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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 33 issue 1 (march 2012) : 27 - 36

ORGANIC FARMING AS A BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW

S
Sandeep Kaswan*
V
Vineet Kaswan1
R
Rajesh Kumar2
1Livestock Production and Management Section, I.V.R.I, Izatnagar - 243 122, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Kaswan* Sandeep, Kaswan1 Vineet, Kumar2 Rajesh (2025). ORGANIC FARMING AS A BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 33(1): 27 - 36. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Exhaustion of the natural potential, destruction of the agrosphere and environmental pollution resulting from increased manmade environmental modification expressed as climate change, has posed threat to existence of humankind. Therefore need for a new philosophy of sustainable development aroused. Parity of relations within the triad “human-economy-nature” is the basis for sustainable development. Organic farming unites all agricultural systems that maintain ecologically, socially and economically advisable agricultural production. For ensuring sustainable agriculture, organic farming aggregates following practices i.e. optimization of  land use and crop structure; efficient use of available organic fertilizing resources; agro-technical methods to protect crops from weeds; crop rotation; soil-protecting technologies for planned chemical land reclamation; preservation of agricultural and biological diversity at farms and its efficient utilization; stabilization of agro-landscapes through uniform system of field-protecting forest belts; facilitation of proper use and preservation of water resources; usage of renewable resources; harmonious balance between crop and animal production through integrated farming and utilization of indigenous technical knowledge. In view of rising population and demand for food production, conventional farming systems cannot be abandoned but organic farming should be certified where it already exists and promoted to the newer areas to the extent possible because it seems safer bet for sustainable agriculture at a time when advanced technologies are still costly and have to be proved safe for long-term development.

REFERENCES

  1. Alfoldi, T., Fliebach, A., Geier, U., Kilcher, L., Niggli, U., Pfiffner, L., Stolze, M. and H. Willer. (2002). Organic agriculture and the environment. In: Organic Agriculture, Environment and Food Security. (Scialabba, N.E.-H., and C. Hattam eds.). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
  2. Arora, C.L., Nayaar, V.K. and Randhuwa, S.S. (1995). Note on secondary and micro nutrient content of fertilizers and manures. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 45: 80-85.
  3. Asmed, S. (1993). Agriculture-Fertilizer Interference in Asia. Issue of Growth and Sustainability, Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi, India.
  4. Aubert, C. (2007). Can organic farming mitigate the impact of agriculture on global warming? In: International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security (FAO, Rome, Italy, 3-5 May 2007) pp:1-2.
  5. Baker, B.P., Benbrook, C.M., Groth, E. and Benbrook, K.L. (2002). Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: Insights from three US data sets. Food Addit. Contam. 19(5):427–446.
  6. Bengtsson, J., Ahnström, J. and Weibull, A.C. (2005). The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 42: 261–269.
  7. Blaise, D. (2006). Yield, boll distribution and fibre quality of hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by organic and modern methods of cultivation. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 192:248-256.
  8. Chander, M., Kumar, S., Rathore, R.S., Mukherjee, R., Kondaiah, N. and Pandey, H.N. (2007). Organic vis-a-vis Conventional Livestock Production Potential in India. In: International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security (FAO, Rome, Italy, 3-5 May 2007) pp: 48-49.
  9. Cheema, S. S. (1997). Agronomy (Theory and Digest), Kalyani Publishing, New Delhi, India.
  10. Cormack, W.F. (2000). Report to Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, UK. Retrieved March 3, 2011 from http://orgprints.org/8169.
  11. EC No:1235/2008. (2011). List of code numbers of control bodies and authorities from equivalent third countries listed in annex iii of regulation (EC) NO 1235/2008. Retrieved July 28, 2011 from http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/ organic/files/consumer-confidence/inspection-certification.pdf.
  12. Feber, R.E., Firbank, L.G., Johnson, P.J. and Macdonald, D.W. (1997). The effects of organic farming on pest and non- pest butterfly abundance. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 64:133–139.
