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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 21 issue 2 (june 2000) : 80-88

HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDS: A REVIEW

S
S. Sanbagavalli
O
O.S. Kandasamy
K
K. Ganesan
1Department of Agronomy and Entomology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Sanbagavalli S., Kandasamy O.S., Ganesan K. (2025). HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDS: A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 21(2): 80-88. doi: .

ABSTRACT

At global level, herbicides constitute 47% of the total pesticides used during 1997–98. About 72% of the herbicide consumption took place in the developed countries viz., USA, Western Europe and Japan. In India, the herbicide consumption is 16% of the total pesticides used and it is expected to increase upto 20% by the end of the 9th five year plan. Though the herbicide consumption is very low in India, there are growing concerns and questions about herbicide residue in food stuffs, soil, ground water and atmosphere, potential weed shift and resistance to herbicides. Research reports on the effect of continuous application of same herbicide for weed management indicate that weed resistance to particular herbicide. Herbicide resistant weeds develop because of selection pressure from the continuous use of chemicals with the same mode of action. Based on foreign work, we can know the chances for the occurrence of herbicide groups which are going to develop resistance in India.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Alizadeh, H.M. et aI., (1998). WeE1d Res, 38 : 139-142.
    2. Amrhein, N. et al., (1980). PI. Physiol., 66: 830-834.
    3. Anderson, RN. and Grownwald, J.w. (1987). PI. Physio I. , 96: 104-109.
    4. Andrews, T.S. et aI., (1998). Weed ScL, 46: 1~6-199.
    5. Anil Dixit and Bhan, V.M. (1995). Weed News 21 (1 & 2): 33~35.
    6. Appleby, A.P. and Valverde, B.E. (1989). Weed Techno/. , 3: 198-206.
    7. Bandeen, J.D. et aI., (1982). Herbicide resistance in plants (Eds: Le Baron, H.M. ~nd Gressel, J.1982). John Wiley
    8. & Sons, Inc. pp.9-30.
    9. Barr, A.R et aI., (1992). In : Proc. International Weed Control Congress. Victoria, Weed Sci. Society, pp.70-72.
    10. Betts, KJ. et al., (1992). Weed SeL, 40 : 184-189.
    11. Bhan, V.M. (1994). Weed News 1(1): 7-9.
    12. Bradshaw, L.D. et aI., (1997). Weed Technol., 11 : 189-198.
    13. Boutsalis, P. and Powles, S.B. (1995). Weed Res., 35 : 149-155.
    14. Bowyer, J.R et aI., (1991). In : Herbicides - Topics in Photosynthesis (Eds: Baker, N.R 'and Percival M.P.) Holland'
    15. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.382.
    16. Burnet, M.W.M. et aI., (1991). Weed ScL, 39 : 17-23.
    17. Carol-Mallory Smith (1998). Weed Technol., 12: 322-324.
    18. Cotterman, J.C. and Saari, L.L. (1992). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 43: 182-192.
    19. Coupland, D. (1994). In: Herbicide Resistance in Plants: Biology and Biochemistry (Eds : Powles, S.B. and Holtum,
    20. JAM.). Lewis Boca Raton, Florlda.PP.171-174.
    21. Christopher, J.T. et aI., (1992). PI. Physiol., 100 i909-1913.
    22. Christopher, J.T. et aI., (1995). PI. Physiol., 95 : 1036-1043.
    23. Charlotee V. Eberlein et aI., (1997). Weed ScL, 45 : 212-217.
    24. Daniel D. Anderson, et aI., (1998). Weed Technol., 12 : 74-77.
    25. Dennis J. Tonks and Philip Westra. (1997). Weed Technol., 11 : 270-276.
    26. Devine, M.D. and Shimakuro, RH. (1994) In : Herbicide Resistance in Plants: Biology and Biochemistry (Eds :
    27. Powles, S.B. and Holtum, JAM.). CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, PP.141-170.
    28. Devine, M.D. and Eberliln, C.v. (1997). In : Herbicide Activity: Toxicology, Biochemistry and molecular biology (Eds:
