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volume 32 issue 2 (june 2011) : 102 - 111

INNOVATIVE WAYS TO KEEP DAIRY ANIMALS COOL DURING HEAT STRESS - A REVIEW

A
Anjali Aggarwal
1Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Aggarwal Anjali (2025). INNOVATIVE WAYS TO KEEP DAIRY ANIMALS COOL DURING HEAT STRESS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 32(2): 102 - 111. doi: .

ABSTRACT

High producing dairy animals dissipate heat by metabolic processes and the heat production increases as the animal’s body weight and level of milk production increases. If the ambient temperature is high, the animal is not able to dissipate the heat produced. Therefore it is necessary to find effective methods to alleviate heat stress. The most common way to cool dairy animals and their environment is by evaporative cooling. In a tropical climate with high temperatures combined with high humidity, cooling with evaporative systems is limited. In those conditions, methods that are beneficial to the animal’s natural mechanism of heat loss are preferable. Any cooling system that is to be effective must take into consideration the intensity of solar radiation, high ambient temperature, and the high  relative humidity, which increases to almost saturation during hot-humid season.

REFERENCES

  1. Adin, G.; Gelman, A.; Solomon, R.; Flamenbaum, I.; Nikbachat, M.; Yousef, E.; Zenou, A.; Shamay, A.; Feuermann, Y.; Mabjeesh, S.J and Miron, J. (2009). Effects of cooling dry cows under heat load conditions on mammary gland enzymatic activity, intake of food and water, and performance during the dry period and after parturition. Livestock Sci., 144: 189-195.
  2. Aggarwal Anjali and Mahendra Singh (2005). Physiological response, milk production and composition in crossbred cows with and without mister system during hot-humid season. Egyptian J Dairy Sci., 32 : 175-186.
  3. Aggarwal Anjali and Mahendra Singh (2008). Changes in skin and rectal temperature in lactating buffaloes provided with showers and wallowing during hot-dry season. Trop Anim Health Prod., 40 : 223-228.
  4. Armstrong, D.V. (1994). Symposium: Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2044-2050.
  5. Berman, A. (2003). Effects of body surface area estimates on predicted energy requirements and heat stress. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 3605-3610.
  6. Berman, A. (2006). Extending the potential of evaporative cooling for heat-stress relief. J. Dairy Sci., 89:3817–3825.
  7. Berman, A. (2008). Increasing Heat Stress Relief Produced by Coupled Coat Wetting and Forced ventilation. J. Dairy Sci., 91:445-454.
  8. Bray, D.R. and Bucklin, R.A. (1997). Recommendations for cooling systems for dairy cattle. Fact Sheet DS-29. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida, p 5.
  9. Bray, D.R.; Bucklin, R.A.; Carlos, L. and Cavalho, V. (2003). Environmental temperatures in a tunnel ventilated barn and in an air conditioned barn in Florida. Fifth International Dairy Housing Conference. Texas, USA, pp 235-242.
  10. Bray, D.R. (2009). Cooling ponds for dairy cattle. Fact Sheet DS-96, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
  11. Bucklin, R.A.; Bray, D.R. and Beede, D.K. (1988). Methods to relive heat stress for Florida dairies. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Circular 782.
  12. Bucklin, R.A.; Turner, L.W.; Beede, D.K.; Bray, D.R. and Hemken, R.W. (1991). . Methods to relive heat stress for dairy cows in hot, humid environments. Applied Engineering in Agricul., 7(2), pp 241-247.
  13. Buffington, D.E.; Collier, R.J. and Canton, G.H. (1983). Shade management systems to reduce heat stress for dairy cows. Transaction of the ASAE 26 (6): 1798-1802
  14. Chauhan, T.R. (2004). Feeding strategies for sustainable buffalo production. In:Proceedings XI Animal Nutrition Conference, Jabalpur, 74-83.
  15. Chastain, J.P. and Turner, L.W. (1994). Practical result of a model of direct evaporative cooling on dairy cows. In: Dairy System for the 21st Century, Proc. 3rd Int. Dairy Housing Conf., 337-352. ASAE, St. Joeph, MI.
  16. Chiappini, U. and Christiaens, J.P.A. (1992). Cooling in animal houses. 2nd report of working group on climatization of animal houses. CIGR. State University of Gent, Belgium, pp 82-97.
  17. Collier, R.J.; Annen, E.L.; Armstrong, D.E and Wolfgram, A.L. (2003). Evaluation of two evaporative cooling systems for dairy cattle under semi-arid conditions. J. Dairy Sci., 86 (suppl. 1). 18 (Abstr.)
