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volume 33 issue 4 (december 2012) : 322-332

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTED METHIONINE, LYSINE AND CHOLINE ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING COWS - A REVIEW

N
Nazam Khan*
F
F.A. Sheikh
M
Madhu Suman Rana
K
Kamala Kant1
N
Neelam Kewalramani
1Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Khan* Nazam, Sheikh F.A., Rana Suman Madhu, Kant1 Kamala, Kewalramani Neelam (2025). EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTED METHIONINE, LYSINE AND CHOLINE ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING COWS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 33(4): 322-332. doi: .

ABSTRACT

As production of milk by dairy cow increases, research has focused on increasing the supply of amino acids to high producing dairy cows. Methionine and Lysine often are implicated as limiting amino acids for milk production. Choline is also an essential component of phospholipids which is important for proper membrane function and in the structure of lipoproteins, improves milk fat, overall production and reduces the risk of ketosis and reproductive disorders. Unfortunately, if unprotected crystalline amino acids are fed to cows, ruminal bacteria degrade it resulting in little increase in passage of these respective amino acids to small intestine. However, there is difference of opinion among researchers regarding the effect of protected methionine, lysine and choline on dry matter intake, digestibility, milk yield, its composition and blood profile of lactating dairy cows. Therefore present review discusses the effect of these protected amino acid supplementations on dry matter intake, digestibility, milk yield, milk composition and blood profile of lactating cows.