  13. Frieben, B. (1997). Arten-und Biotopschutz durch Organischen Landbau. In Naturschutz durch okologischen Landbau. Deukalion, okologische Konzepte 95. Weiger, H. and H. Willer (eds.). pp:73–92.
  14. Giovannucci, D. (2005). International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Report No. 1664, July 2005. Rome.
  15. Hoeppner, J.W., Entz, M.H., McConkey, B.G., Zentner, R.P., and Nagy, C.N. (2006). Energy use and efficiency in two Canadian organic and conventional crop production systems. Renew. Agr. Food Syst. 21(1):60-67.
  16. Hole, D.G., Perkins, A.J., Wilson, J.D., Alexander, I.H., Grice, P.V. and Evans, A.D. (2005). Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biol. Conserv. 122:113–130.
  17. IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements). (2002). Organic Agriculture and Food Security (Dossier 1, 2002).
  18. IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) Basic Standards. (2002). General Assembly IFOAM, Victoria, Canada.
  19. IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements). (2005). Principles of Organic Agriculture. Retrieved March 12, 2011 from http://www.ifoam.org /about_ifoam/ principles/index.html.
  20. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). (2002). Green Revolution: Curse or Blessing? Retrieved March 8, 2011 from http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/ib/ib11.pdf
  21. Juma, M.A. (2007). IFOAM’s perspectives on organic agriculture, food security and sovereignty. In: Papers Submitted to the International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security (FAO, Rome, Italy, 3-5 May 2007) pp:5-6.
  22. Kostial, K. (1986). Cadmium. In: Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Mertz. W. (ed.) Academic Press London. pp:319-325.
  23. Lotter, D., Seidel, R. and Liebhardt, W. (2003). The performance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year. Am. J. Alternative Agr. 18(3):146-154.
  24. Mader, P., Fliebach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P. and Niggli, U. (2002). Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296(5573):1694–1697.
  25. Mahnke-Plesker, S., Lorenz, S. and Brenndörfer, E. (2005). Installation of a monitoring system for fresh fruit and vegetables in the German natural food market. Bericht, Bundesverband Naturkost Naturwaren (BNN) Herstellung und Handel e.V., D-Köln. Retrieved February 4, 2011 from http://orgprints.org/6742.
  26. Marinari, S., Liburdi, K., Masciandaro, G., Ceccanti, B. and Grego, S. (2007). Humification-mineralization pyrolytic indices and carbon fractions of soil under organic and conventional management in central Italy. Soil Till. Res. 92:10-17.
  27. Mendoza, T.C. (2002). Comparative productivity, profitability and energy use in organic, LEISA and conventional rice production in the Philippines. Livestock Res. Rural Develo. 14(6).
  28. Narayanan, S. (2005). Organic farming in India: Relevance, problems and constraints. Occasional paper-38. Department of Economic Analysis and Research, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Mumbai, India.
  29. Nemecek, T., Huguenin-Elie, O., Dubois, D. and Gaillard, G. (2005). Ökobilanzierung vonAnbausystemen im Schweizerischen Acker- und Futterbau, Zürich. pp:156.
  30. Partap, T. (2006). India Organic Pathway: Making way for itself. Occasional Paper. International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture, Bangalore. Retrieved March 4, 2011 from www.iccoa.org pub.
  31. Partap, T. and Vaidya, C.S. (2009). Organic Farmers Speak on Economics and Beyond. West View Press, New Delhi.
  32. Partap, T. (2010). Organic farming potentials for green productivity, ecological services, and sustainable rural development. In: Organic Agriculture and Agribusiness: Innovation and Fundamentals. Asian Productivity Organization, Hirakawacho, (Partap, T. and Saeed, M. (Eds.)) Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
  33. Pfiffner, L., Merkelbach, L. and Luka, H. (2003). Do sown wildflower strips enhance the parasitism of lepidopteron pests in cabbage crops? International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants/West Pala arctic Regional Section Bulletin, 26(4):111-116.
