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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 39 issue 2 (june 2018) : 175-180,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-113

Potentials of zinc and magnetite nanoparticles for contaminated water treatment

A
A. Fadeyibi
M
M.G. Yisa
F
F.A. Adeniji
K
K.K. Katibi
K
K.P. Alabi
K
K.R. Adebayo
1Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Kwara State University, Malete, P.M.B. 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Cite article:- Fadeyibi A., Yisa M.G., Adeniji F.A., Katibi K.K., Alabi K.P., Adebayo K.R. (2018). Potentials of zinc and magnetite nanoparticles for contaminated water treatment. Agricultural Reviews. 39(2): 175-180. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-113.

ABSTRACT

Water contamination is an issue requiring continuous remedy on daily basis because of the high demand for clean quality water. Scientists have proffered numerous ways of making this possible but the techniques involved is often difficult to replicate at small scale. For this reason, easier and cheaper techniques for contaminated water treatment are often sought after. One way of actualizing this is via nanotechnology, which involves the use of smaller particles (< 100 nm in size) to coagulate suspended substances and inhibit microbial growth in the targeted water. The mechanisms involved have been presented for zinc and magnetite nanoparticles in this write-up. This technology provides way of getting clean quality water for domestic, agricultural and industrial applications.

REFERENCES

  1. Addleman, R.S., Egorov, O.B., O’Hara, M., Zemaninan, T. S., Fryxell, G., Kuenzi, D. (2005). Nanostructured sorbents for solid phase microextraction and environmental assay. In: Karn, B., Masciangioli, T., Zhang, W., Colvin, V., Alivisatos, P. (eds.), Nanotechnology and the Environment: Applications and Implications. Oxford University Press, Washington, DC, 2005, pp. 186-199.
  2. Ambika, S.R., Ambika, P.K., Govindaiah, G. (2010). Crop growth and soil properties affected by sewage water irrigation- A review. Agricultural Review, 31 (3): 203-209.
  3. Anuku, A. (2012). Chemical and biochemical synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles in detection and treatment of breast cancer. A paper presented at 5 day workshop in the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria in collaboration with African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria. Pp. 1-12.
  4. Banerjee, S., Gopal, J., Muraleedharan, P., Tyagi, A.K., Raj, B. (2006). Physics and chemistry of photo-catalytic titanium dioxide: Visualization of bactericidal activity using atomic force microscopy. Current Science, 90 (10), 1378-1383.
  5. Bardos, P., Bone, B., Daly, P., Elliott, D., Jones, S., Lowry, G., Merly, C. (2014). A risk/benefit appraisal for the application of nano-    scale zero valent iron (nzvi) for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites. NanoRem, 9 (2): 1-89.
  6. Baruah, S. and Dutta, J. (2009). Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 10 (1): 13-19.
  7. Baruah, S., Jaisai, M., Dutta, J. (2012). Development of a visible light active photo-catalytic portable water purification unit using ZnO nanorods. Catalytic Science Technology, 2 (1): 918-921.
  8. Blaney, L. (2007). Magnetite (Fe3O4): properties, synthesis, and applications. Lehigh Review, 15 (5): 1-15. http://preserve. lehigh. edu/cas-lehighreview-vol-15/5.
  9. Bokare, V., Jung, J.L., Chang, Y., Chang, Y.S. (2013). Reductive dechlorination of octachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin by nanosized zero-valent zinc: Modeling of rate kinetics and congener pro- file. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 250 (1):397–402.
  10. Boyd, T.E, Cusick, M.J, Navratil, J.D. (1986). In LiNN, NavratilJD (Eds.). Recent Developments in Separation Science, 13 (1):34-41. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
  11. Chen, Y., Bagnall, D. M., Koh, H.J. (1998). Plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy of ZnO on c-plane sapphire: growth and characterization. Journal of Applied Physics, 84 (7): 3912–3918.
  12. Chong, M.N., Bo, J., Christopher, W.K.C., Chris, S. (2010). Recent developments in photo-catalytic water treatment technology: A review. Water Research, 44 (10):2997–3027.
