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volume 21 issue 3 (september 2000) : 168-177

PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN RICE : A REVIEW

M
M. Baskar
A
A. Solaimalai
C
C. Sivakumar
R
R. Suresh
1Departmant of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Baskar M., Solaimalai A., Sivakumar C., Suresh R. (2025). PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN RICE : A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 21(3): 168-177. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus is available in low to medium quantity (11 to 22 kg P ha−1) in Indian soils. However, phosphorus is less commonly defichint for rice than upland crops because of its increased concentration in soil solution under flooded condition. Phosphorus exists mainly as Fe-P in rice soils. Submergence increases P availability through reduction of Fe-P, dissolution of occuluded-P, hydrolysis of Fe-P and AI-P, increased mineralisation of organic P, solubilisation of Ca-P (in calcareous soil) and diffusion of P. In single super phosphate (SSP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) treated soils, the applied P converted mainly to AI-P and Fe-P and while in Mussorrie rock phosphate (MRP) treated soils, applied P remained mainly as Ca-P. Rice plants seemed to utilize P released from Ca-P in black, red, laterite and alluvial soils and in low level laterite as Fe-P. The response of rice to applied P was observed upto 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha−1, but the higher rates showed no beneficial effect. P availability to rice did not differ significantly among different kinds of fertilisers, except on very acidic or very alkaline soils. The use of an alternative source of P like MRP has also been effective in certain situations but not in all. Application of MRP in combination with SSP in 50:50 ratio along with green manure found to be economical rather than application of SSP alone. Efficiency of phosphatic fertilisers was more when applied along with organic manures and phosphobacteria. Split application of phosphorus (basal and top dressing at tillering) was beneficial for Rabi (winter) rice. Foliar spray of DAP 2% at boot leaf, 50% flowering and milky stage increased the rice grain yield during Kharif (rainy) season. It is necessary to apply higher doses of P fertilisers during cooler months of the Rabi season. Nursery manuring with DAP @2 kg per cent (40 m−2) of nursery was good especially when the age of the seedlings was limited to 25 days. Residual effect was more when P was applied through MRP than SSP. The magnitude of residual effect depends on the rate and kind of fertilizer used, the cropping and management system followed and to a greater extend on the type of soil.

KEYWORDS

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      volume 21 issue 3 (september 2000) : 168-177

      PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN RICE : A REVIEW

      M
      M. Baskar
      A
      A. Solaimalai
      C
      C. Sivakumar
      R
      R. Suresh
      1Departmant of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Baskar M., Solaimalai A., Sivakumar C., Suresh R. (2025). PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN RICE : A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 21(3): 168-177. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Phosphorus is available in low to medium quantity (11 to 22 kg P ha−1) in Indian soils. However, phosphorus is less commonly defichint for rice than upland crops because of its increased concentration in soil solution under flooded condition. Phosphorus exists mainly as Fe-P in rice soils. Submergence increases P availability through reduction of Fe-P, dissolution of occuluded-P, hydrolysis of Fe-P and AI-P, increased mineralisation of organic P, solubilisation of Ca-P (in calcareous soil) and diffusion of P. In single super phosphate (SSP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) treated soils, the applied P converted mainly to AI-P and Fe-P and while in Mussorrie rock phosphate (MRP) treated soils, applied P remained mainly as Ca-P. Rice plants seemed to utilize P released from Ca-P in black, red, laterite and alluvial soils and in low level laterite as Fe-P. The response of rice to applied P was observed upto 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha−1, but the higher rates showed no beneficial effect. P availability to rice did not differ significantly among different kinds of fertilisers, except on very acidic or very alkaline soils. The use of an alternative source of P like MRP has also been effective in certain situations but not in all. Application of MRP in combination with SSP in 50:50 ratio along with green manure found to be economical rather than application of SSP alone. Efficiency of phosphatic fertilisers was more when applied along with organic manures and phosphobacteria. Split application of phosphorus (basal and top dressing at tillering) was beneficial for Rabi (winter) rice. Foliar spray of DAP 2% at boot leaf, 50% flowering and milky stage increased the rice grain yield during Kharif (rainy) season. It is necessary to apply higher doses of P fertilisers during cooler months of the Rabi season. Nursery manuring with DAP @2 kg per cent (40 m−2) of nursery was good especially when the age of the seedlings was limited to 25 days. Residual effect was more when P was applied through MRP than SSP. The magnitude of residual effect depends on the rate and kind of fertilizer used, the cropping and management system followed and to a greater extend on the type of soil.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Agarwal, S. et aL (1987). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 35 : 25-28.
        2. Alam, S.M. and Azml, A.R. (1989). IRRN, 14(1) : 10-11.
        3. Annadurai, K. and Palaniappan, S.P. (1995). Madras Agrlc. J. 82 (6, 7 & 8) : 452-456.
        4. Anonymous, (1979). Annual report. 1978-79. ICAR, New Delhi.
        5. Anthoniraj.,. et a/. (1994). Madras Agric. J. 81 : 457-458.
        6. Arc.her, EC. (1978). J. Soil Sci. 29(2) : 277-285.
        7. Basak, RK., et aL (1990). Environment and Ecology. 8 : 750-751.
        8. Basak, UK and Dravid, M.S. (1982). J.Nuclear Agrlc. BiQL 21 : 35-40.
        9. Basak, UK and Dravid, M.S. (1992). J. Nuclear Agrlc. BioI. 21 : 35-40.
        10. Beltran, R. et al. (1982). SoIls Fert/I., : 653.
        11. Beri, B and Meelu, a.p. (1980). Prog. Famg. 4 : 8-9.
        12. Bhattacharya, D. and Das, B. (1975). J. Indian Chern. Soc. 52 : 726-729.
        13. Bhattacheryya,KK and Chatterjee, B. N. (1978). Indian J. Agrlc Sci. 48 : 589- 597.
        14. Biddappa, G.G..and Patnaik, S. (1977). Mysore J. Agrlc. Sci. 11 : 28-33.
        15. Bradley, cLet a1. (1984). Aust. J. Soil Res. 22 : 455-461.
        16. Chandraratna, M.F. and Fernado, L. H. (1954). Trop. Agric. 110 : 178.
        17. Chandrasekar?ln, N. (1989). M. Sc lAg) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore.
        18. Vol. 21, No.3, 2000 175
        19. Chhonkar, PK (1979). Bull. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 12 : 30-42.
        20. ChockalingalTJ, S. (1986). M. Sc. (Ag) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore.
        21. Das, DK (1996). Introduction to Soil Science. Kalyani Publishers. pp 349-350.
        22. Dash, R.N. et al. (1982). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 30 : 387-389.
        23. Datta, M. and Banik, S. (1994). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 64 : 791-793.
        24. Datta, M. et al. (1992). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 62 : 482-485.
        25. Davide, J.G.(1964). In : Proc. Int. Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of the Rice. IRRl, Philippines,
        26. P : 253-260.
        27. De Datta, SK (1978). In : Soils and RiCe. IRRI, Manila, Philippines.
        28. De Datta, SK (1981). Principles and practicles of rice production. John Wiley, New York. p : 65-80.
        29. De Datta, S.K (1983). In : Proc. 3rd Int. Congo on Phosphorus Compounds, Institute Monotlal du Phosphate,
        30. Morocco. p : 401-421.
        31. Debnath, N.C. and Basak, RK (1986). Fert. Res. 8 : 241-248.
        32. Dipak and Sarkar, M. K (1982). J. Indian Soc. Soil. Sci. 30 : 48-52.
        33. Dravid et aJ. (1976). J. Nuclear Agric. BioI. 5 : 32-34.
        34. Dungapatra, P. and De Datta, SK (1969). Int. Rice Comm: Newsl. 18 1-17.
        35. Geetanjali Gosh (1985). J. Nuclear Agric. BioI. 14 : 32-33.
        36. Gill, H.S. and Meelu, a.p. (1983). Indian Fmg. 32 : 19-20.
        37. Gill, H.S. and Meelu, a.p. (1983). PI. Soil. ~ 74 : 211-222.
        38. Harikrishnan Nair, K and Aiyer, R. S. (1988) In : Proc. Semi~ar on the Use of Rock Phosphate in West Coast
        39. Soils, University of Agricultural Scierices, Bangalore. pp. 1-14.
        40. Hundal, H.S. etal. (1992) J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 40 : 76.
        41. Hundal, H.S. et al. (1992). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 40 : 76.
        42. Hundal, H.S. and Dhillon, N. S. (1993). IRRN. 18(1) : 43-44.
        43. Islam, M.A. (1970). PI. Soil, 33 : 533-544.
        44. Jagadeesan, M. et al. (1986) In : Rock Phosphate in Agriculture (Kothandaraman, G. V: et al. ed. ) TNAU,
        45. Coimbatore. pp : 58-60.
        46. Janardhanan Pillal, S. (1995). Ph·.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        47. Jeyaraj, T. and Chandrasekaran, B. (1997). Seed Res., 25 : 50-52.
        48. Jianfeeng, M.A. and Elichi Jakahashi (1990). PI. Soil. . 133 : 151-155.
        49. Jianfeeng, M.A. and Elichi Jakahashi (1990). PI. Soil. . 126 : 115-119.
        50. Kadiresan, N. (1984). M. Sc. (Ag) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        51. Kalaimani, S. et al. (1979). Adt. Reptr., 3 : 28-31.
        52. Kalitha, M.C. and Baroova, (1994). Ann. Agrlc. Res. 15 : 297-300.
        53. Katyal, J.C. and Venkataramaya, K (1983). J. Indian Soc. Soil. Sci. 31 : 192-196.
        54. Kavith, R. (1995). MSc. (Ag) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        55. Khauta, KB. et aI. (1976). Indian J. Agron. 21 : 425-429.
        56. Krishnappa, M. (1988). In : Proc. National seminar on Use of Rock Phosphate in West Coast Soils. Univ.
        57. Agric. Sci., Bangalore. P : 32-38.
        58. Kumaraswamy, K and Sree Ramulu, U. S: (1991). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 39 : 308-315.
        59. Lekha Sreekantan and Palaniappan, S. P. (1993). Madras Agrlc. J. 80 : 675-677.
        60. Lekha Sreekantan (1987). Ph. D Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore. .
        61. Mahalle, S.S. and Thorat, S. T. (1994). J. Maharashtra Agrlc. Univ. 19 : 315.
        62. MandaI, B.K. and Ghosh, K G. (1988). I)gric. Res. J. Kerala, 26 : 143-148.
        63. MandaI, L.N. and Khan, S. K (1972). J. Indian Soc Soil Sci., 20 : 57-62.
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