  34. Pretty, J.N., Noble, A.D., Bossio, D., Dixon, J., Hine, R.E., Penning de Vris, F.W.T. and Morison, J.I.L. (2006). Resource- conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(4):1114-1119.
  35. Ramesh, P., Panwar, N.R., Singh, A.B., Ramana, S., Yadav, S.K., Shrivastava, R. and Subba Rao, A. (2010). Status of organic farming in India. Curr. Sci. India 98(9):1190-1194.
  36. Rao, Kishore V.S.K., Supe, R., Menon, M.K. and Partap, T. (2006). Market for organic foods in India: Consumer perceptions and market potential. Bangalore: International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture.
  37. Roger, F.H. (1987). Importance of Bio-fertilizers in intensive cropping. Haryana Farming, Gandhi Bhawan, CCSHAU, Hisar, India.
  38. Scialabba, N. (2003). ‘Organic agriculture: The challenge of sustaining food production while enhancing biodiversity.’ In: United Nations thematic group sub-group meeting on Wildlife, Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture, 15-16 April 2003, Ankara, Turkey.
  39. Shepherd, M., Pearce, B., Cormack, B., Philipps, L., Cuttle, S., Bhogal, A., Costigan, P. and Unwin, R. (2003). An assessment of the environmental impacts of organic farming. ADAS, Wolverhampton.
  40. Singh, C. (1993). Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi, pp:148-160.
  41. Stoll, G. (2002). Asia and the International Context. Organic agriculture and rural poverty alleviation: Potential and best practices in Asia. Bangkok: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
  42. Stolton, S. (2002). Biodiversity and organic agriculture. IFOAM, Tholey-Theley, Germany.
  43. Stolze, M., Piorr, A., Haring, A. and Dabbert, S. (2000). The Environmental Impacts of Organic agriculture in Europe– Organic agriculture in Europe: Economics and Policy, vol. 6. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart.
  44. Stonehouse, D.P., Clark, E.A. and Ogini, Y.A. (2001). Organic and conventional dairy farm comparisons in Ontario, Canada. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 19(2):115–125.
  45. Subrahmanyeswari, B. and Chander, M. (2008). Animal husbandry practices of organic farmers: An appraisal. Veterinary World 1(10): 303-305.
  46. Tewari, H.C. and Tewari, P. (2007). Off Season Organic Vegetables: A Potential Source of Household Food Security. In: Papers Submitted to the International Conference on Organic Agricutlure and Food Security (FAO, Rome, Italy, 3-5 May 2007) pp:45-47.
  47. Thorup-Kristensen K., Magid, J. and Jensen, L.S. (2003). Catch crops and green manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones. Adv. Agron. 79: 227-302.
  48. Tybrik, K., Alroe, H.F. and Frederiksen, P. (2004). Nature and quality in organic farming: A conceptual analysis of consideration and criteria in a European context. J. Agric. Environ. Ethic. 17(3):249–274.
  49. Velimirov, A. (2006). Europäische Sommerakademie für Biolandwirtschaft, Lednice na Moravé, CZ, Retrieved March 9, 2011 from http://orgprints.org/9163.
  50. Wai, O. K. (2000). Humus Consultancy, Malaysia. Revised Edition, October 2000.
  51. Wynen, E. (1994). Economics of organic farming in Australia. In: The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. (Lampkin, N.H., and S. Padel (eds.)). CAB International, Wallingford. pp:185–199.
  52. Wyss, E., Luka, H., Pfiffner, L., Schlatter, C., Uehlinger, G. and Daniel, C. (2005). Approaches to pest management in organic agriculture: a case study in European apple orchards. Organic-Research.com, May 2005, pp:33N – 36N.
  53. Zehnder, G., Gurr, G.M., Kühne, S., Wade, M.R., Wratten, S.D. and Wyss, E. (2007). Arthropod pest management in organic crops. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52:57-80.
