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volume 22 issue 3 & 4 ( 2001) : 215-221

LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS - A REVIEW

S
Shantanu Kumar·
R
Ram Kumar
U
Uma Sah·
1National Dairy Research Institute, Kamal- 132 001, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Kumar· Shantanu, Kumar Ram, Sah· Uma (2025). LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 22(3): 215-221. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Whether the agricultural research succeeds or fails as a catalyst to any nation's development depends largely on how well researchers and extension personnel communicate and cooperate with each other. In this regard, close and reciprocal interaction among research, extension and farmers is mandatory which could lead to design and delivery of appropriate technology. The status of linkages between research and extension, extension and farmers and research and farmers has been highlighted and also the indicators which could measure the linkage strength among the above actors in the development are reviewed.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Akhouri, M.M.P. (1973). Ph.D. Thesis, I.ARI., New Delhi.
    2. Alzahrwal, K.H. (1992), World Agril. Econ. & Rural Sociology Abstr., 34(10): 866,
    3. Ambastha, C.K. (1974) Ph.D. Thesis, I.ARI., New Delhi.
    4. Antholt, CH (1990). J. Extn. Systems, 6: 1.
    5. Azad. R.N, (1975). Kurukshetra, 24: 13-17.
    6. Babu, AR. and Sinha, B.P. (1985). Indian J. Extn. Edn., 21{3&4): 11-15,
    7. Balakrishna, B. (1997). Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI Deemed University, Kamal.
    8. Biggs, SD. (1989). Resource Poor Farmers' Participation in Research: A synthesis of experiences from nine national
    9. agricultural research systems. OFCOR Comparative Study Paper No.3, ISNAR, The Hague.
    10. Bourgeosis, R. (1989). Promoting Integration Through Structural Change: Making the link between agricultural
    11. research and technology users, ISNAR Working Papers.
    12. Chennegowda, M.B. (1983). Indian J. Extn. Edn., 19{3&4): 66-68.
    13. Cho, C.Y. (1996). Transformation of Korean Farming: A success story of effective linkage. Asia Pacific Association
    14. of Agricultural Research Institutions, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, pp.12-29.
    15. Vol. 22, No. 3/4, 2001 221
    16. Eponou. T. (1993). Partners in Agricultural Technology: Linking research and technology transfer to serve farmers.
    17. ISNAR Research Report No.1, ISNAR, The Hague.
    18. Ernest, R.S. (1973). Ph.D. Thesis, I.AR.I., New Delhi.
    19. Gadewar, AU. and Ingle, P.O. (1993). Maharashtra J. Extn. Edn., 12: 359.
    20. Ganorkar, P.L. and Bhugul, M.K (1978). Agric. Situat. India, 33: 223-227.
    21. Ganorkar, P.L. and Khonde, S.R. (1979). Agric. Situat. India, 34: 699-703.
    22. Gupta, A.K (1991). In: International Conference on Extension Strategies for Minimising Risk in Rainfed Agriculture
    23. (April 6-8). Abstract, pp:lO
    24. Gupta, J. (1998). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS University, Meerut.
    25. Hall, M. (1992). FAO Review, 24(6): 31-35.
    26. Jain, N.C. (1970). Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan State University, USA
    27. Kaimowitz, D. (1987). In: Report of the International Workshop on Agricultural Research and Management.
    28. International Service for National Agricultural Research held 7-12 Sept. The Haque, The Netherlands.
    29. Kaimowilz, D. (1989). Placing Agricultural Research and Technology transfer in one organisation: Two experiences
    30. from Colombia. Linkage Discussion Paper No.3, ISNAR, The Hague.
    31. Kaimowitz, D. (1990). Making the Link: Agricultural research and technology transfer in developing countries.
    32. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
    33. Kessaba, AM. (1989). Technology Systems for Resource-poor Farmers: Issues and options. Westview Press, Boulder.
    34. Lionberger, H.E and Chang, C. (1970). Flow of Farm Information for Modernising Agriculture: The Taiwan System.
    35. Praeger Publishers, New York.
    36. Nawab, K and Lawrence, L.D. (1995). J. Extn. Systems, 10(1): 37-45.
    37. Pant, J.C. (1994). In: Proc. National Sem. on Extension Education and Research and Development Linkage held at
    38. JARI Library, New Delhi.
    39. Pickering. D.C. (1985). In: Agricultural Extension by T&V. The Asian Experience, (Cernea, M.M. et al. edl, World
    40. Bank, Washington, DC.
    41. Pineiro, M.E. (1989). Generation and Transfer of Technology for Poor, Small Farmers. Technology Systems for
    42. Small Farmers - Issues and Options: Westview Press, Boulder.
    43. Prasad, C. and Reddy, H.N.B. (1991). In: Extension Strategies for Rainfed Agriculture. (Prasad, C. and Das, P. eds.).
    44. Indian Society of Extension Education, New Delhi.
    45. Rahiman, O.A (1991). In: International Conference on Extension Strategy for Minimising Risk in Rainfed Agriculture
    46. (April 6-8), Abstract, PP: 15 .
