Banner
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 32 issue 4 (december 2011) : 235 - 245

FEEDING SYSTEMS - EFFICIENT TOOLS TO ALTER MILK COMPOSITION- A Review

A
Ajaz Ahmad Ganie*
I
I. A. Mir
J
J.P. Sehgal
G
G.G. Sheikh
M
M. Raies Haq
Z
Z.A. Pampori
1Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal -132001, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Ganie* Ahmad Ajaz, Mir A. I., Sehgal J.P., Sheikh G.G., Haq Raies M., Pampori Z.A. (2025). FEEDING SYSTEMS - EFFICIENT TOOLS TO ALTER MILK COMPOSITION- A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 32(4): 235 - 245. doi: .

ABSTRACT

The goal of any feeding system is to deliver the optimum quantity of nutrients needed to meet the nutritional requirements of an animal for growth, production and reproduction. The dairy feeding system affects productivity and profitability more than any other factors. Likewise, good management of cows results in the most efficient response of feed. The composition of milk alters by nutrition. One of the important ways to manipulate the feed intake of the lactating animals is by altering the content of starch relative to fibre in the diet. The dominant feeding system for dairy herds are:  (i) Total grazing (ii) Grazing with supplementation and (iii) Roughage and concentrate or total mixed ration. Proper utilisation of the feed ingredients is must for higher milk production. Temperate pastures can support milk production of 10-12kg/day for Jersey and 7-9kg for Freisian cows. Fats can change feeding pattern and should be introduced slowly at reduced rates. Feed additives such a sodium bicarbonate, yeast and toxin binders have a benefit by maintaining or increasing milk fat. Yeast incorporation in  ration work better on higher forage diets and increase ruminal fibre digestion.

REFERENCES

  1. Adkinson, R.W., Farmer, W.S. and Jenny, B.F. (1993). Feeding practices and income over feed cost on pasture-oriented dairy farms in Louisiana. J. Dairy Sci., 76:3547–3554.
  2. Chillard, Y., Ferlay, A., Mansbridge, R.M. and Doreau, M. (2002). Ruminant milk fat plasticity. National control of saturated fatty acids. Annales Zootechine, 49:181-205.
  3. Cowan, R.T., Grady, P., Moss, R.J. and Byford, I.J.R. (1974). Milk and fat yields of Jersey and Friesian cows grazing tropical grass-legume pastures. Trop. Grassl. 8:117–120.
  4. Dougherty, D. (2002). Effect of feeding strategies on milk. Pine Creek Nutrition Service, a California corporation. http://www.moomilk.com/archive/nutrition-05.htm
  5. French P., Riordan, E.G., Kelly, P., Caffery, P.J. and Moloney, A.P. (2003). Fatty acid composition of intramuscular triglycerols of steers fed grass and concentrates. Livestock Prodn. Sci., 81 : 307-317.
  6. Harris and Bachman, K.C. (2007). Nutritional and management factors affecting solids-not-fat, acidity and freezing point of milk. . Dairy Science Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.
  7. Jahries, G., Fritsche, J. and Steinhart, H. (1997). High variation of conjugated linolic acid in milk fat depending on production system. Nutr. Res., 9:1479-1484.
  8. Kolver, E.S. and Muller, L.D. (1998). Performance and nutrient intake of high producing Holstein cows consuming pasture or total mixed ration. J. Dairy Sci., 81: 1403-1411.
  9. Lane, I.R. and Mustapha, M. (1983). Utilisation of natural pastures for dairy cattle in humid tropics. Paper presented to Vth World Conference on Animal Production, 14–19th august, 1983, Tokyo, Japan 2p.
  10. NRC (1994). Nutrient requirement of lactating cattle. Seventh revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
  11. NRC (1996). Nutrient requirement of cattle. Seventh revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
  12. Roche, J. and Dalley, D. (1996). Nutrition and milk composition.Department of Primary Industries. http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/54540.
  13. Schroeder, J. W. (1996). Feeding for milk components and rofit, Extension Dairy Specialist 701: 231-7881.
  14. Shingfield, K.J., Reynolds, C.K., Lupoili, B., Toivonen, V., Yurawecz, Delmonte, M.P., Griinari, J.M., Grandison, A.S. and Beever, D.E. (2005). Effect of forage type and proporition of concentrate in the diet on the milk fatty acid composition in cows given sunflower oil and fish oil. J. Ani. Sci., 80:225-238.
  15. Simopoulos, A. P. and Robinson, J. (1999). The Omega Diet. New York Times. http://www.eatwild.com/products/index.html-
  16. Singh, P. and Mojumdar, A.B. (1992). Current status of feed and forages in management of livestock. Indian J. Agricu. Situ., 5: 375-382.
  17. Snowdon, M. (1992). Nutritional Effects on Milk Composition. Department of Agriculture and aquaculture live stock nutrition. Issue 92.2 http://www.gnb.ca/0170/01700009-e.asp.
  18. Stallings C. C. (1998). Nutrition Changes Milk Composition. Dairy Science and Extension Dairy Scientist, Nutrition, Virginia Tech ,Publication Number 404-232.
  19. Tyagi, A.K., Kewalramani, N., Dhiman, T.R., Kour, H., Singhal, K.K. and Kanawajia, S.K. (2007). Enhancement of CLA content in buffalo milk through green berseem feeding. Anim. Feed Sci. Techno., 132: 15-19.
  20. Tyagi, A.K., Saluja, M., Kathirvalen, C. and Singhal, K.K. (2008). Enhancement of CLA and vitamin A and E contents in goat milk through green fodder feeding. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 61: 1-8.
  21. Valo, M. A., Bella, M., Scerra, M. and Biondi, L. (2007). Effects of cow feeding system (grass vs concentrate) on milk fatty acid composition. University of catania, department of science and technology calabria Italy.
Published In
Agricultural Reviews
Article Metrics
Metrics Icon
0
Views
0
Citations
Reviewed By
Share Article
Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    volume 32 issue 4 (december 2011) : 235 - 245