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    volume 33 issue 1 (march 2012) : 27 - 36

    ORGANIC FARMING AS A BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW

    S
    Sandeep Kaswan*
    V
    Vineet Kaswan1
    R
    Rajesh Kumar2
    1Livestock Production and Management Section, I.V.R.I, Izatnagar - 243 122, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Kaswan* Sandeep, Kaswan1 Vineet, Kumar2 Rajesh (2025). ORGANIC FARMING AS A BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 33(1): 27 - 36. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    Exhaustion of the natural potential, destruction of the agrosphere and environmental pollution resulting from increased manmade environmental modification expressed as climate change, has posed threat to existence of humankind. Therefore need for a new philosophy of sustainable development aroused. Parity of relations within the triad “human-economy-nature” is the basis for sustainable development. Organic farming unites all agricultural systems that maintain ecologically, socially and economically advisable agricultural production. For ensuring sustainable agriculture, organic farming aggregates following practices i.e. optimization of  land use and crop structure; efficient use of available organic fertilizing resources; agro-technical methods to protect crops from weeds; crop rotation; soil-protecting technologies for planned chemical land reclamation; preservation of agricultural and biological diversity at farms and its efficient utilization; stabilization of agro-landscapes through uniform system of field-protecting forest belts; facilitation of proper use and preservation of water resources; usage of renewable resources; harmonious balance between crop and animal production through integrated farming and utilization of indigenous technical knowledge. In view of rising population and demand for food production, conventional farming systems cannot be abandoned but organic farming should be certified where it already exists and promoted to the newer areas to the extent possible because it seems safer bet for sustainable agriculture at a time when advanced technologies are still costly and have to be proved safe for long-term development.

    REFERENCES

    1. Alfoldi, T., Fliebach, A., Geier, U., Kilcher, L., Niggli, U., Pfiffner, L., Stolze, M. and H. Willer. (2002). Organic agriculture and the environment. In: Organic Agriculture, Environment and Food Security. (Scialabba, N.E.-H., and C. Hattam eds.). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
    2. Arora, C.L., Nayaar, V.K. and Randhuwa, S.S. (1995). Note on secondary and micro nutrient content of fertilizers and manures. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 45: 80-85.
    3. Asmed, S. (1993). Agriculture-Fertilizer Interference in Asia. Issue of Growth and Sustainability, Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi, India.
    4. Aubert, C. (2007). Can organic farming mitigate the impact of agriculture on global warming? In: International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security (FAO, Rome, Italy, 3-5 May 2007) pp:1-2.
    5. Baker, B.P., Benbrook, C.M., Groth, E. and Benbrook, K.L. (2002). Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: Insights from three US data sets. Food Addit. Contam. 19(5):427–446.
    6. Bengtsson, J., Ahnström, J. and Weibull, A.C. (2005). The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 42: 261–269.
    7. Blaise, D. (2006). Yield, boll distribution and fibre quality of hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by organic and modern methods of cultivation. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 192:248-256.
    8. Chander, M., Kumar, S., Rathore, R.S., Mukherjee, R., Kondaiah, N. and Pandey, H.N. (2007). Organic vis-a-vis Conventional Livestock Production Potential in India. In: International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security (FAO, Rome, Italy, 3-5 May 2007) pp: 48-49.
    9. Cheema, S. S. (1997). Agronomy (Theory and Digest), Kalyani Publishing, New Delhi, India.
    10. Cormack, W.F. (2000). Report to Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, UK. Retrieved March 3, 2011 from http://orgprints.org/8169.
    11. EC No:1235/2008. (2011). List of code numbers of control bodies and authorities from equivalent third countries listed in annex iii of regulation (EC) NO 1235/2008. Retrieved July 28, 2011 from http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/ organic/files/consumer-confidence/inspection-certification.pdf.
    12. Feber, R.E., Firbank, L.G., Johnson, P.J. and Macdonald, D.W. (1997). The effects of organic farming on pest and non- pest butterfly abundance. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 64:133–139.
