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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 23 issue 4 (december 2002) : 227 - 240

BIOCONVERSION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC AGRO-RESIDUES TO FUEL ALCOHOL - A REVIEW

R
Rashmi Kadian
N
N.R. Bishnoi
R
R.K. Bishnoi*
1Department of EnvironmentaL Science and Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar - 125001, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Kadian Rashmi, Bishnoi N.R., Bishnoi* R.K. (2025). BIOCONVERSION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC AGRO-RESIDUES TO FUEL ALCOHOL - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 23(4): 227 - 240. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Over the past few decades considerable research and development is directed towards understanding and commercialization of renewable energy sources. A process for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuel alcohol involving pretreatment of the raw material, cellulase production, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of the hydrolysates has been developed. Research efforts directed towards understanding and manipulating the bioconversion process suggest that greater yields of ethanol can be achieved through process optimization. These studies have yielded considerable insights into the role that cellulase plays in the bioconversion process. Better understanding of the various pretreatments and molecular mechanisms at work in hydrolysis will make it possible to improvethe conversion, efficiency and economics of the bioconversion process.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Abasaeed, A.E. and Mansour, M.E. (1992). Biores. Techno!, 40: 221-224.
    2. Ahring, B.K pt a! (1996). Biores Techno!, 58: 107-113.
    3. Ahring, 13K et a! (1999) Biores. Techn'J!, 68: 3-9.
    4. Akin, DE. etal. (1995). Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61: 1591-1598.
    5. Andreoni, P. et al (1980). In Energy from Biomass (IECConference) (Palz, W et a! eds.), Applied Science Publishers,
    6. 337-343.
    7. 13alterini, D eta! (1994). Biores. Techno!, 50: 17-23.