    29. Roe, M. et al.) los Press, Afl1sterdam, pp.159-185.
    30. Evenson, KJ. et aI., (1994). PI. Physiol., 105 : 671-680.
    31. Furest, E.P. and Vaughn, KC. (1990). Weed Technol., 4 : 150-156.
    32. Furest, E.P. and Norman, MA (1991). Weed Sci., 39: 458-464.
    33. Ghersa, C.M et aI., (1994). Agron., J., 86: 823-828.
    34. Gray, JA et al., (1995). Weed ScL, 4~.: 352-357.
    35. Gressel, J. and Segal, L.A. (1990). American Chemical Society Symp. Series No: 421, American Chemical Society,
    36. Washington DC. pp.430-458.
    37. Gressel, J. (1991). Herbicide Resistance In Weed and Crops (Eds : Caseley et al.) Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
    38. Grownwald, J:w. et aI., (1989). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 34 :149-163.
    39. Grossbard, E. and Atkinsons, D. (1985). The Herbicide Glyphosate. Butterworth and Company Ltd., London pp.490.
    40. Guttierl, M.J. et aI., (1995). Weed Sci. 43 : 175-178.
    41. Hall, L.M. et al., (1998). Weed Sci. 46: 390-396.
    42. Harrington, KC. (1987). Proc. Australian Weed COI1!. p.126.
    43. Heap, I.M. and Knight, R (1986). Aust. J. Agric. Res., 37 : 149-156.
    44. Heap, I.M. and Morrison, I.N. (1992). Weed Sci. Soc. of America, Ab~tract 32: 55.
    45. Vol. 21, No.2, 2000 87
    46. Heap, !.M. et al., (1993). Weed Sci., 41 : 232-238. •
    47. Ho, N.K (1992). Short note for discussion with extension officers, MADA, Alorsetar, Malaysia.
    48. Hill, J.E. et al., (1994). Aust. J. Exp. Agrie., 34: 1021-1029.
    49. Hugh, J.Beckie and Morrison, !.M. (1993). Weed Teehnol., 7 : 6-14.
    50. Islam, AKM.R. and Powles, S.B. (1998). Weed Res., 28: 393-397.
    51. Itoh, K and Matsunaka, S. (1990). Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants (Eds : Kawnao, S) San
    52. Diego Academic Press, pp.417. .
    53. Jodie, S. Holt (1993). Annual Rev. of PI. Physiol. and Plant Mol. BioI., 44: 203-229.
    54. Hinz, ,J.R.R. and Owen, MD.K. (1997). Weed Technol., 11 : 13-18.
    55. Julio Menendez et al., (1994). Weed SeL, 42: 340-344.
    56. Kassim AI-Khatib et aL, (1998) Weed SeL, 46: 403-407.
    57. Kemp, M.S. et al., (1990). Ma11aging Resistance to Agrocr !mlcals (Eds : Green, M.B. et al.) American Chemical
    58. Society synobosium series 421, Washington D.C., PP.376-393.
    59. Kemp, M.S. and Caseley, J.c. (1992). Herbicide Resistance In Weeds and Crops(Eds: Caseley etal. 1991) ButterworthHeinemann,
    60. Oxford. pp.279-292.
    61. Kirankumar S. M. and Baird, Vance Baird (1995). Weed Sci., 43: 28-33.
    62. Kirkwood, RC. et al., (1997). Proc. of the 16th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference. Integrated
    63. weerlmanagement towards sustainable agriculture, 8-12th September, Kula Lumpur, Malaysia. pp.204-207.
    64. Kremer, E. and Kropff. M.J. (1998). Weed Res., 38: 467-476.
    65. Leach, J.M. etal., (199:). Pesticide Sci., 42: 281-289.
    66. Le Baron, H.M. (1991). Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops (Eds: Caseley, G.w. et al. 1991). Butterworth-
    67. Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp. 27-43.
    68. Le Baron, H.M. and Gressel, J. (1982). Herbicide Resistance in Plants. Academic Press, New York.
    69. Baron, H.M. (1992). Proc. 3rd Tropical Weed Science Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1990.
    70. Malik, RK and Singh, S. (1993). Proc. Indian Society of Weed Sci. International Symposium on IWM for sustainable
    71. agriculture. 18-20th November, 1993. Hlsar, India (1) pp.225-238.