REFERENCES

  1. Ardalan, M., Dehghan-Banadaky, M. and Rezayazdi, K. (2009).Milk yield persistency and its relationship with health problems in Holstein dairy cows supplemented with different levels of ruminally protected methionine and choline.Archiv.Tierzucht. 53: 266-276.
  2. Armentano, L.E. and Swain, S.M. (1993). Lactation response to ruminally protected methionine and lysine at two amounts of ruminally available nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 2963–2969.
  3. Baldi, A. and Pinotti, L. (2006).Choline metabolism in high-producing dairy cows.Metabolic and nutritional basis. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 207–212.
  4. Bequette, B.J., Backwell, F.R.C. and Cromption, L.A. (1998).Current concepts of amino acid and protein metabolism in the mammary gland of the lactating ruminant J. Dairy Sci. 18: 2540-2559.
  5. Broderick, G.A., Stevenson, M.J., Patton, R.A., Lobos, N.E. and Olmos Colmenero J.J. (2009).Effect of Supplementing Rumen-Protected methionine on production and nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 1092–1102.
  6. Casper, D.P. and Schingoethe, D.J. (1988). Protected methionine supplementation to a barley based diet for cows during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 164–172.
  7. Davidson, S., Hopkins, B.A., Odle, J., Brownie, C., Fellner, V. and Whitlow, L.W. (2008).Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1552-1559.
  8. Donkin, S.S. (2002). Rumen-protected choline: Potential for improving health and production in dairy cows. In M. Eastridge (ed.), Proceedings Tri-state Dairy Nutrition Conference. The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp: 55-65.
  9. Donkin, S.S., Varga, G.A., Sweeney, T.F. and Muller, L.D. (1989). Rumen-protected methionine and lysine: effects on animal performance, milk protein yield and physiological measures. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 1484-1491.
  10. Elek, P., Newbold, J.R., Gaal, T., Wagner, L. and Husveth, F. (2008). Effects of rumen-protecetd choline supplementation on milk production and choline supply of periparturient dairy cows. Anim. Consortium 2: 1595-1601.
  11. Engelhard, T. and Helm, L. (1998).Rumen-stable DL-methionine in dairy cattle feeding.Kraftfutter 81: 424-436.
  12. Erdman, R.A., Shaver, R.D. and Vandersall, J.H. (1984). Dietary choline for the lactating cow: Possible effects on milk fat synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 67: 410-415.
  13. Fuller, M. (2004).Fatty acids, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK, 0 85199 369 9.
  14. Krober, T.F., Kreuzer, M., Senn, M., Langhans, W. and Sutter, F. (2000).Lactational and metabolic effects in cows of lysine and methionine added to a ration deficient according to the I.N.R.A. method. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 53: 375-394.
  15. Lara, A., Mendoza, G.D., Landois, L., Barcena, R., Sanchez-Torres, M.T., Rojo, R., Ayala, J. and Vega, S. (2006). Milk production in Holstein cows supplemented with different levels of ruminally protected methionine. Livestock Sci. 105: 105-108.
  16. Lima, F.S., SaFilho, M.F., Greco, L.F., Susca, F., Magalhaes, V.J., Garrett, J. and Santos, J.E.P. (2008). Effects of feeding rumen-protected choline (RPC) on lactation and metabolism.J. Dairy Sci. 90:174.
  17. Mohsen, M.K., Gaafar, H.M.A., Khalafalla, M.M., Shitta, A.A. and Yousif, A.M. (2010). Effect of Rumen Protected Choline Supplementation on Milk Production and Composition of Lactating Friesian Cows.J. Anim. Sci. 44: 13-20.
  18. NRC (2001).Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Rev, Ed., Natl. Acad.Sci. Washington, DC.
  19. Piepenbrink, M.S. and Overton, T.R. (2003). Liver metabolism and production of cows fed increasing amounts of rumen-protected choline during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 1722-1733.
  20. Pires, J. and Grummer, R. (2008). Micronutrients and their impact on high performing dairy cows: A focus on niacin and choline, Department of Diary Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
  21. Rogers, J.A., Krishnamoorthy, U. and Sniffen, C.J. (1987). Plasma amino acids and milk protein production by cows fed rumen-protected methionine and lysine. J. Dairy Sci. 70: 789-798.
  22. Rogers, J.A., Peirce-Sandner, S.B., Papas, A.M., Polan, C.E., Sniffen, C.J., Muscato, T.V., Staples, C.R. and Clark, J.H. (1989). Production responses of dairy cows fed various amounts of rumen-protected methionine and rumen-protected lysine. J. Dairy Sci. 72:1800.
  23. Sharma, B.K. and Erdman, R.A. (1988).Abomasal infusion of choline and methionine with or without 2-amino-2- methyl-1-propanol for lactating dairy cows.J. Dairy Sci. 71: 2406-2411.
  24. Sheikh, F.A. (2012). Nutrient utilization in lactating cows fed with Rumen Protected Methionine, Lysine and Choline. A thesis submitted to National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.
  25. Trinacty, J., Krizova, L., Richter, M., Cerny, V. and Riha, J. (2009).Effect of rumen-protected methionine, Lysine or both on milk production and plasma amino acids of high-yielding dairy cows.Czech.J. Anim. Sci. 54: 239-248.
  26. Windmueller, H.G. and Spaeth, A.E. (1980). Respiratory fuels and nitrogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fed rats. Quantitative importance of glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate.J. Biol. Chem. 255: 107-112.
  27. Xu, G., Ye, J.A., Liu, J. and Yu, Y.(2006). Effect of rumen-protected choline addition on milk performance and blood metabolic parameters in transition dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 19:390-395.
  28. Xu, S., Harrison, J.H., Chalupa, W., Sniffen, C., Julien, W., Sato, H., Fujieda, T., Watanabe, K., Ueda, T. and Suzuki, H. (1997). Effect of ruminally protected lysine and methionine on microbial yield, amino acid profile in the intestine, milk production and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1): 258.
  29. Xu, S., Harrison, J.H., Chalupa, W., Sniffen, C., Julien, W., Sato, H., Fujieda, T., Watanabe, K., Ueda, T. and Suzuki, H. (1998). The effect of ruminal bypass lysine and methionine on milk yield and composition of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 1062-1077.
  30. Zerbini, E., Polan, C.E. and Herbein, J.H. (1988). Effect of dietary soybean meal and fish meal on protein digesta flow in Holstein cows during early and midlactation.J. Dairy Sci. 71: 1248.
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    volume 33 issue 4 (december 2012) : 322-332

    EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTED METHIONINE, LYSINE AND CHOLINE ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING COWS - A REVIEW

    N
    Nazam Khan*
    F
    F.A. Sheikh
    M
    Madhu Suman Rana
    K
    Kamala Kant1
    N
    Neelam Kewalramani
    1Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Khan* Nazam, Sheikh F.A., Rana Suman Madhu, Kant1 Kamala, Kewalramani Neelam (2025). EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTED METHIONINE, LYSINE AND CHOLINE ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING COWS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 33(4): 322-332. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    As production of milk by dairy cow increases, research has focused on increasing the supply of amino acids to high producing dairy cows. Methionine and Lysine often are implicated as limiting amino acids for milk production. Choline is also an essential component of phospholipids which is important for proper membrane function and in the structure of lipoproteins, improves milk fat, overall production and reduces the risk of ketosis and reproductive disorders. Unfortunately, if unprotected crystalline amino acids are fed to cows, ruminal bacteria degrade it resulting in little increase in passage of these respective amino acids to small intestine. However, there is difference of opinion among researchers regarding the effect of protected methionine, lysine and choline on dry matter intake, digestibility, milk yield, its composition and blood profile of lactating dairy cows. Therefore present review discusses the effect of these protected amino acid supplementations on dry matter intake, digestibility, milk yield, milk composition and blood profile of lactating cows.