    8. Bergeron. PW et a! (1989). In Energy from Biomass and Wastes X//(KJass D.L. ed.). Institute of Gas Technology,
    9. Chicago. 1343-1355.
    10. BInder. A. eta! (1980). Eur. J App/. Microbio/. Biotechnol., 11: 1-5.
    11. Bjerre. A.B. eta! (1996). Biotechno! Bioeng, 49: 568-577.
    12. Buchert. J. etal. (1988). App. Microbio/. Biotechno/.. 28 367-372
    13. Buttler, T et a! (1994). Biotechno! Bioeng., 44: 322-328.
    14. Chahal. D.S. and Overend, RP. (1983). In Advances in AgJiClllrural Microbiology (Rao, N.S.S. ed.) Oxford and IBH.
    15. UK 585-641.
    16. Chernoglazov. VM. eta! (1988). Enzyme Microb. Techno!. 10, 503-507.
    17. Clausan, E.e. and Gaddy, J.L. (1989). In Energy from Biomass and Wastes XI/(K1ass, D.L. ed.). Institute of Gas
    18. Technology, Chicago, 1319-1342.
    19. Correa. M.G. eta! (1999). Biores Techno/., 68: 173-178
    20. Coughlan, M.P. (1992). Biores. Techno/., 39: 107-115.
    21. Cowling, E.B. and Kirk. TK (1976). Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp., 95-123.
    22. David, e. eta/. (1985). App! Biochem. Biotechnol., 11 315-365.
    23. Delegens, J.P. et a! (1996). Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19: 220-225.
    24. Desai, S.G. and Converse, A.O. (1997). Biotechno/. Bioeng., 56: 650-655.
    25. Deshpande, M.v. and Eriksson, KE. (1984). Enzyme Microb. Techno/., 6: 338-340.
    26. Detroy, RW et a! (1980). Biotechno! Bioeng. Symp., 10: 135-148.
    27. Dien. B.S. etal. (2000). Appl. Biochem. Biotechno/., 84/86: 181-196.
    28. Easyterbauer, H. eta! (1992). Biores. Techno!. 39: 117-123.
    29. Eklund. Rand Zacchi, G (1995). Enzyme Microb. Techno/., 17 : 255-259.
    30. Fan, L.T eta! (1980). Biotechnol. Bioeng., 22: 177-199.
    31. Fan, LT. et'a! (1982). Adv. Biochem. Eng., 23: 157-187
    32. Gharpuray, M.M. et a! (1983). Biotechno! Bioeng., 25: 157-172.
    33. Ghosh, TK. and Bisaria. V.S. (1979). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 21: 131-146.
    34. Ghosh, T.K eta! (1983). Biotechnol. Bioeng., 25: 2577-2590.
    35. Goldstein. I.S. et a! (1983). Biotechno! Bioeng. Symp., 13: 17-25.
    36. Goncalves. A.R and Benar, P. (2001). Biores. Techno/., 79: 103-111.
    37. Gould, J.M. (1984). Biotechno/. Bioeng., 26: 46-52.
    38. Gregg. D.J. and Saddler, J.N. (1996). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 51: 375-383.
    39. Gregg, D.J. etal. (1998). Biores. Techno/., 63: 7-12.
    40. Grohmann, K eta! (1986). Biotechno! Bioeng. Symp., 17: 135-142.
    41. Gunasekaran. P. and Raj, Ke. (1999). Curr. Sci., 77: 56-68.
    42. GusakovA.V. eta! (1992). App! Biochem. Biotechno!, 34/35: 625-637.
    43. Hinman, ND. et a! (1992). App! Biochem. Biotechno!, 34/35: 639-649.
    44. Holtzapple, MT. etal. (1990). Biotechno! Bioeng., 36: 275- 287.
    45. Ingram, e.O. et a! (1998). Biotechno! Bioeng., 58: 204-214.
    46. Ishihara, M. et a/. (1991). Biotechno! Bioeng., 37: 948-954.
    47. Kadam, KL. and Schmidt, S.L. (1997). Appl. Microbio! Biotechnol., 48: 709-713.
    48. Kahlon, S.S. and Dass, SK (1987). Biological Wastes, 22: 11-21.
    49. Kanotra, S. and Mathur, RS. (1994). Biores. Techno!, 47: 185-188.
    50. Vol. 23, No.4. 2002 239
    51. Kaur, P.P. et a! (1998). Biores. Technol., 66: 267-269
    52. Klinke, H.B. et a! (2002) Biores. Techno!, 82: 15·26.
    53. Kona, R.P. eta! (2001). Biares. Techno!. 78: 123-126.
    54. Krishna, S.H. etal (2001). Biores. Techno!, 77: 193-196.
    55. Ladisch, M.R and Svarczkopf, J.A. (1991). Biores Techno!, 36: 83-95.
    56. Lamport, D.T.A et a! (1980). In Energy from Bioma.5s (I EC Conference) (Palz. W. et p! eds.), Applied Science
    57. Publishers. 292-297.
    58. Lee. D. et a! (1995;. Biotechno! Bioeng., 45: 328-336.
    59. Lee, SB. et al. (1982). Biotechno! Bioeng., 24 2137-2135.
    60. Lee. YH. and Fan, LT. (1982). Biotechno! Bioeng., 24: 383-406
    61. Lee, YH. and Fan, L.T (1983). Biotechnol. Bioeng., 25: 939-966.
    62. Lynch. J.M. (1992). In Proceedings of the International Composting Research Symposium (Hoitink. H.AJ. and
    63. Keener, H. eds.). 24-35.
    64. Lynd. L.R. eta! (1991). Science, 251: 1318-1323.
    65. MClnander, NQ. eta! (1999). Biores. Techno!. 68: 79-87.
    66. Mishra, C. et al. (1984). Biotechno! Bioeng., 26: 370-373.
    67. Mooney, CA eta! (1998). Biores Technol., 64: 113-119.
    68. Nazhad. M.M. et a! (1994) Enzyme Microb. Techno!, 17 : 74-86
    69. Nguyen. QA and Saddler. IN. (1991). Biores Techno!. 85 275-282.
    70. Nidetzky. B. et .'II (1993). Blores TechnoL, 44: 25-32.
    71. Nikolov. T eta! (2000). Biores Techno!, 71: 1-4.
    72. Ohmine. K eta! (1983). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 25: 2041-2053
    73. Okeke. Be and Obi, SKC. (1994) BiOl·es. Techno!, 47S 283-284
    74. Ooshima, H. et a! (1990). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 36 446-452.
    75. Oslon. L. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. (1996). Enzyme Microb. Techno!, 18: 312-331.
    76. Palmqvist, E. et al (1996). Enzyme Microb. Techno/.. 19: 470-476.
    77. Paszner. Land Cho, H.J. (1989). In Energy from Biomass and [«,stes XII(Klass. DE ed.). Institute of (,;a5 Technology.