  13. Daneshvar, N., Salari, D., Khataee, A. R. (2004). Photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water on ZnO as an alternative catalyst to TiO2. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 162 (2-3): 317–322.
  14. Di, P., Agatino, G.E., Marcì, G., Palmisano, L. (2012). A survey of photo-catalytic materials for environmental remediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Nanotechnologies for the Treatment of Water, Air and Soil, 212 (2): 3–29. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.    2011.11.050. 
  15. Dzombak, D.A. and Morel, F.M.M. (1990). Surface Complexation Modeling of Hydrous Ferric Oxide, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 10-17.
  16. Ebner, A. D., Ritter, J.A., Ploehn, H.J., Kochen, R.L., Navratil, J. D. (1999). New magnetic field-enhanced process for the treatment of aqueous wastes. Separation Science and Technology, 34 (1): 1277-1300.
  17. Fadeyibi, A., Osunde, Z.D., Agidi, G., Egwim, E.C. (2016). Mixing index of a starch composite extruder for food packaging application, In: Green polymer composites technology: properties and applications, [Inamuddin S. (Ed.)] CRC Press, (2016), ISBN: 978-149-87-1546-1.
  18. Fadeyibi, A., Osunde, Z.D., Egwim, E.C, Idah, P.A. (2017). Performance evaluation of cassava starch-zinc nanocomposite film for tomatoes packaging. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 47 (3): 137-146.
  19. Fried, T., Shemer, G., Markovich, G. (2001). Ordered two- dimensional arrays of ferrite nanoparticles. Advanced Material, 13 (1):1158-1161.
  20. Ge, F., Li, M.M., Ye, H., Zhao, B.X. (2012). Effective removal of heavy metal ions Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ from aqueous solution by polymer-modiûed magnetic nanoparticles. Journal of Hazardous Material, 24 (2): 34-39.
  21. Glushchenko, N.N. and Skalny, A.V. (2010). Zinc nanoparticles toxicity and biological properties. Actual Problems Transport Medium, 3 (21): 118-121.
  22. Haritha, M., Vangalapati, M., Chippada, S.C., Bammidi, S.R. (2011). Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its antimicrobial activity against bacillus subtilis and escherichia coli. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 4 (1): 217-222.
  23. Hirano, S. (2009). A current overview of health effect research on nanoparticles. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 14 (1): 223-225.
  24. Huang, N., Xiao, Z., Huang, D., Yuan, C. (1998). Photochemical disinfection of Escherichia coli with a TiO2 colloid solution and a self-assembled TiO2. Super Molecular Science, 5 (5-6), 559-564.
  25. Ibanez, J.A., Litter, M.I., Pizarro, R.A. (2003). Photo-catalytic bactericidal effect of TiO2 on Enterobacter cloacae. Comparative study with other Gram (-) bacteria. Journal of Photochemical Photobiology, 157 (1): 81-85.
  26. Janotti, A. and Van de Walle, C.G. (2011). Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a semiconductor. Reports on Progress in Physics, 72 (12): 34-41. 
  27. Jongnavakit, P., Amornpitoksuk, P., Suwanboon, S., Ratana, T. (2012). Surface and photo-catalytic properties of ZnO thin film prepared bysol-gel method. Thin Solid Films, 520 (1): 5561-5567.
  28. Karn, B., Todd, K., Martha, O. (2009). Nanotechnology and in situ remediation: a review of the benefits and potential risks. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117 (12): 1823–1831. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900793.
  29. Kim, J. and Yong, K. (2012). A facile, coverage controlled deposition of nanoparticles on ZnO nanorods by sono chemical reaction for enhancement of photo-catalytic activity. Journal of Nanoparticle Resources, 14 (1): 1-10.
  30. Kochen, R.L. and Navratil, J. D. (1997). U. S. Patent 5,595,666, and U.S. Patent 5,652,190.
  31. Krishna, V., Yanes, D., Imaram, W., Angerhofer, A., Koopman, B., Moudgil, B.V. (2008). Mechanism of enhanced photo-    catalysis with polyhydroxy fullerenes. Applied Catalysis, 79 (4): 376-381.
  32. Kumar, K.Y., Muralidhara, H.B., Nayaka, Y.A., Balasubramanyam, J., Hanumanthappa, H. (2013). Hierarchically assembled mesoporous ZnO nanorods for the removal of lead and cadmium by using differential pulse anodic stripping volta metric method. Powder Technology, 239 (1): 208–216.
  33. Kumar, V. and Sagwal, O.P. (2000). Recent stdies on soil and water pollution in some parts of India: A review. Agricultural Review, 21 (3): 186-192.