  18. Collier, R. J.; Dahl, G. E. and VanBaale, M. J. (2006). Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 89:1244–1253
  19. Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A. (1974). Solar energy thermal processes. John Wiley & Sons. New York, pp 10, 77-91, 849.
  20. Esmay, M.L. (1978). Principles of Animal Environment, Textbook edition. AVI Publishing Company, INC. Westport, Connecticut, pp 33-34, 150-157, 197-211, 250-253.
  21. Gustafsson, G. (1988). Air and heat balances in animal houses. Dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Farm Buildings, Report 59, Lund, p 70.
  22. Hafez, E. S. E. (1969). Adaptation of Domestic Animals. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
  23. Igono, M.O.; Johnson, H.D.; Steevens, B.J. and Shanklin, M.D. (1987). Physiological, productive, and economic benefits of shade, spray and fan systems versus shade for Holstein cows during summer heat. J. Dairy Sci., 70 :1069-1079.
  24. Jones, G.M. and Stallings, C.C. (1999). Reducing heat stress for dairy cattle. Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech. Publication number 404-200, pp 1-4.
  25. Kammel, D.V.; Raabe, M.E. and Kappelman, J.J. (2003). Proceeding: Design of High Volume Low Speed Fan Supplemental Cooling System in Dairy Free Stall Barns. Fifth International Dairy Housing Conference. ASAE, St Joseph, USA, pp 243- 254.
  26. Kelly, C.F. and Bond, T.E. (1958). Effectiveness of artificial shade materials. Agricul. Engineering 39(12): 758-759, 764.
  27. Mitlöhner, F. M.; J. L. Morrow-Tesch, S. C.; Wilson, J. W. Dailey and J. J. McGlone. (2001). Behavioral sampling techniques for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 79:1189–1193
  28. Nevander, L.E. and Elmarsson, B. (1994). Fukt handbok praktik och teori. p 375-376. Stockholm.
  29. Nilsson, L. and Kangro, A. (1998). Field Study of an Underground Counterflow Heat Exchanger for Ventilation Air. Swedish J. Agric. Res. , 28: 207-213.
  30. Rosa, G.D.; Grasso, F.; Braghieri, A.; Bilancione, A.; Francia, A.D. and Napolitano, F. (2009). Behavior and milk production of buffalo cows as affected by housing system. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 907-912.
  31. Shearer, J.K.; Bray, D.R.; Bucklin, R.A. and Beede, D.K. (1991). . Environmental modifications to reduce heat stress in dairy cattle. Agri-Practice, 12(4).
  32. Shearer, J.K.; Bray, R.A. and Bucklin, R.A. (1999). The management of heat stress in dairy cattle: What we have learned in Florida. Proc. Feed and Nutritional management Cow College, Virginia Tech, pp 1-13.
  33. Silanikove, N.; Shapiro, F. and Shinder, D. (2009). Acute heat stress brings down milk secretion in dairy cows by up-regulating the activity of the milk-borne negative feedback regularoty system. BMC Physiol. 9: 13 doi: 10.1186/1472-6793-9-13.Stowell, R.R.; Gooch, C.A. and Inglis, S. (2001). Performance of tunnel ventilation for freestall dairy facilities as compared to natural ventilation with supplemental cooling fans. Livestock Environment VI. 29-40. Louisville, Kentucky, USA: ASAE
  34. Strickland, J.T.; Bucklin, R.A.; Nordstedt, R.A.; Beede, D.K. and Bray, D.R. (1989). Sprinkler and fan cooling system for dairy cows in hot, humid climates. Applied Engineering in Agricul., 5 (2): 231-236.
  35. Verbeck, R.; Smith, J.F. and Armstrong, D.V. (1995). Heat stress in dairy cattle. New Mexico State University. Mexico.
  36. Turner, L.W.; Chastain, J.P.; Hemkin, R.W.; Gates, R.S. and Crist, W.L. (1992). Reducing heat stress in dairy cows through sprinkler and fan cooling. Applied Engineering in Agricul., 8 (2): 251-256.
  37. Turner, L.W.; Warner, R.C. and Chastain, J.P. (1993). Reducing heat stress in dairy thought improved facility and system designs. In Livestock Environment IV, 356-364. St. Josph, Michigan; ASAE.
  38. Tyson, J.T.; R.E. Graves, and D.F. McFarland. (1998). Tunnel Ventilation for Dairy Tie Stall
  39. Barns. Guideline 12. The Dairy Practices Council.
  40. Worely, J.W. (1999). Cooling systems for Georgia dairy cattle. The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environment Sciences, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating, p 3.
  41. Worley, J. W. and Bernard, J. K. (2008). Cooling Effectiveness of High-Volume Low-Speed Fans Versus Conventional Fans in a Free-Stall Dairy Barn in Hot, Humid Condition. Professional Animal Scientist. 24: 23-28.
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    volume 32 issue 2 (june 2011) : 102 - 111