    78. Chicago,1297-1317
    79. Philippidis, G.P. et al. (1993). Biotechno! Bioeng, 41: 846-853
    80. Puis, J. and Dietrichs, H.H. (1980). In, Energy from Biomass (I EC ConferenceJ(Palz. W. er a! eds). Applied Science
    81. Publishers, 348-353.
    82. Puis, J. and Wood, TM. (1991). Biores. Techno!. 36: 15-19.
    83. Puri, v.P. (1984). Biotechno! Bioeng., 26 1219-1222.
    84. Pyc, R eta! (1977). EuropeanJ Appl MicroblOl, 4: 151-158.
    85. Ramos, L.P. eta! (1993). Enzyme Microb. Techno!. 15: 91-125.
    86. Ramos, L.P. etal. (1992). Appl Biochem. Biotechno!. 34/35 37-47.
    87. Rao, M. and Setta, R (1983). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 25: 1863-1871.
    88. Roberts. RS. etal. (1980). Biotechnol Bioeng. Symp.. 10: 125-134.
    89. Ropars, M. etal (1992). Biores. Techno!. 42: 197-204
    90. Ryu, D.D.Y. etal (1984). Biotechno! Bioeng, 26488-496.
    91. Sasaki. T. eta! (1979). Biotechno! Bioeng. 21 1031-1042.
    92. Schmidt. AS and Thomsen, AB. (1998) BiOl·es. Techno!. 64: 139-151
    93. Sharma. A eta! (2001) Biores Techno!. 78: 281-284.
    94. Srinivas. D. eta! (1995). Enzyml?Microb Techno!. 17 418-423.
    95. Tan. LLJ L. eta! (1986) App! Microbiol Biotechno!, 25 256-261.
    96. Tanaka. 1'v1. er d (1988). Biotechno! Bioeng, 32: 897-902
    97. Thompson. D.N I?ta! (1992). Biores. Techno!. 39: 155-163
    98. Valmaseda. M. et a! (1991). Biomass Bioenergy, 1: 261-266.
    99. Vares, T et ol (1995). Appl Environ. Microbio!, 61: 3515-3520
    100. Viesturs, U. et a! (1996) App! Biochem Biotechno!. 57/58: :l49-360
    101. Vlasenko, E. Yu. etal (1997). Blores. Technol. 59 109-199.
    102. Waldner, R et al (1988) Appl Microbial Biotechnol. 229 '100-407
    103. Walker, L.P. and Wilson, D.B (1991). BiOl·es. Techno!. 36 3-14
    104. Warzywoda, M et al. (1992). Biores. Technal. 39 125-130 .
    105. Wood. TM. and Saddler, J.N (1988). Meth. Enzymoi 160 :~-11.
    106. Wright, J.D. (1989). In Energy from Biomass and Wastes Xll (Klass, D. L. ed.). Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago. 240 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS 1246-1260.