    72. Mansooji, AM. et al., (1992). Proc. of the lor International Weed Control Congress, Weed Sci. Society Victoria,
    73. pp. 304-306.
    74. Mathew Fees, J.et al., (1998). Weed Sci., 46 : 514-520.
    75. Marshall, G. et al., (1994). Weed Res., 34 : 177-185.
    76. Morrison, LN. et al., (1991). Herbicide ResistC}l1ce In Weeds (Eds : Cussa~s, G. and Caseley, J.C.) ButterworthHeinmann,
    77. Oxford. pp.67-75.
    78. Mendenez, J. et al., (1993). Proc. of Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Weeds. Vo!.!., British crop protection
    79. council survey, UKPP.213-220.
    80. Parker, W.B. et al., (1990). Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci., USA 87 : 7157-7179.
    81. Powles, S.B. et al., (1998). Weed ScI., 46 : 604-607.
    82. Preston, C. (1994). Herbicide Resistance In Plants (Eds: Powles, S.B. and Holtum, J.AM). Lewis Publishers, CRC
    83. Press, Inc., Boca Raton.
    84. Ryan, G.E (1970). Weed Sci., 18 :614-616.
    85. Rubin, B. (1991). Herbicide Resistance In Weeds (Eds : Caseley, J.C. et al.) Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford,
    86. pp.387-414.
    87. Saari, L.L. etal., (1990). PesticideBlochem. Physlol., 42: 110-118.
    88. Saari, L.L. et al., (1992). Pesticide Biochem. Physlol., 42 : 110-113.
    89. Saari, L.L. et al., (1994). Herbicide Resistance in Plants (Eds: Powles, S.B and Holtum, J.AM.) Le.wis Publishers,
    90. Boca Raton, Florida.
    91. Sardar, EM. and Mallory-Smith, C.A. (1997). Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci., 50 : 34 (SAS-Statistical Analysis System).
    92. Schmitzer, P.R. et al., (1993). PI. Physiol., 103 : 281-283.
    93. Shaner, D.L. (1991). Herbicide Resistance In Weeds and Crops (Eds. Ford, M.G. et al.) Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
    94. pp.105-117.
    95. Shaalties, Y. et al., (1988). Bloehem. Physlol., 40: 236-245.
    96. Souza Machado, V. et al., (1978). Can. J. Plant Sci., 58 : 977-981.
    97. Singh, S. (1998). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
    98. Sprauge, C.L. et al., (1997). Weed Res., 37 : 93-101.
    99. Stidham, M.A. (1991). Weed Sci., 39: 428-434.
    100. Sy, S.J. and Mercado, B.L. (1983). Phil1lpplne J. Weed Sci., 10: 90-93.
    101. Todd S. Andrews and Morrison, I.N. (1997). Weed Technol., 11 : 369-372.
    102. 88 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    103. Trebst, A. (1991). Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops (Eds: Caseley, J.C. et al.) Butterworth-Heinemann,
    104. Oxford, pp.145-164.
    105. Tucker, E.S. and Powles, S.B. (1993). Weed Scl., 39 : 159-162.
    106. Valverde, B.F. et'al., (1988). Weed Scl., 41 : 81
    107. Vaughn, Ke. and Fuerest, E.P. (1.985). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 24 : 86-94.
    108. Vaughn, Ke. and Vaughn, M.A. (1991). Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops (Eds : Caseley, J.e. et al.)
    109. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp.177-186.