  34. Latha, M.R., Indirani, R., and Kamaraj, S. (2004). Bioremediation of polluted soils- A Review. Agricultural Review, 25 (4): 252-266.
  35. Laurent, S., Forge, D., Port, M., Roch, A., Robic, C., Vander Elst, L., Muller, R.N. (2008). Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations and biological applications. Chemical Reviews, 108 (1): 2064-2110.
  36. Lee, Y., Lee, J., Bae, C.J., Park, J.G., Noh, H.J., Park, J.H., Hyeon, T. (2005). Large-scale synthesis of uniform and crystalline magnetite nanoparticles using reverse micelles as nano reactors under reflux conditions. Advanced Functional Materials, 15 (1): 503-509.
  37. Li, Q., Mahendra, S., Lyon, D.Y., Brunet, L., Liga, M.V., Li, D., Alvarez, P.J.J. (2008). Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: Potential applications and implications. Water Research, 42 (18), 4591-4602.
  38. Lonnen, J., Kilvington, S., Kehoe, S. C., Al-Touati, F., McGuigan, K.G. (2005). Solar and photo-catalytic disinfection of protozoan, fungal and bacterial microbes in drinking water. Water Research, 39 (5), 877-883.
  39. Meshalkin Y.P., Bgatova, N.P. (2008). Prospects and problems of the use of inorganics nanoparticles in oncology. Journal of Siberian Federal University of Biology, 1 (1): 248-268.
  40. Navratil, J. D. (1988). Removal of Impurities Using Ferrites and Magnetite, Australian Patent Application PJ0198.
  41. Navratil, J. D. (2003). Adsorption and nanoscale magnetic separation of heavy metals from water. U.S. EPA work- shop on managing arsenic risks to the environment: characterization of waste, chemistry, and treatment and disposal. Denver, CO.
  42. Obasohan, E.E. and Oronsaye, J.A.O. (2008). An investigation of the impact of municipal waste water on the diversity and abundance of cichlid fishes of ogba river in benin city, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 42 (1): 1-9.
  43. Rincon, A.G. and Pulgarin, C. (2012). Bactericidal action of illuminated TiO2 on pure escherichia coli andnNatural bacterial consortia: Post- irradiation events in the dark and assessment of the effective. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 49 (2): 99-112.
  44. Sangeetha, C. and Baskar, P. (2016). Zeolite and its potential uses in agriculture: A critical review. Agricultural Review, 37 (2): 101-108.
  45. Sapkota, A., Anceno, A.J., Baruah, S., Shipin, O.V., Dutta, J. (2011). Zinc oxide nanorod mediated visible light photo inactivation of model microbes in water. Nanotechnology, 22 (21): 215703.
  46. Selvaraj, S., Basavaraj, B., and Hebsur, N.S. (2014). Pesticides use and their residues in soil, grains and water of paddy ecosystem- A review. Agricultural Review, 35 (1): 50-56.
  47. Tang, J., Myers, M., Bosnick, K.A., Brus, L.E. (2003). Magnetite Fe3O4 nanocrystals: spectroscopic observation of aqueous oxidation kinetics. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 107 (1): 7501-7510.
  48. Tartaj, P. and Serna, C.J. (2002). Synthesis of mono disperse super paramagnetic Fe/silica nano spherical composites. Chemical Material, 125 (1): 15754-15755.
  49. Theron, J., Walker, J.A., Cloete, T.E. (2008). Nanotechnology and Water Treatment: Applications and Emerging Opportunities. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 34 (1): 43–69. doi:10.1080/10408410701710442. 
  50. Wang, X., Cai, W., Lin, Y., Wang, G., Liang, C. (2010). Mass production of micro/nano structured porous ZnO plates and their strong structurally enhanced and selective adsorption performance for environmental remediation. Journal of Material Chemistry, 20 (1): 8582–8590.
  51. Wiesner, M.R., Lowry, G.V., Alvarez, P., Dionysiou, D., Biswas, P. (2006). Assessing the risks of manufactured nano materials. Environmental Science and Technology, 40 (14), 4336-4345.
  52. Zhang, W. (2003). nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 5 (3-4): 3    23–332. 
  53. Zhang, W., Cao, J., Elliot, D. (2005). Iron nanoparticles for site remediation. In: Karn, B.; Masciangioli, T.; Zhang, W.; Colvin, V.; Alivisatos, P. (eds.), Nanotechnology and the Environment: Applications and Implications. Oxford University Press, Washington, DC, pp. 248-261.
  54. Zhou, Z.H., Wang, J., Liu, X, Chan, H.S.O. (2001). Synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles from emulsions. Journal of Material Chemistry, 11 (1): 1704-1709.
     