    107. Wyk van, J.P.H. (1999). Biores. Techno/., 69: 269-273.
    108. Wyman, C.E. (1994). Biores. Techno/., 50: 3-16.
    109. Wyman, C.E. and GocxIman, B.J. (1993). Appl. Biochem. Biotechno/., 39/40: 41-59.
    110. Xin, L.Z. and Kumakura, M. (1992). Biores. Techno/., 43: 13-17.
    111. Yamada, T. and 000, H. (1999). BiOJOes. Techno/., 70: 61-67.
    112. Zacchi, G. eta/. (1998). Biotechno/. Bioeng., 32: 460-466.
    113. Zhang, R. and Zhang, Z. (1999). Biores. Techno/., 68: 235-245.
    114. Zilliox, C. and Debeire, P. (1998). Enzyme Microb. Techno/., 22: 58-63.
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      volume 23 issue 4 (december 2002) : 227 - 240

      BIOCONVERSION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC AGRO-RESIDUES TO FUEL ALCOHOL - A REVIEW

      R
      Rashmi Kadian
      N
      N.R. Bishnoi
      R
      R.K. Bishnoi*
      1Department of EnvironmentaL Science and Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar - 125001, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Kadian Rashmi, Bishnoi N.R., Bishnoi* R.K. (2025). BIOCONVERSION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC AGRO-RESIDUES TO FUEL ALCOHOL - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 23(4): 227 - 240. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Over the past few decades considerable research and development is directed towards understanding and commercialization of renewable energy sources. A process for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuel alcohol involving pretreatment of the raw material, cellulase production, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of the hydrolysates has been developed. Research efforts directed towards understanding and manipulating the bioconversion process suggest that greater yields of ethanol can be achieved through process optimization. These studies have yielded considerable insights into the role that cellulase plays in the bioconversion process. Better understanding of the various pretreatments and molecular mechanisms at work in hydrolysis will make it possible to improvethe conversion, efficiency and economics of the bioconversion process.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Abasaeed, A.E. and Mansour, M.E. (1992). Biores. Techno!, 40: 221-224.
        2. Ahring, B.K pt a! (1996). Biores Techno!, 58: 107-113.
        3. Ahring, 13K et a! (1999) Biores. Techn'J!, 68: 3-9.
        4. Akin, DE. etal. (1995). Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61: 1591-1598.
        5. Andreoni, P. et al (1980). In Energy from Biomass (IECConference) (Palz, W et a! eds.), Applied Science Publishers,
        6. 337-343.
        7. 13alterini, D eta! (1994). Biores. Techno!, 50: 17-23.