    INNOVATIVE WAYS TO KEEP DAIRY ANIMALS COOL DURING HEAT STRESS - A REVIEW

    A
    Anjali Aggarwal
    1Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Aggarwal Anjali (2025). INNOVATIVE WAYS TO KEEP DAIRY ANIMALS COOL DURING HEAT STRESS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 32(2): 102 - 111. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    High producing dairy animals dissipate heat by metabolic processes and the heat production increases as the animal’s body weight and level of milk production increases. If the ambient temperature is high, the animal is not able to dissipate the heat produced. Therefore it is necessary to find effective methods to alleviate heat stress. The most common way to cool dairy animals and their environment is by evaporative cooling. In a tropical climate with high temperatures combined with high humidity, cooling with evaporative systems is limited. In those conditions, methods that are beneficial to the animal’s natural mechanism of heat loss are preferable. Any cooling system that is to be effective must take into consideration the intensity of solar radiation, high ambient temperature, and the high  relative humidity, which increases to almost saturation during hot-humid season.

    REFERENCES

    1. Adin, G.; Gelman, A.; Solomon, R.; Flamenbaum, I.; Nikbachat, M.; Yousef, E.; Zenou, A.; Shamay, A.; Feuermann, Y.; Mabjeesh, S.J and Miron, J. (2009). Effects of cooling dry cows under heat load conditions on mammary gland enzymatic activity, intake of food and water, and performance during the dry period and after parturition. Livestock Sci., 144: 189-195.
    2. Aggarwal Anjali and Mahendra Singh (2005). Physiological response, milk production and composition in crossbred cows with and without mister system during hot-humid season. Egyptian J Dairy Sci., 32 : 175-186.
    3. Aggarwal Anjali and Mahendra Singh (2008). Changes in skin and rectal temperature in lactating buffaloes provided with showers and wallowing during hot-dry season. Trop Anim Health Prod., 40 : 223-228.
    4. Armstrong, D.V. (1994). Symposium: Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2044-2050.
    5. Berman, A. (2003). Effects of body surface area estimates on predicted energy requirements and heat stress. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 3605-3610.
    6. Berman, A. (2006). Extending the potential of evaporative cooling for heat-stress relief. J. Dairy Sci., 89:3817–3825.
    7. Berman, A. (2008). Increasing Heat Stress Relief Produced by Coupled Coat Wetting and Forced ventilation. J. Dairy Sci., 91:445-454.
    8. Bray, D.R. and Bucklin, R.A. (1997). Recommendations for cooling systems for dairy cattle. Fact Sheet DS-29. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida, p 5.
    9. Bray, D.R.; Bucklin, R.A.; Carlos, L. and Cavalho, V. (2003). Environmental temperatures in a tunnel ventilated barn and in an air conditioned barn in Florida. Fifth International Dairy Housing Conference. Texas, USA, pp 235-242.
    10. Bray, D.R. (2009). Cooling ponds for dairy cattle. Fact Sheet DS-96, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
    11. Bucklin, R.A.; Bray, D.R. and Beede, D.K. (1988). Methods to relive heat stress for Florida dairies. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Circular 782.
    12. Bucklin, R.A.; Turner, L.W.; Beede, D.K.; Bray, D.R. and Hemken, R.W. (1991). . Methods to relive heat stress for dairy cows in hot, humid environments. Applied Engineering in Agricul., 7(2), pp 241-247.
    13. Buffington, D.E.; Collier, R.J. and Canton, G.H. (1983). Shade management systems to reduce heat stress for dairy cows. Transaction of the ASAE 26 (6): 1798-1802
    14. Chauhan, T.R. (2004). Feeding strategies for sustainable buffalo production. In:Proceedings XI Animal Nutrition Conference, Jabalpur, 74-83.
    15. Chastain, J.P. and Turner, L.W. (1994). Practical result of a model of direct evaporative cooling on dairy cows. In: Dairy System for the 21st Century, Proc. 3rd Int. Dairy Housing Conf., 337-352. ASAE, St. Joeph, MI.
    16. Chiappini, U. and Christiaens, J.P.A. (1992). Cooling in animal houses. 2nd report of working group on climatization of animal houses. CIGR. State University of Gent, Belgium, pp 82-97.
    17. Collier, R.J.; Annen, E.L.; Armstrong, D.E and Wolfgram, A.L. (2003). Evaluation of two evaporative cooling systems for dairy cattle under semi-arid conditions. J. Dairy Sci., 86 (suppl. 1). 18 (Abstr.)