    47. Rao, S.v.N. (1992). Indian Dairyman, 4: 288-301.
    48. Rao. S.v.N. and Sohal, T.S. (1980).lndianJ. Extn. Edn., 16(3&4): 74-77.
    49. Rolling, N. (1989). Why Farmers Matter: The role of user participation in technology development and delivery.
    50. ISNAR, The Hague.
    51. Samanta, R.K (1991). Agricultural Knowledge Transfer: Key for Agricultural Development. In: Agricultural Extension
    52. in Changing World Perspective, pp.1-20.
    53. Sanoria, YC. and Singh, KN. (1978). Indian J.Extn. Edn., 14(1&2): 17-22.
    54. Sarkar, A. (1981). Ph.D. Thesis (NDRI), Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.
    55. Sawant, G.K. etal. (1979).lndianJ. Extn. Edn., 15(1&2): 75-76.
    56. Seegers, S. and Kaimouitz, D.K (1989). Relations Between Research and Extension Workers: The survey evidence.
    57. Linkage Discussion Paper No.2, ISNAR, The Hague.
    58. Sharma, N.K. and Rao, S.v.N. (1998).lndianJ. Dairy Sci., 50(1): 12-17.
    59. Sharma, P.K. (1982). Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI, Karnal.
    60. Sihag, S. and Grover, I. (1992). Maharashtra J. Extn. Edn., 11: 28-34.
    61. Singh, G. (1989). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar.
    62. Singh, P. (1994). Ph.D. Thesis, 1.v.R.I., Izatnagar.
    63. Singh, P. and Pastonjee, D.M. (1974). Indian J. Indus Relations, 9: 407-416.
    64. Singh, S.K. et al. (1991). Constraints operating in forward and backward linkages of Monthly Workshop of T&V
    65. Extension, U.P. Society of Extension Education and Rural Development, C.SAU.A&T., Kanpur, U.P.
    66. Souder, W.E. (1980). Res. Mgmt., 23(4): 10-15.
    67. Sridhar, S. and Reddy, H.N.B. (1977). M.Sc. Thesis, UAS, Hebbal, Bangalore.
    68. Trent, c.c. (1989). Strengthening the linkage between research and extension in the Ministry of Agriculture, The
    69. Gambia. Gambian Agricultural Research and Diversification Consultancy Report No.54, Department of
    70. Agricultural Research: The Gambia: Ministry of Agriculture.
    71. Verma, U. (1987). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar.
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      volume 22 issue 3 & 4 ( 2001) : 215-221

      LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS - A REVIEW

      S
      Shantanu Kumar·
      R
      Ram Kumar
      U
      Uma Sah·
      1National Dairy Research Institute, Kamal- 132 001, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Kumar· Shantanu, Kumar Ram, Sah· Uma (2025). LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 22(3): 215-221. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Whether the agricultural research succeeds or fails as a catalyst to any nation's development depends largely on how well researchers and extension personnel communicate and cooperate with each other. In this regard, close and reciprocal interaction among research, extension and farmers is mandatory which could lead to design and delivery of appropriate technology. The status of linkages between research and extension, extension and farmers and research and farmers has been highlighted and also the indicators which could measure the linkage strength among the above actors in the development are reviewed.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Akhouri, M.M.P. (1973). Ph.D. Thesis, I.ARI., New Delhi.
        2. Alzahrwal, K.H. (1992), World Agril. Econ. & Rural Sociology Abstr., 34(10): 866,
        3. Ambastha, C.K. (1974) Ph.D. Thesis, I.ARI., New Delhi.
        4. Antholt, CH (1990). J. Extn. Systems, 6: 1.
        5. Azad. R.N, (1975). Kurukshetra, 24: 13-17.
        6. Babu, AR. and Sinha, B.P. (1985). Indian J. Extn. Edn., 21{3&4): 11-15,
        7. Balakrishna, B. (1997). Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI Deemed University, Kamal.
        8. Biggs, SD. (1989). Resource Poor Farmers' Participation in Research: A synthesis of experiences from nine national
        9. agricultural research systems. OFCOR Comparative Study Paper No.3, ISNAR, The Hague.
        10. Bourgeosis, R. (1989). Promoting Integration Through Structural Change: Making the link between agricultural
        11. research and technology users, ISNAR Working Papers.
        12. Chennegowda, M.B. (1983). Indian J. Extn. Edn., 19{3&4): 66-68.
        13. Cho, C.Y. (1996). Transformation of Korean Farming: A success story of effective linkage. Asia Pacific Association
        14. of Agricultural Research Institutions, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, pp.12-29.