        8. Bergeron. PW et a! (1989). In Energy from Biomass and Wastes X//(KJass D.L. ed.). Institute of Gas Technology,
        9. Chicago. 1343-1355.
        10. BInder. A. eta! (1980). Eur. J App/. Microbio/. Biotechnol., 11: 1-5.
        11. Bjerre. A.B. eta! (1996). Biotechno! Bioeng, 49: 568-577.
        12. Buchert. J. etal. (1988). App. Microbio/. Biotechno/.. 28 367-372
        13. Buttler, T et a! (1994). Biotechno! Bioeng., 44: 322-328.
        14. Chahal. D.S. and Overend, RP. (1983). In Advances in AgJiClllrural Microbiology (Rao, N.S.S. ed.) Oxford and IBH.
        15. UK 585-641.
        16. Chernoglazov. VM. eta! (1988). Enzyme Microb. Techno!. 10, 503-507.
        17. Clausan, E.e. and Gaddy, J.L. (1989). In Energy from Biomass and Wastes XI/(K1ass, D.L. ed.). Institute of Gas
        18. Technology, Chicago, 1319-1342.
        19. Correa. M.G. eta! (1999). Biores Techno/., 68: 173-178
        20. Coughlan, M.P. (1992). Biores. Techno/., 39: 107-115.
        21. Cowling, E.B. and Kirk. TK (1976). Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp., 95-123.
        22. David, e. eta/. (1985). App! Biochem. Biotechnol., 11 315-365.
        23. Delegens, J.P. et a! (1996). Enzyme Microb. Technol., 19: 220-225.
        24. Desai, S.G. and Converse, A.O. (1997). Biotechno/. Bioeng., 56: 650-655.
        25. Deshpande, M.v. and Eriksson, KE. (1984). Enzyme Microb. Techno/., 6: 338-340.
        26. Detroy, RW et a! (1980). Biotechno! Bioeng. Symp., 10: 135-148.
        27. Dien. B.S. etal. (2000). Appl. Biochem. Biotechno/., 84/86: 181-196.
        28. Easyterbauer, H. eta! (1992). Biores. Techno!. 39: 117-123.
        29. Eklund. Rand Zacchi, G (1995). Enzyme Microb. Techno/., 17 : 255-259.
        30. Fan, L.T eta! (1980). Biotechnol. Bioeng., 22: 177-199.
        31. Fan, LT. et'a! (1982). Adv. Biochem. Eng., 23: 157-187
        32. Gharpuray, M.M. et a! (1983). Biotechno! Bioeng., 25: 157-172.
        33. Ghosh, TK. and Bisaria. V.S. (1979). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 21: 131-146.
        34. Ghosh, T.K eta! (1983). Biotechnol. Bioeng., 25: 2577-2590.
        35. Goldstein. I.S. et a! (1983). Biotechno! Bioeng. Symp., 13: 17-25.
        36. Goncalves. A.R and Benar, P. (2001). Biores. Techno/., 79: 103-111.
        37. Gould, J.M. (1984). Biotechno/. Bioeng., 26: 46-52.
        38. Gregg. D.J. and Saddler, J.N. (1996). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 51: 375-383.
        39. Gregg, D.J. etal. (1998). Biores. Techno/., 63: 7-12.
        40. Grohmann, K eta! (1986). Biotechno! Bioeng. Symp., 17: 135-142.
        41. Gunasekaran. P. and Raj, Ke. (1999). Curr. Sci., 77: 56-68.
        42. GusakovA.V. eta! (1992). App! Biochem. Biotechno!, 34/35: 625-637.
        43. Hinman, ND. et a! (1992). App! Biochem. Biotechno!, 34/35: 639-649.
        44. Holtzapple, MT. etal. (1990). Biotechno! Bioeng., 36: 275- 287.
        45. Ingram, e.O. et a! (1998). Biotechno! Bioeng., 58: 204-214.
        46. Ishihara, M. et a/. (1991). Biotechno! Bioeng., 37: 948-954.
        47. Kadam, KL. and Schmidt, S.L. (1997). Appl. Microbio! Biotechnol., 48: 709-713.
        48. Kahlon, S.S. and Dass, SK (1987). Biological Wastes, 22: 11-21.
        49. Kanotra, S. and Mathur, RS. (1994). Biores. Techno!, 47: 185-188.
        50. Vol. 23, No.4. 2002 239
        51. Kaur, P.P. et a! (1998). Biores. Technol., 66: 267-269
        52. Klinke, H.B. et a! (2002) Biores. Techno!, 82: 15·26.
        53. Kona, R.P. eta! (2001). Biares. Techno!. 78: 123-126.
        54. Krishna, S.H. etal (2001). Biores. Techno!, 77: 193-196.
        55. Ladisch, M.R and Svarczkopf, J.A. (1991). Biores Techno!, 36: 83-95.
        56. Lamport, D.T.A et a! (1980). In Energy from Bioma.5s (I EC Conference) (Palz. W. et p! eds.), Applied Science
        57. Publishers. 292-297.
        58. Lee. D. et a! (1995;. Biotechno! Bioeng., 45: 328-336.
        59. Lee, SB. et al. (1982). Biotechno! Bioeng., 24 2137-2135.
        60. Lee. YH. and Fan, LT. (1982). Biotechno! Bioeng., 24: 383-406
        61. Lee, YH. and Fan, L.T (1983). Biotechnol. Bioeng., 25: 939-966.
        62. Lynch. J.M. (1992). In Proceedings of the International Composting Research Symposium (Hoitink. H.AJ. and
        63. Keener, H. eds.). 24-35.
        64. Lynd. L.R. eta! (1991). Science, 251: 1318-1323.
        65. MClnander, NQ. eta! (1999). Biores. Techno!. 68: 79-87.
        66. Mishra, C. et al. (1984). Biotechno! Bioeng., 26: 370-373.
        67. Mooney, CA eta! (1998). Biores Technol., 64: 113-119.
        68. Nazhad. M.M. et a! (1994) Enzyme Microb. Techno!, 17 : 74-86
        69. Nguyen. QA and Saddler. IN. (1991). Biores Techno!. 85 275-282.
        70. Nidetzky. B. et .'II (1993). Blores TechnoL, 44: 25-32.
        71. Nikolov. T eta! (2000). Biores Techno!, 71: 1-4.
        72. Ohmine. K eta! (1983). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 25: 2041-2053
        73. Okeke. Be and Obi, SKC. (1994) BiOl·es. Techno!, 47S 283-284
        74. Ooshima, H. et a! (1990). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 36 446-452.
        75. Oslon. L. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. (1996). Enzyme Microb. Techno!, 18: 312-331.
        76. Palmqvist, E. et al (1996). Enzyme Microb. Techno/.. 19: 470-476.
        77. Paszner. Land Cho, H.J. (1989). In Energy from Biomass and [«,stes XII(Klass. DE ed.). Institute of (,;a5 Technology.