    REFERENCES

    1. Ardalan, M., Dehghan-Banadaky, M. and Rezayazdi, K. (2009).Milk yield persistency and its relationship with health problems in Holstein dairy cows supplemented with different levels of ruminally protected methionine and choline.Archiv.Tierzucht. 53: 266-276.
    2. Armentano, L.E. and Swain, S.M. (1993). Lactation response to ruminally protected methionine and lysine at two amounts of ruminally available nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 2963–2969.
    3. Baldi, A. and Pinotti, L. (2006).Choline metabolism in high-producing dairy cows.Metabolic and nutritional basis. J. Anim. Sci. 86: 207–212.
    4. Bequette, B.J., Backwell, F.R.C. and Cromption, L.A. (1998).Current concepts of amino acid and protein metabolism in the mammary gland of the lactating ruminant J. Dairy Sci. 18: 2540-2559.
    5. Broderick, G.A., Stevenson, M.J., Patton, R.A., Lobos, N.E. and Olmos Colmenero J.J. (2009).Effect of Supplementing Rumen-Protected methionine on production and nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 1092–1102.
    6. Casper, D.P. and Schingoethe, D.J. (1988). Protected methionine supplementation to a barley based diet for cows during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 164–172.
    7. Davidson, S., Hopkins, B.A., Odle, J., Brownie, C., Fellner, V. and Whitlow, L.W. (2008).Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1552-1559.
    8. Donkin, S.S. (2002). Rumen-protected choline: Potential for improving health and production in dairy cows. In M. Eastridge (ed.), Proceedings Tri-state Dairy Nutrition Conference. The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp: 55-65.
    9. Donkin, S.S., Varga, G.A., Sweeney, T.F. and Muller, L.D. (1989). Rumen-protected methionine and lysine: effects on animal performance, milk protein yield and physiological measures. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 1484-1491.
    10. Elek, P., Newbold, J.R., Gaal, T., Wagner, L. and Husveth, F. (2008). Effects of rumen-protecetd choline supplementation on milk production and choline supply of periparturient dairy cows. Anim. Consortium 2: 1595-1601.
    11. Engelhard, T. and Helm, L. (1998).Rumen-stable DL-methionine in dairy cattle feeding.Kraftfutter 81: 424-436.
    12. Erdman, R.A., Shaver, R.D. and Vandersall, J.H. (1984). Dietary choline for the lactating cow: Possible effects on milk fat synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 67: 410-415.
    13. Fuller, M. (2004).Fatty acids, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK, 0 85199 369 9.
    14. Krober, T.F., Kreuzer, M., Senn, M., Langhans, W. and Sutter, F. (2000).Lactational and metabolic effects in cows of lysine and methionine added to a ration deficient according to the I.N.R.A. method. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 53: 375-394.
    15. Lara, A., Mendoza, G.D., Landois, L., Barcena, R., Sanchez-Torres, M.T., Rojo, R., Ayala, J. and Vega, S. (2006). Milk production in Holstein cows supplemented with different levels of ruminally protected methionine. Livestock Sci. 105: 105-108.
    16. Lima, F.S., SaFilho, M.F., Greco, L.F., Susca, F., Magalhaes, V.J., Garrett, J. and Santos, J.E.P. (2008). Effects of feeding rumen-protected choline (RPC) on lactation and metabolism.J. Dairy Sci. 90:174.
    17. Mohsen, M.K., Gaafar, H.M.A., Khalafalla, M.M., Shitta, A.A. and Yousif, A.M. (2010). Effect of Rumen Protected Choline Supplementation on Milk Production and Composition of Lactating Friesian Cows.J. Anim. Sci. 44: 13-20.
    18. NRC (2001).Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Rev, Ed., Natl. Acad.Sci. Washington, DC.
    19. Piepenbrink, M.S. and Overton, T.R. (2003). Liver metabolism and production of cows fed increasing amounts of rumen-protected choline during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 1722-1733.
    20. Pires, J. and Grummer, R. (2008). Micronutrients and their impact on high performing dairy cows: A focus on niacin and choline, Department of Diary Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
    21. Rogers, J.A., Krishnamoorthy, U. and Sniffen, C.J. (1987). Plasma amino acids and milk protein production by cows fed rumen-protected methionine and lysine. J. Dairy Sci. 70: 789-798.
    22. Rogers, J.A., Peirce-Sandner, S.B., Papas, A.M., Polan, C.E., Sniffen, C.J., Muscato, T.V., Staples, C.R. and Clark, J.H. (1989). Production responses of dairy cows fed various amounts of rumen-protected methionine and rumen-protected lysine. J. Dairy Sci. 72:1800.
    23. Sharma, B.K. and Erdman, R.A. (1988).Abomasal infusion of choline and methionine with or without 2-amino-2- methyl-1-propanol for lactating dairy cows.J. Dairy Sci. 71: 2406-2411.
    24. Sheikh, F.A. (2012). Nutrient utilization in lactating cows fed with Rumen Protected Methionine, Lysine and Choline. A thesis submitted to National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana.
    25. Trinacty, J., Krizova, L., Richter, M., Cerny, V. and Riha, J. (2009).Effect of rumen-protected methionine, Lysine or both on milk production and plasma amino acids of high-yielding dairy cows.Czech.J. Anim. Sci. 54: 239-248.
    26. Windmueller, H.G. and Spaeth, A.E. (1980). Respiratory fuels and nitrogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fed rats. Quantitative importance of glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate.J. Biol. Chem. 255: 107-112.
    27. Xu, G., Ye, J.A., Liu, J. and Yu, Y.(2006). Effect of rumen-protected choline addition on milk performance and blood metabolic parameters in transition dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 19:390-395.
    28. Xu, S., Harrison, J.H., Chalupa, W., Sniffen, C., Julien, W., Sato, H., Fujieda, T., Watanabe, K., Ueda, T. and Suzuki, H. (1997). Effect of ruminally protected lysine and methionine on microbial yield, amino acid profile in the intestine, milk production and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1): 258.
    29. Xu, S., Harrison, J.H., Chalupa, W., Sniffen, C., Julien, W., Sato, H., Fujieda, T., Watanabe, K., Ueda, T. and Suzuki, H. (1998). The effect of ruminal bypass lysine and methionine on milk yield and composition of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 1062-1077.
    30. Zerbini, E., Polan, C.E. and Herbein, J.H. (1988). Effect of dietary soybean meal and fish meal on protein digesta flow in Holstein cows during early and midlactation.J. Dairy Sci. 71: 1248.
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