    13. Frieben, B. (1997). Arten-und Biotopschutz durch Organischen Landbau. In Naturschutz durch okologischen Landbau. Deukalion, okologische Konzepte 95. Weiger, H. and H. Willer (eds.). pp:73–92.
    14. Giovannucci, D. (2005). International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Report No. 1664, July 2005. Rome.
    15. Hoeppner, J.W., Entz, M.H., McConkey, B.G., Zentner, R.P., and Nagy, C.N. (2006). Energy use and efficiency in two Canadian organic and conventional crop production systems. Renew. Agr. Food Syst. 21(1):60-67.
    16. Hole, D.G., Perkins, A.J., Wilson, J.D., Alexander, I.H., Grice, P.V. and Evans, A.D. (2005). Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biol. Conserv. 122:113–130.
    17. IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements). (2002). Organic Agriculture and Food Security (Dossier 1, 2002).
    18. IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) Basic Standards. (2002). General Assembly IFOAM, Victoria, Canada.
    19. IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements). (2005). Principles of Organic Agriculture. Retrieved March 12, 2011 from http://www.ifoam.org /about_ifoam/ principles/index.html.
    20. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). (2002). Green Revolution: Curse or Blessing? Retrieved March 8, 2011 from http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/ib/ib11.pdf
    21. Juma, M.A. (2007). IFOAM’s perspectives on organic agriculture, food security and sovereignty. In: Papers Submitted to the International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security (FAO, Rome, Italy, 3-5 May 2007) pp:5-6.
    22. Kostial, K. (1986). Cadmium. In: Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Mertz. W. (ed.) Academic Press London. pp:319-325.
    23. Lotter, D., Seidel, R. and Liebhardt, W. (2003). The performance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year. Am. J. Alternative Agr. 18(3):146-154.
    24. Mader, P., Fliebach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P. and Niggli, U. (2002). Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296(5573):1694–1697.
    25. Mahnke-Plesker, S., Lorenz, S. and Brenndörfer, E. (2005). Installation of a monitoring system for fresh fruit and vegetables in the German natural food market. Bericht, Bundesverband Naturkost Naturwaren (BNN) Herstellung und Handel e.V., D-Köln. Retrieved February 4, 2011 from http://orgprints.org/6742.
    26. Marinari, S., Liburdi, K., Masciandaro, G., Ceccanti, B. and Grego, S. (2007). Humification-mineralization pyrolytic indices and carbon fractions of soil under organic and conventional management in central Italy. Soil Till. Res. 92:10-17.
    27. Mendoza, T.C. (2002). Comparative productivity, profitability and energy use in organic, LEISA and conventional rice production in the Philippines. Livestock Res. Rural Develo. 14(6).
    28. Narayanan, S. (2005). Organic farming in India: Relevance, problems and constraints. Occasional paper-38. Department of Economic Analysis and Research, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Mumbai, India.
    29. Nemecek, T., Huguenin-Elie, O., Dubois, D. and Gaillard, G. (2005). Ökobilanzierung vonAnbausystemen im Schweizerischen Acker- und Futterbau, Zürich. pp:156.
    30. Partap, T. (2006). India Organic Pathway: Making way for itself. Occasional Paper. International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture, Bangalore. Retrieved March 4, 2011 from www.iccoa.org pub.
    31. Partap, T. and Vaidya, C.S. (2009). Organic Farmers Speak on Economics and Beyond. West View Press, New Delhi.
    32. Partap, T. (2010). Organic farming potentials for green productivity, ecological services, and sustainable rural development. In: Organic Agriculture and Agribusiness: Innovation and Fundamentals. Asian Productivity Organization, Hirakawacho, (Partap, T. and Saeed, M. (Eds.)) Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
    33. Pfiffner, L., Merkelbach, L. and Luka, H. (2003). Do sown wildflower strips enhance the parasitism of lepidopteron pests in cabbage crops? International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants/West Pala arctic Regional Section Bulletin, 26(4):111-116.