    110. Walker, KA. et al., (1989). Reo. Weed Sci., 4: 71-84.
    111. Watanabe, H. et al., (1994). Annual meeting of Japan Weed Sci. Society, Shlba University.
    112. Whitehead, c.w. and Switzer, e.M. (1963). Can. J. PI. ScL, 43 : 255-262.
    113. WSSA (Weed Science Society of America) (1998). Weed Technol., 12(4) : 789.
    114. YaduraJu, N.T. (1999). Weed Sci., 31 : 93-94.
    115. YaduraJu, N.T. and Ahuja, KN. (1995). Froc. Brighton Crop Protection Conference- weeds (1) : pp.225-230.
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      volume 21 issue 2 (june 2000) : 80-88

      HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDS: A REVIEW

      S
      S. Sanbagavalli
      O
      O.S. Kandasamy
      K
      K. Ganesan
      1Department of Agronomy and Entomology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Sanbagavalli S., Kandasamy O.S., Ganesan K. (2025). HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDS: A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 21(2): 80-88. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      At global level, herbicides constitute 47% of the total pesticides used during 1997–98. About 72% of the herbicide consumption took place in the developed countries viz., USA, Western Europe and Japan. In India, the herbicide consumption is 16% of the total pesticides used and it is expected to increase upto 20% by the end of the 9th five year plan. Though the herbicide consumption is very low in India, there are growing concerns and questions about herbicide residue in food stuffs, soil, ground water and atmosphere, potential weed shift and resistance to herbicides. Research reports on the effect of continuous application of same herbicide for weed management indicate that weed resistance to particular herbicide. Herbicide resistant weeds develop because of selection pressure from the continuous use of chemicals with the same mode of action. Based on foreign work, we can know the chances for the occurrence of herbicide groups which are going to develop resistance in India.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Alizadeh, H.M. et aI., (1998). WeE1d Res, 38 : 139-142.
        2. Amrhein, N. et al., (1980). PI. Physiol., 66: 830-834.
        3. Anderson, RN. and Grownwald, J.w. (1987). PI. Physio I. , 96: 104-109.
        4. Andrews, T.S. et aI., (1998). Weed ScL, 46: 1~6-199.
        5. Anil Dixit and Bhan, V.M. (1995). Weed News 21 (1 & 2): 33~35.
        6. Appleby, A.P. and Valverde, B.E. (1989). Weed Techno/. , 3: 198-206.
        7. Bandeen, J.D. et aI., (1982). Herbicide resistance in plants (Eds: Le Baron, H.M. ~nd Gressel, J.1982). John Wiley
        8. & Sons, Inc. pp.9-30.
        9. Barr, A.R et aI., (1992). In : Proc. International Weed Control Congress. Victoria, Weed Sci. Society, pp.70-72.
        10. Betts, KJ. et al., (1992). Weed SeL, 40 : 184-189.
        11. Bhan, V.M. (1994). Weed News 1(1): 7-9.
        12. Bradshaw, L.D. et aI., (1997). Weed Technol., 11 : 189-198.
        13. Boutsalis, P. and Powles, S.B. (1995). Weed Res., 35 : 149-155.
        14. Bowyer, J.R et aI., (1991). In : Herbicides - Topics in Photosynthesis (Eds: Baker, N.R 'and Percival M.P.) Holland'
        15. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.382.
        16. Burnet, M.W.M. et aI., (1991). Weed ScL, 39 : 17-23.
        17. Carol-Mallory Smith (1998). Weed Technol., 12: 322-324.
        18. Cotterman, J.C. and Saari, L.L. (1992). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 43: 182-192.
        19. Coupland, D. (1994). In: Herbicide Resistance in Plants: Biology and Biochemistry (Eds : Powles, S.B. and Holtum,
        20. JAM.). Lewis Boca Raton, Florlda.PP.171-174.
        21. Christopher, J.T. et aI., (1992). PI. Physiol., 100 i909-1913.
        22. Christopher, J.T. et aI., (1995). PI. Physiol., 95 : 1036-1043.
        23. Charlotee V. Eberlein et aI., (1997). Weed ScL, 45 : 212-217.
        24. Daniel D. Anderson, et aI., (1998). Weed Technol., 12 : 74-77.
        25. Dennis J. Tonks and Philip Westra. (1997). Weed Technol., 11 : 270-276.
        26. Devine, M.D. and Shimakuro, RH. (1994) In : Herbicide Resistance in Plants: Biology and Biochemistry (Eds :
        27. Powles, S.B. and Holtum, JAM.). CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, PP.141-170.
        28. Devine, M.D. and Eberliln, C.v. (1997). In : Herbicide Activity: Toxicology, Biochemistry and molecular biology (Eds:
        29. Roe, M. et al.) los Press, Afl1sterdam, pp.159-185.
        30. Evenson, KJ. et aI., (1994). PI. Physiol., 105 : 671-680.
        31. Furest, E.P. and Vaughn, KC. (1990). Weed Technol., 4 : 150-156.
        32. Furest, E.P. and Norman, MA (1991). Weed Sci., 39: 458-464.
        33. Ghersa, C.M et aI., (1994). Agron., J., 86: 823-828.
        34. Gray, JA et al., (1995). Weed ScL, 4~.: 352-357.
        35. Gressel, J. and Segal, L.A. (1990). American Chemical Society Symp. Series No: 421, American Chemical Society,
        36. Washington DC. pp.430-458.
        37. Gressel, J. (1991). Herbicide Resistance In Weed and Crops (Eds : Caseley et al.) Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
        38. Grownwald, J:w. et aI., (1989). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 34 :149-163.
        39. Grossbard, E. and Atkinsons, D. (1985). The Herbicide Glyphosate. Butterworth and Company Ltd., London pp.490.
        40. Guttierl, M.J. et aI., (1995). Weed Sci. 43 : 175-178.
        41. Hall, L.M. et al., (1998). Weed Sci. 46: 390-396.
        42. Harrington, KC. (1987). Proc. Australian Weed COI1!. p.126.
        43. Heap, I.M. and Knight, R (1986). Aust. J. Agric. Res., 37 : 149-156.
        44. Heap, I.M. and Morrison, I.N. (1992). Weed Sci. Soc. of America, Ab~tract 32: 55.
        45. Vol. 21, No.2, 2000 87
        46. Heap, !.M. et al., (1993). Weed Sci., 41 : 232-238. •
        47. Ho, N.K (1992). Short note for discussion with extension officers, MADA, Alorsetar, Malaysia.
        48. Hill, J.E. et al., (1994). Aust. J. Exp. Agrie., 34: 1021-1029.
        49. Hugh, J.Beckie and Morrison, !.M. (1993). Weed Teehnol., 7 : 6-14.
        50. Islam, AKM.R. and Powles, S.B. (1998). Weed Res., 28: 393-397.
        51. Itoh, K and Matsunaka, S. (1990). Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants (Eds : Kawnao, S) San
        52. Diego Academic Press, pp.417. .
        53. Jodie, S. Holt (1993). Annual Rev. of PI. Physiol. and Plant Mol. BioI., 44: 203-229.
        54. Hinz, ,J.R.R. and Owen, MD.K. (1997). Weed Technol., 11 : 13-18.
        55. Julio Menendez et al., (1994). Weed SeL, 42: 340-344.
        56. Kassim AI-Khatib et aL, (1998) Weed SeL, 46: 403-407.
        57. Kemp, M.S. et al., (1990). Ma11aging Resistance to Agrocr !mlcals (Eds : Green, M.B. et al.) American Chemical
        58. Society synobosium series 421, Washington D.C., PP.376-393.
        59. Kemp, M.S. and Caseley, J.c. (1992). Herbicide Resistance In Weeds and Crops(Eds: Caseley etal. 1991) ButterworthHeinemann,
        60. Oxford. pp.279-292.
        61. Kirankumar S. M. and Baird, Vance Baird (1995). Weed Sci., 43: 28-33.
        62. Kirkwood, RC. et al., (1997). Proc. of the 16th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference. Integrated
        63. weerlmanagement towards sustainable agriculture, 8-12th September, Kula Lumpur, Malaysia. pp.204-207.
        64. Kremer, E. and Kropff. M.J. (1998). Weed Res., 38: 467-476.
        65. Leach, J.M. etal., (199:). Pesticide Sci., 42: 281-289.
        66. Le Baron, H.M. (1991). Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops (Eds: Caseley, G.w. et al. 1991). Butterworth-
        67. Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp. 27-43.
        68. Le Baron, H.M. and Gressel, J. (1982). Herbicide Resistance in Plants. Academic Press, New York.
        69. Baron, H.M. (1992). Proc. 3rd Tropical Weed Science Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1990.
        70. Malik, RK and Singh, S. (1993). Proc. Indian Society of Weed Sci. International Symposium on IWM for sustainable
        71. agriculture. 18-20th November, 1993. Hlsar, India (1) pp.225-238.