    FEEDING SYSTEMS - EFFICIENT TOOLS TO ALTER MILK COMPOSITION- A Review

    A
    Ajaz Ahmad Ganie*
    I
    I. A. Mir
    J
    J.P. Sehgal
    G
    G.G. Sheikh
    M
    M. Raies Haq
    Z
    Z.A. Pampori
    1Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal -132001, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Ganie* Ahmad Ajaz, Mir A. I., Sehgal J.P., Sheikh G.G., Haq Raies M., Pampori Z.A. (2025). FEEDING SYSTEMS - EFFICIENT TOOLS TO ALTER MILK COMPOSITION- A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 32(4): 235 - 245. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    The goal of any feeding system is to deliver the optimum quantity of nutrients needed to meet the nutritional requirements of an animal for growth, production and reproduction. The dairy feeding system affects productivity and profitability more than any other factors. Likewise, good management of cows results in the most efficient response of feed. The composition of milk alters by nutrition. One of the important ways to manipulate the feed intake of the lactating animals is by altering the content of starch relative to fibre in the diet. The dominant feeding system for dairy herds are:  (i) Total grazing (ii) Grazing with supplementation and (iii) Roughage and concentrate or total mixed ration. Proper utilisation of the feed ingredients is must for higher milk production. Temperate pastures can support milk production of 10-12kg/day for Jersey and 7-9kg for Freisian cows. Fats can change feeding pattern and should be introduced slowly at reduced rates. Feed additives such a sodium bicarbonate, yeast and toxin binders have a benefit by maintaining or increasing milk fat. Yeast incorporation in  ration work better on higher forage diets and increase ruminal fibre digestion.

