Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1973-84. 
    18. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1984b). Observation trial of ST-5-5 lines (Root-knot and White mould resistant lines). Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1983-84.
    19. Raeber, J. G. and Smeeton, B. (1984c). Observation trial of RL-L-L lines (Root-knot and Whitemould resistant lines). Tobacco Research Board, Annual Report: 1983-84.
    20. Selvaraj, S., Basavaraj B. and Hebsur, N. S. (2014). Pesticides use and their residues in soil, grains and water of paddy ecosystem – A review. Agric Reviews, 35 (1): 50-56.
    21. Slana, L. J., Stavely J. R., Grosso J. J. and Golden, A. M. (1976). Probable sources of Meloidogyne incognita resistance in tobacco as indicated by reactions to five Meloidogyne isolates. Phytopathology 67: 537-543.
    22. Thakur, A. K., Chauhan D. K., Parmar N. and Verma, V. (2012). Role of genetic engineering in horticul role of genetic engineering in horticultural crop improvement – A review. Agric Reviews, 33 (3): 248 – 255. 
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