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    Research Article

    volume 39 issue 2 (june 2018) : 175-180,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-113

    Potentials of zinc and magnetite nanoparticles for contaminated water treatment

    A
    A. Fadeyibi
    M
    M.G. Yisa
    F
    F.A. Adeniji
    K
    K.K. Katibi
    K
    K.P. Alabi
    K
    K.R. Adebayo
    1Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Kwara State University, Malete, P.M.B. 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
    Cite article:- Fadeyibi A., Yisa M.G., Adeniji F.A., Katibi K.K., Alabi K.P., Adebayo K.R. (2018). Potentials of zinc and magnetite nanoparticles for contaminated water treatment. Agricultural Reviews. 39(2): 175-180. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-113.

    ABSTRACT

    Water contamination is an issue requiring continuous remedy on daily basis because of the high demand for clean quality water. Scientists have proffered numerous ways of making this possible but the techniques involved is often difficult to replicate at small scale. For this reason, easier and cheaper techniques for contaminated water treatment are often sought after. One way of actualizing this is via nanotechnology, which involves the use of smaller particles (< 100 nm in size) to coagulate suspended substances and inhibit microbial growth in the targeted water. The mechanisms involved have been presented for zinc and magnetite nanoparticles in this write-up. This technology provides way of getting clean quality water for domestic, agricultural and industrial applications.