        78. Chicago,1297-1317
        79. Philippidis, G.P. et al. (1993). Biotechno! Bioeng, 41: 846-853
        80. Puis, J. and Dietrichs, H.H. (1980). In, Energy from Biomass (I EC ConferenceJ(Palz. W. er a! eds). Applied Science
        81. Publishers, 348-353.
        82. Puis, J. and Wood, TM. (1991). Biores. Techno!. 36: 15-19.
        83. Puri, v.P. (1984). Biotechno! Bioeng., 26 1219-1222.
        84. Pyc, R eta! (1977). EuropeanJ Appl MicroblOl, 4: 151-158.
        85. Ramos, L.P. eta! (1993). Enzyme Microb. Techno!. 15: 91-125.
        86. Ramos, L.P. etal. (1992). Appl Biochem. Biotechno!. 34/35 37-47.
        87. Rao, M. and Setta, R (1983). Biotechno! Bioeng.. 25: 1863-1871.
        88. Roberts. RS. etal. (1980). Biotechnol Bioeng. Symp.. 10: 125-134.
        89. Ropars, M. etal (1992). Biores. Techno!. 42: 197-204
        90. Ryu, D.D.Y. etal (1984). Biotechno! Bioeng, 26488-496.
        91. Sasaki. T. eta! (1979). Biotechno! Bioeng. 21 1031-1042.
        92. Schmidt. AS and Thomsen, AB. (1998) BiOl·es. Techno!. 64: 139-151
        93. Sharma. A eta! (2001) Biores Techno!. 78: 281-284.
        94. Srinivas. D. eta! (1995). Enzyml?Microb Techno!. 17 418-423.
        95. Tan. LLJ L. eta! (1986) App! Microbiol Biotechno!, 25 256-261.
        96. Tanaka. 1'v1. er d (1988). Biotechno! Bioeng, 32: 897-902
        97. Thompson. D.N I?ta! (1992). Biores. Techno!. 39: 155-163
        98. Valmaseda. M. et a! (1991). Biomass Bioenergy, 1: 261-266.
        99. Vares, T et ol (1995). Appl Environ. Microbio!, 61: 3515-3520
        100. Viesturs, U. et a! (1996) App! Biochem Biotechno!. 57/58: :l49-360
        101. Vlasenko, E. Yu. etal (1997). Blores. Technol. 59 109-199.
        102. Waldner, R et al (1988) Appl Microbial Biotechnol. 229 '100-407
        103. Walker, L.P. and Wilson, D.B (1991). BiOl·es. Techno!. 36 3-14
        104. Warzywoda, M et al. (1992). Biores. Technal. 39 125-130 .
        105. Wood. TM. and Saddler, J.N (1988). Meth. Enzymoi 160 :~-11.
        106. Wright, J.D. (1989). In Energy from Biomass and Wastes Xll (Klass, D. L. ed.). Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago. 240 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS 1246-1260.
        107. Wyk van, J.P.H. (1999). Biores. Techno/., 69: 269-273.
        108. Wyman, C.E. (1994). Biores. Techno/., 50: 3-16.
        109. Wyman, C.E. and GocxIman, B.J. (1993). Appl. Biochem. Biotechno/., 39/40: 41-59.
        110. Xin, L.Z. and Kumakura, M. (1992). Biores. Techno/., 43: 13-17.
        111. Yamada, T. and 000, H. (1999). BiOJOes. Techno/., 70: 61-67.
        112. Zacchi, G. eta/. (1998). Biotechno/. Bioeng., 32: 460-466.
        113. Zhang, R. and Zhang, Z. (1999). Biores. Techno/., 68: 235-245.
        114. Zilliox, C. and Debeire, P. (1998). Enzyme Microb. Techno/., 22: 58-63.
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