    REFERENCES

    1. Adkinson, R.W., Farmer, W.S. and Jenny, B.F. (1993). Feeding practices and income over feed cost on pasture-oriented dairy farms in Louisiana. J. Dairy Sci., 76:3547–3554.
    2. Chillard, Y., Ferlay, A., Mansbridge, R.M. and Doreau, M. (2002). Ruminant milk fat plasticity. National control of saturated fatty acids. Annales Zootechine, 49:181-205.
    3. Cowan, R.T., Grady, P., Moss, R.J. and Byford, I.J.R. (1974). Milk and fat yields of Jersey and Friesian cows grazing tropical grass-legume pastures. Trop. Grassl. 8:117–120.
    4. Dougherty, D. (2002). Effect of feeding strategies on milk. Pine Creek Nutrition Service, a California corporation. http://www.moomilk.com/archive/nutrition-05.htm
    5. French P., Riordan, E.G., Kelly, P., Caffery, P.J. and Moloney, A.P. (2003). Fatty acid composition of intramuscular triglycerols of steers fed grass and concentrates. Livestock Prodn. Sci., 81 : 307-317.
    6. Harris and Bachman, K.C. (2007). Nutritional and management factors affecting solids-not-fat, acidity and freezing point of milk. . Dairy Science Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.
    7. Jahries, G., Fritsche, J. and Steinhart, H. (1997). High variation of conjugated linolic acid in milk fat depending on production system. Nutr. Res., 9:1479-1484.
    8. Kolver, E.S. and Muller, L.D. (1998). Performance and nutrient intake of high producing Holstein cows consuming pasture or total mixed ration. J. Dairy Sci., 81: 1403-1411.
    9. Lane, I.R. and Mustapha, M. (1983). Utilisation of natural pastures for dairy cattle in humid tropics. Paper presented to Vth World Conference on Animal Production, 14–19th august, 1983, Tokyo, Japan 2p.
    10. NRC (1994). Nutrient requirement of lactating cattle. Seventh revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
    11. NRC (1996). Nutrient requirement of cattle. Seventh revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
    12. Roche, J. and Dalley, D. (1996). Nutrition and milk composition.Department of Primary Industries. http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/54540.
    13. Schroeder, J. W. (1996). Feeding for milk components and rofit, Extension Dairy Specialist 701: 231-7881.
    14. Shingfield, K.J., Reynolds, C.K., Lupoili, B., Toivonen, V., Yurawecz, Delmonte, M.P., Griinari, J.M., Grandison, A.S. and Beever, D.E. (2005). Effect of forage type and proporition of concentrate in the diet on the milk fatty acid composition in cows given sunflower oil and fish oil. J. Ani. Sci., 80:225-238.
    15. Simopoulos, A. P. and Robinson, J. (1999). The Omega Diet. New York Times. http://www.eatwild.com/products/index.html-
    16. Singh, P. and Mojumdar, A.B. (1992). Current status of feed and forages in management of livestock. Indian J. Agricu. Situ., 5: 375-382.
    17. Snowdon, M. (1992). Nutritional Effects on Milk Composition. Department of Agriculture and aquaculture live stock nutrition. Issue 92.2 http://www.gnb.ca/0170/01700009-e.asp.
    18. Stallings C. C. (1998). Nutrition Changes Milk Composition. Dairy Science and Extension Dairy Scientist, Nutrition, Virginia Tech ,Publication Number 404-232.
    19. Tyagi, A.K., Kewalramani, N., Dhiman, T.R., Kour, H., Singhal, K.K. and Kanawajia, S.K. (2007). Enhancement of CLA content in buffalo milk through green berseem feeding. Anim. Feed Sci. Techno., 132: 15-19.
    20. Tyagi, A.K., Saluja, M., Kathirvalen, C. and Singhal, K.K. (2008). Enhancement of CLA and vitamin A and E contents in goat milk through green fodder feeding. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 61: 1-8.
    21. Valo, M. A., Bella, M., Scerra, M. and Biondi, L. (2007). Effects of cow feeding system (grass vs concentrate) on milk fatty acid composition. University of catania, department of science and technology calabria Italy.
    In this Article
      Contact us
      Follow us
      Published In
      Agricultural Reviews

      Editorial Board

      View all (0)