        72. Mansooji, AM. et al., (1992). Proc. of the lor International Weed Control Congress, Weed Sci. Society Victoria,
        73. pp. 304-306.
        74. Mathew Fees, J.et al., (1998). Weed Sci., 46 : 514-520.
        75. Marshall, G. et al., (1994). Weed Res., 34 : 177-185.
        76. Morrison, LN. et al., (1991). Herbicide ResistC}l1ce In Weeds (Eds : Cussa~s, G. and Caseley, J.C.) ButterworthHeinmann,
        77. Oxford. pp.67-75.
        78. Mendenez, J. et al., (1993). Proc. of Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Weeds. Vo!.!., British crop protection
        79. council survey, UKPP.213-220.
        80. Parker, W.B. et al., (1990). Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci., USA 87 : 7157-7179.
        81. Powles, S.B. et al., (1998). Weed ScI., 46 : 604-607.
        82. Preston, C. (1994). Herbicide Resistance In Plants (Eds: Powles, S.B. and Holtum, J.AM). Lewis Publishers, CRC
        83. Press, Inc., Boca Raton.
        84. Ryan, G.E (1970). Weed Sci., 18 :614-616.
        85. Rubin, B. (1991). Herbicide Resistance In Weeds (Eds : Caseley, J.C. et al.) Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford,
        86. pp.387-414.
        87. Saari, L.L. etal., (1990). PesticideBlochem. Physlol., 42: 110-118.
        88. Saari, L.L. et al., (1992). Pesticide Biochem. Physlol., 42 : 110-113.
        89. Saari, L.L. et al., (1994). Herbicide Resistance in Plants (Eds: Powles, S.B and Holtum, J.AM.) Le.wis Publishers,
        90. Boca Raton, Florida.
        91. Sardar, EM. and Mallory-Smith, C.A. (1997). Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci., 50 : 34 (SAS-Statistical Analysis System).
        92. Schmitzer, P.R. et al., (1993). PI. Physiol., 103 : 281-283.
        93. Shaner, D.L. (1991). Herbicide Resistance In Weeds and Crops (Eds. Ford, M.G. et al.) Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
        94. pp.105-117.
        95. Shaalties, Y. et al., (1988). Bloehem. Physlol., 40: 236-245.
        96. Souza Machado, V. et al., (1978). Can. J. Plant Sci., 58 : 977-981.
        97. Singh, S. (1998). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
        98. Sprauge, C.L. et al., (1997). Weed Res., 37 : 93-101.
        99. Stidham, M.A. (1991). Weed Sci., 39: 428-434.
        100. Sy, S.J. and Mercado, B.L. (1983). Phil1lpplne J. Weed Sci., 10: 90-93.
        101. Todd S. Andrews and Morrison, I.N. (1997). Weed Technol., 11 : 369-372.
        102. 88 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
        103. Trebst, A. (1991). Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops (Eds: Caseley, J.C. et al.) Butterworth-Heinemann,
        104. Oxford, pp.145-164.
        105. Tucker, E.S. and Powles, S.B. (1993). Weed Scl., 39 : 159-162.
        106. Valverde, B.F. et'al., (1988). Weed Scl., 41 : 81
        107. Vaughn, Ke. and Fuerest, E.P. (1.985). Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 24 : 86-94.
        108. Vaughn, Ke. and Vaughn, M.A. (1991). Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops (Eds : Caseley, J.e. et al.)
        109. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp.177-186.
        110. Walker, KA. et al., (1989). Reo. Weed Sci., 4: 71-84.
        111. Watanabe, H. et al., (1994). Annual meeting of Japan Weed Sci. Society, Shlba University.
        112. Whitehead, c.w. and Switzer, e.M. (1963). Can. J. PI. ScL, 43 : 255-262.
        113. WSSA (Weed Science Society of America) (1998). Weed Technol., 12(4) : 789.
        114. YaduraJu, N.T. (1999). Weed Sci., 31 : 93-94.
        115. YaduraJu, N.T. and Ahuja, KN. (1995). Froc. Brighton Crop Protection Conference- weeds (1) : pp.225-230.
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