        15. Vol. 22, No. 3/4, 2001 221
        16. Eponou. T. (1993). Partners in Agricultural Technology: Linking research and technology transfer to serve farmers.
        17. ISNAR Research Report No.1, ISNAR, The Hague.
        18. Ernest, R.S. (1973). Ph.D. Thesis, I.AR.I., New Delhi.
        19. Gadewar, AU. and Ingle, P.O. (1993). Maharashtra J. Extn. Edn., 12: 359.
        20. Ganorkar, P.L. and Bhugul, M.K (1978). Agric. Situat. India, 33: 223-227.
        21. Ganorkar, P.L. and Khonde, S.R. (1979). Agric. Situat. India, 34: 699-703.
        22. Gupta, A.K (1991). In: International Conference on Extension Strategies for Minimising Risk in Rainfed Agriculture
        23. (April 6-8). Abstract, pp:lO
        24. Gupta, J. (1998). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS University, Meerut.
        25. Hall, M. (1992). FAO Review, 24(6): 31-35.
        26. Jain, N.C. (1970). Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan State University, USA
        27. Kaimowitz, D. (1987). In: Report of the International Workshop on Agricultural Research and Management.
        28. International Service for National Agricultural Research held 7-12 Sept. The Haque, The Netherlands.
        29. Kaimowilz, D. (1989). Placing Agricultural Research and Technology transfer in one organisation: Two experiences
        30. from Colombia. Linkage Discussion Paper No.3, ISNAR, The Hague.
        31. Kaimowitz, D. (1990). Making the Link: Agricultural research and technology transfer in developing countries.
        32. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
        33. Kessaba, AM. (1989). Technology Systems for Resource-poor Farmers: Issues and options. Westview Press, Boulder.
        34. Lionberger, H.E and Chang, C. (1970). Flow of Farm Information for Modernising Agriculture: The Taiwan System.
        35. Praeger Publishers, New York.
        36. Nawab, K and Lawrence, L.D. (1995). J. Extn. Systems, 10(1): 37-45.
        37. Pant, J.C. (1994). In: Proc. National Sem. on Extension Education and Research and Development Linkage held at
        38. JARI Library, New Delhi.
        39. Pickering. D.C. (1985). In: Agricultural Extension by T&V. The Asian Experience, (Cernea, M.M. et al. edl, World
        40. Bank, Washington, DC.
        41. Pineiro, M.E. (1989). Generation and Transfer of Technology for Poor, Small Farmers. Technology Systems for
        42. Small Farmers - Issues and Options: Westview Press, Boulder.
        43. Prasad, C. and Reddy, H.N.B. (1991). In: Extension Strategies for Rainfed Agriculture. (Prasad, C. and Das, P. eds.).
        44. Indian Society of Extension Education, New Delhi.
        45. Rahiman, O.A (1991). In: International Conference on Extension Strategy for Minimising Risk in Rainfed Agriculture
        46. (April 6-8), Abstract, PP: 15 .
        47. Rao, S.v.N. (1992). Indian Dairyman, 4: 288-301.
        48. Rao. S.v.N. and Sohal, T.S. (1980).lndianJ. Extn. Edn., 16(3&4): 74-77.
        49. Rolling, N. (1989). Why Farmers Matter: The role of user participation in technology development and delivery.
        50. ISNAR, The Hague.
        51. Samanta, R.K (1991). Agricultural Knowledge Transfer: Key for Agricultural Development. In: Agricultural Extension
        52. in Changing World Perspective, pp.1-20.
        53. Sanoria, YC. and Singh, KN. (1978). Indian J.Extn. Edn., 14(1&2): 17-22.
        54. Sarkar, A. (1981). Ph.D. Thesis (NDRI), Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.
        55. Sawant, G.K. etal. (1979).lndianJ. Extn. Edn., 15(1&2): 75-76.
        56. Seegers, S. and Kaimouitz, D.K (1989). Relations Between Research and Extension Workers: The survey evidence.
        57. Linkage Discussion Paper No.2, ISNAR, The Hague.
        58. Sharma, N.K. and Rao, S.v.N. (1998).lndianJ. Dairy Sci., 50(1): 12-17.
        59. Sharma, P.K. (1982). Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI, Karnal.
        60. Sihag, S. and Grover, I. (1992). Maharashtra J. Extn. Edn., 11: 28-34.
        61. Singh, G. (1989). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar.
        62. Singh, P. (1994). Ph.D. Thesis, 1.v.R.I., Izatnagar.
        63. Singh, P. and Pastonjee, D.M. (1974). Indian J. Indus Relations, 9: 407-416.
        64. Singh, S.K. et al. (1991). Constraints operating in forward and backward linkages of Monthly Workshop of T&V
        65. Extension, U.P. Society of Extension Education and Rural Development, C.SAU.A&T., Kanpur, U.P.
        66. Souder, W.E. (1980). Res. Mgmt., 23(4): 10-15.
        67. Sridhar, S. and Reddy, H.N.B. (1977). M.Sc. Thesis, UAS, Hebbal, Bangalore.
        68. Trent, c.c. (1989). Strengthening the linkage between research and extension in the Ministry of Agriculture, The
        69. Gambia. Gambian Agricultural Research and Diversification Consultancy Report No.54, Department of
        70. Agricultural Research: The Gambia: Ministry of Agriculture.
        71. Verma, U. (1987). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar.
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