    34. Pretty, J.N., Noble, A.D., Bossio, D., Dixon, J., Hine, R.E., Penning de Vris, F.W.T. and Morison, J.I.L. (2006). Resource- conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(4):1114-1119.
    35. Ramesh, P., Panwar, N.R., Singh, A.B., Ramana, S., Yadav, S.K., Shrivastava, R. and Subba Rao, A. (2010). Status of organic farming in India. Curr. Sci. India 98(9):1190-1194.
    36. Rao, Kishore V.S.K., Supe, R., Menon, M.K. and Partap, T. (2006). Market for organic foods in India: Consumer perceptions and market potential. Bangalore: International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture.
    37. Roger, F.H. (1987). Importance of Bio-fertilizers in intensive cropping. Haryana Farming, Gandhi Bhawan, CCSHAU, Hisar, India.
    38. Scialabba, N. (2003). ‘Organic agriculture: The challenge of sustaining food production while enhancing biodiversity.’ In: United Nations thematic group sub-group meeting on Wildlife, Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture, 15-16 April 2003, Ankara, Turkey.
    39. Shepherd, M., Pearce, B., Cormack, B., Philipps, L., Cuttle, S., Bhogal, A., Costigan, P. and Unwin, R. (2003). An assessment of the environmental impacts of organic farming. ADAS, Wolverhampton.
    40. Singh, C. (1993). Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi, pp:148-160.
    41. Stoll, G. (2002). Asia and the International Context. Organic agriculture and rural poverty alleviation: Potential and best practices in Asia. Bangkok: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
    42. Stolton, S. (2002). Biodiversity and organic agriculture. IFOAM, Tholey-Theley, Germany.
    43. Stolze, M., Piorr, A., Haring, A. and Dabbert, S. (2000). The Environmental Impacts of Organic agriculture in Europe– Organic agriculture in Europe: Economics and Policy, vol. 6. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart.
    44. Stonehouse, D.P., Clark, E.A. and Ogini, Y.A. (2001). Organic and conventional dairy farm comparisons in Ontario, Canada. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 19(2):115–125.
    45. Subrahmanyeswari, B. and Chander, M. (2008). Animal husbandry practices of organic farmers: An appraisal. Veterinary World 1(10): 303-305.
    46. Tewari, H.C. and Tewari, P. (2007). Off Season Organic Vegetables: A Potential Source of Household Food Security. In: Papers Submitted to the International Conference on Organic Agricutlure and Food Security (FAO, Rome, Italy, 3-5 May 2007) pp:45-47.
    47. Thorup-Kristensen K., Magid, J. and Jensen, L.S. (2003). Catch crops and green manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones. Adv. Agron. 79: 227-302.
    48. Tybrik, K., Alroe, H.F. and Frederiksen, P. (2004). Nature and quality in organic farming: A conceptual analysis of consideration and criteria in a European context. J. Agric. Environ. Ethic. 17(3):249–274.
    49. Velimirov, A. (2006). Europäische Sommerakademie für Biolandwirtschaft, Lednice na Moravé, CZ, Retrieved March 9, 2011 from http://orgprints.org/9163.
    50. Wai, O. K. (2000). Humus Consultancy, Malaysia. Revised Edition, October 2000.
    51. Wynen, E. (1994). Economics of organic farming in Australia. In: The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. (Lampkin, N.H., and S. Padel (eds.)). CAB International, Wallingford. pp:185–199.
    52. Wyss, E., Luka, H., Pfiffner, L., Schlatter, C., Uehlinger, G. and Daniel, C. (2005). Approaches to pest management in organic agriculture: a case study in European apple orchards. Organic-Research.com, May 2005, pp:33N – 36N.
    53. Zehnder, G., Gurr, G.M., Kühne, S., Wade, M.R., Wratten, S.D. and Wyss, E. (2007). Arthropod pest management in organic crops. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52:57-80.
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