    REFERENCES

    1. Addleman, R.S., Egorov, O.B., O’Hara, M., Zemaninan, T. S., Fryxell, G., Kuenzi, D. (2005). Nanostructured sorbents for solid phase microextraction and environmental assay. In: Karn, B., Masciangioli, T., Zhang, W., Colvin, V., Alivisatos, P. (eds.), Nanotechnology and the Environment: Applications and Implications. Oxford University Press, Washington, DC, 2005, pp. 186-199.
    2. Ambika, S.R., Ambika, P.K., Govindaiah, G. (2010). Crop growth and soil properties affected by sewage water irrigation- A review. Agricultural Review, 31 (3): 203-209.
    3. Anuku, A. (2012). Chemical and biochemical synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles in detection and treatment of breast cancer. A paper presented at 5 day workshop in the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria in collaboration with African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria. Pp. 1-12.
    4. Banerjee, S., Gopal, J., Muraleedharan, P., Tyagi, A.K., Raj, B. (2006). Physics and chemistry of photo-catalytic titanium dioxide: Visualization of bactericidal activity using atomic force microscopy. Current Science, 90 (10), 1378-1383.
    5. Bardos, P., Bone, B., Daly, P., Elliott, D., Jones, S., Lowry, G., Merly, C. (2014). A risk/benefit appraisal for the application of nano-    scale zero valent iron (nzvi) for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites. NanoRem, 9 (2): 1-89.
    6. Baruah, S. and Dutta, J. (2009). Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 10 (1): 13-19.
    7. Baruah, S., Jaisai, M., Dutta, J. (2012). Development of a visible light active photo-catalytic portable water purification unit using ZnO nanorods. Catalytic Science Technology, 2 (1): 918-921.
    8. Blaney, L. (2007). Magnetite (Fe3O4): properties, synthesis, and applications. Lehigh Review, 15 (5): 1-15. http://preserve. lehigh. edu/cas-lehighreview-vol-15/5.
    9. Bokare, V., Jung, J.L., Chang, Y., Chang, Y.S. (2013). Reductive dechlorination of octachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin by nanosized zero-valent zinc: Modeling of rate kinetics and congener pro- file. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 250 (1):397–402.
    10. Boyd, T.E, Cusick, M.J, Navratil, J.D. (1986). In LiNN, NavratilJD (Eds.). Recent Developments in Separation Science, 13 (1):34-41. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    11. Chen, Y., Bagnall, D. M., Koh, H.J. (1998). Plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy of ZnO on c-plane sapphire: growth and characterization. Journal of Applied Physics, 84 (7): 3912–3918.
    12. Chong, M.N., Bo, J., Christopher, W.K.C., Chris, S. (2010). Recent developments in photo-catalytic water treatment technology: A review. Water Research, 44 (10):2997–3027.
    13. Daneshvar, N., Salari, D., Khataee, A. R. (2004). Photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water on ZnO as an alternative catalyst to TiO2. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 162 (2-3): 317–322.
    14. Di, P., Agatino, G.E., Marcì, G., Palmisano, L. (2012). A survey of photo-catalytic materials for environmental remediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Nanotechnologies for the Treatment of Water, Air and Soil, 212 (2): 3–29. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.    2011.11.050. 
    15. Dzombak, D.A. and Morel, F.M.M. (1990). Surface Complexation Modeling of Hydrous Ferric Oxide, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 10-17.
    16. Ebner, A. D., Ritter, J.A., Ploehn, H.J., Kochen, R.L., Navratil, J. D. (1999). New magnetic field-enhanced process for the treatment of aqueous wastes. Separation Science and Technology, 34 (1): 1277-1300.
    17. Fadeyibi, A., Osunde, Z.D., Agidi, G., Egwim, E.C. (2016). Mixing index of a starch composite extruder for food packaging application, In: Green polymer composites technology: properties and applications, [Inamuddin S. (Ed.)] CRC Press, (2016), ISBN: 978-149-87-1546-1.
    18. Fadeyibi, A., Osunde, Z.D., Egwim, E.C, Idah, P.A. (2017). Performance evaluation of cassava starch-zinc nanocomposite film for tomatoes packaging. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 47 (3): 137-146.
    19. Fried, T., Shemer, G., Markovich, G. (2001). Ordered two- dimensional arrays of ferrite nanoparticles. Advanced Material, 13 (1):1158-1161.
    20. Ge, F., Li, M.M., Ye, H., Zhao, B.X. (2012). Effective removal of heavy metal ions Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ from aqueous solution by polymer-modiûed magnetic nanoparticles. Journal of Hazardous Material, 24 (2): 34-39.
    21. Glushchenko, N.N. and Skalny, A.V. (2010). Zinc nanoparticles toxicity and biological properties. Actual Problems Transport Medium, 3 (21): 118-121.
    22. Haritha, M., Vangalapati, M., Chippada, S.C., Bammidi, S.R. (2011). Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its antimicrobial activity against bacillus subtilis and escherichia coli. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 4 (1): 217-222.
    23. Hirano, S. (2009). A current overview of health effect research on nanoparticles. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 14 (1): 223-225.
    24. Huang, N., Xiao, Z., Huang, D., Yuan, C. (1998). Photochemical disinfection of Escherichia coli with a TiO2 colloid solution and a self-assembled TiO2. Super Molecular Science, 5 (5-6), 559-564.
    25. Ibanez, J.A., Litter, M.I., Pizarro, R.A. (2003). Photo-catalytic bactericidal effect of TiO2 on Enterobacter cloacae. Comparative study with other Gram (-) bacteria. Journal of Photochemical Photobiology, 157 (1): 81-85.
    26. Janotti, A. and Van de Walle, C.G. (2011). Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a semiconductor. Reports on Progress in Physics, 72 (12): 34-41. 