    18. Collier, R. J.; Dahl, G. E. and VanBaale, M. J. (2006). Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 89:1244–1253
    19. Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A. (1974). Solar energy thermal processes. John Wiley & Sons. New York, pp 10, 77-91, 849.
    20. Esmay, M.L. (1978). Principles of Animal Environment, Textbook edition. AVI Publishing Company, INC. Westport, Connecticut, pp 33-34, 150-157, 197-211, 250-253.
    21. Gustafsson, G. (1988). Air and heat balances in animal houses. Dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Farm Buildings, Report 59, Lund, p 70.
    22. Hafez, E. S. E. (1969). Adaptation of Domestic Animals. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
    23. Igono, M.O.; Johnson, H.D.; Steevens, B.J. and Shanklin, M.D. (1987). Physiological, productive, and economic benefits of shade, spray and fan systems versus shade for Holstein cows during summer heat. J. Dairy Sci., 70 :1069-1079.
    24. Jones, G.M. and Stallings, C.C. (1999). Reducing heat stress for dairy cattle. Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech. Publication number 404-200, pp 1-4.
    25. Kammel, D.V.; Raabe, M.E. and Kappelman, J.J. (2003). Proceeding: Design of High Volume Low Speed Fan Supplemental Cooling System in Dairy Free Stall Barns. Fifth International Dairy Housing Conference. ASAE, St Joseph, USA, pp 243- 254.
    26. Kelly, C.F. and Bond, T.E. (1958). Effectiveness of artificial shade materials. Agricul. Engineering 39(12): 758-759, 764.
    27. Mitlöhner, F. M.; J. L. Morrow-Tesch, S. C.; Wilson, J. W. Dailey and J. J. McGlone. (2001). Behavioral sampling techniques for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 79:1189–1193
    28. Nevander, L.E. and Elmarsson, B. (1994). Fukt handbok praktik och teori. p 375-376. Stockholm.
    29. Nilsson, L. and Kangro, A. (1998). Field Study of an Underground Counterflow Heat Exchanger for Ventilation Air. Swedish J. Agric. Res. , 28: 207-213.
    30. Rosa, G.D.; Grasso, F.; Braghieri, A.; Bilancione, A.; Francia, A.D. and Napolitano, F. (2009). Behavior and milk production of buffalo cows as affected by housing system. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 907-912.
    31. Shearer, J.K.; Bray, D.R.; Bucklin, R.A. and Beede, D.K. (1991). . Environmental modifications to reduce heat stress in dairy cattle. Agri-Practice, 12(4).
    32. Shearer, J.K.; Bray, R.A. and Bucklin, R.A. (1999). The management of heat stress in dairy cattle: What we have learned in Florida. Proc. Feed and Nutritional management Cow College, Virginia Tech, pp 1-13.
    33. Silanikove, N.; Shapiro, F. and Shinder, D. (2009). Acute heat stress brings down milk secretion in dairy cows by up-regulating the activity of the milk-borne negative feedback regularoty system. BMC Physiol. 9: 13 doi: 10.1186/1472-6793-9-13.Stowell, R.R.; Gooch, C.A. and Inglis, S. (2001). Performance of tunnel ventilation for freestall dairy facilities as compared to natural ventilation with supplemental cooling fans. Livestock Environment VI. 29-40. Louisville, Kentucky, USA: ASAE
    34. Strickland, J.T.; Bucklin, R.A.; Nordstedt, R.A.; Beede, D.K. and Bray, D.R. (1989). Sprinkler and fan cooling system for dairy cows in hot, humid climates. Applied Engineering in Agricul., 5 (2): 231-236.
    35. Verbeck, R.; Smith, J.F. and Armstrong, D.V. (1995). Heat stress in dairy cattle. New Mexico State University. Mexico.
    36. Turner, L.W.; Chastain, J.P.; Hemkin, R.W.; Gates, R.S. and Crist, W.L. (1992). Reducing heat stress in dairy cows through sprinkler and fan cooling. Applied Engineering in Agricul., 8 (2): 251-256.
    37. Turner, L.W.; Warner, R.C. and Chastain, J.P. (1993). Reducing heat stress in dairy thought improved facility and system designs. In Livestock Environment IV, 356-364. St. Josph, Michigan; ASAE.
    38. Tyson, J.T.; R.E. Graves, and D.F. McFarland. (1998). Tunnel Ventilation for Dairy Tie Stall
    39. Barns. Guideline 12. The Dairy Practices Council.
    40. Worely, J.W. (1999). Cooling systems for Georgia dairy cattle. The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environment Sciences, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating, p 3.
    41. Worley, J. W. and Bernard, J. K. (2008). Cooling Effectiveness of High-Volume Low-Speed Fans Versus Conventional Fans in a Free-Stall Dairy Barn in Hot, Humid Condition. Professional Animal Scientist. 24: 23-28.
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