    27. Jongnavakit, P., Amornpitoksuk, P., Suwanboon, S., Ratana, T. (2012). Surface and photo-catalytic properties of ZnO thin film prepared bysol-gel method. Thin Solid Films, 520 (1): 5561-5567.
    28. Karn, B., Todd, K., Martha, O. (2009). Nanotechnology and in situ remediation: a review of the benefits and potential risks. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117 (12): 1823–1831. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900793.
    29. Kim, J. and Yong, K. (2012). A facile, coverage controlled deposition of nanoparticles on ZnO nanorods by sono chemical reaction for enhancement of photo-catalytic activity. Journal of Nanoparticle Resources, 14 (1): 1-10.
    30. Kochen, R.L. and Navratil, J. D. (1997). U. S. Patent 5,595,666, and U.S. Patent 5,652,190.
    31. Krishna, V., Yanes, D., Imaram, W., Angerhofer, A., Koopman, B., Moudgil, B.V. (2008). Mechanism of enhanced photo-    catalysis with polyhydroxy fullerenes. Applied Catalysis, 79 (4): 376-381.
    32. Kumar, K.Y., Muralidhara, H.B., Nayaka, Y.A., Balasubramanyam, J., Hanumanthappa, H. (2013). Hierarchically assembled mesoporous ZnO nanorods for the removal of lead and cadmium by using differential pulse anodic stripping volta metric method. Powder Technology, 239 (1): 208–216.
    33. Kumar, V. and Sagwal, O.P. (2000). Recent stdies on soil and water pollution in some parts of India: A review. Agricultural Review, 21 (3): 186-192.
    34. Latha, M.R., Indirani, R., and Kamaraj, S. (2004). Bioremediation of polluted soils- A Review. Agricultural Review, 25 (4): 252-266.
    35. Laurent, S., Forge, D., Port, M., Roch, A., Robic, C., Vander Elst, L., Muller, R.N. (2008). Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations and biological applications. Chemical Reviews, 108 (1): 2064-2110.
    36. Lee, Y., Lee, J., Bae, C.J., Park, J.G., Noh, H.J., Park, J.H., Hyeon, T. (2005). Large-scale synthesis of uniform and crystalline magnetite nanoparticles using reverse micelles as nano reactors under reflux conditions. Advanced Functional Materials, 15 (1): 503-509.
    37. Li, Q., Mahendra, S., Lyon, D.Y., Brunet, L., Liga, M.V., Li, D., Alvarez, P.J.J. (2008). Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: Potential applications and implications. Water Research, 42 (18), 4591-4602.
    38. Lonnen, J., Kilvington, S., Kehoe, S. C., Al-Touati, F., McGuigan, K.G. (2005). Solar and photo-catalytic disinfection of protozoan, fungal and bacterial microbes in drinking water. Water Research, 39 (5), 877-883.
    39. Meshalkin Y.P., Bgatova, N.P. (2008). Prospects and problems of the use of inorganics nanoparticles in oncology. Journal of Siberian Federal University of Biology, 1 (1): 248-268.
    40. Navratil, J. D. (1988). Removal of Impurities Using Ferrites and Magnetite, Australian Patent Application PJ0198.
    41. Navratil, J. D. (2003). Adsorption and nanoscale magnetic separation of heavy metals from water. U.S. EPA work- shop on managing arsenic risks to the environment: characterization of waste, chemistry, and treatment and disposal. Denver, CO.
    42. Obasohan, E.E. and Oronsaye, J.A.O. (2008). An investigation of the impact of municipal waste water on the diversity and abundance of cichlid fishes of ogba river in benin city, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 42 (1): 1-9.
    43. Rincon, A.G. and Pulgarin, C. (2012). Bactericidal action of illuminated TiO2 on pure escherichia coli andnNatural bacterial consortia: Post- irradiation events in the dark and assessment of the effective. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 49 (2): 99-112.
    44. Sangeetha, C. and Baskar, P. (2016). Zeolite and its potential uses in agriculture: A critical review. Agricultural Review, 37 (2): 101-108.
    45. Sapkota, A., Anceno, A.J., Baruah, S., Shipin, O.V., Dutta, J. (2011). Zinc oxide nanorod mediated visible light photo inactivation of model microbes in water. Nanotechnology, 22 (21): 215703.
    46. Selvaraj, S., Basavaraj, B., and Hebsur, N.S. (2014). Pesticides use and their residues in soil, grains and water of paddy ecosystem- A review. Agricultural Review, 35 (1): 50-56.
    47. Tang, J., Myers, M., Bosnick, K.A., Brus, L.E. (2003). Magnetite Fe3O4 nanocrystals: spectroscopic observation of aqueous oxidation kinetics. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 107 (1): 7501-7510.
    48. Tartaj, P. and Serna, C.J. (2002). Synthesis of mono disperse super paramagnetic Fe/silica nano spherical composites. Chemical Material, 125 (1): 15754-15755.
    49. Theron, J., Walker, J.A., Cloete, T.E. (2008). Nanotechnology and Water Treatment: Applications and Emerging Opportunities. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 34 (1): 43–69. doi:10.1080/10408410701710442. 
    50. Wang, X., Cai, W., Lin, Y., Wang, G., Liang, C. (2010). Mass production of micro/nano structured porous ZnO plates and their strong structurally enhanced and selective adsorption performance for environmental remediation. Journal of Material Chemistry, 20 (1): 8582–8590.
    51. Wiesner, M.R., Lowry, G.V., Alvarez, P., Dionysiou, D., Biswas, P. (2006). Assessing the risks of manufactured nano materials. Environmental Science and Technology, 40 (14), 4336-4345.
    52. Zhang, W. (2003). nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 5 (3-4): 3    23–332. 
    53. Zhang, W., Cao, J., Elliot, D. (2005). Iron nanoparticles for site remediation. In: Karn, B.; Masciangioli, T.; Zhang, W.; Colvin, V.; Alivisatos, P. (eds.), Nanotechnology and the Environment: Applications and Implications. Oxford University Press, Washington, DC, pp. 248-261.
    54. Zhou, Z.H., Wang, J., Liu, X, Chan, H.S.O. (2001). Synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles from emulsions. Journal of Material Chemistry, 11 (1): 1704-1709.
       
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