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volume 23 issue 1 (march 2002) : 39-45

FACTORS AFFECTING LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS - A REVIEW

S
Shantanu Kumar·
U
Uma Sah·
R
Ram Kumar
1National Dairy Research Institute, Kamal- 132001, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Kumar· Shantanu, Sah· Uma, Kumar Ram (2025). FACTORS AFFECTING LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 23(1): 39-45. doi: .

ABSTRACT

The effective link among research, extension and farmers depends on multiple factors. In one stance, the linkage strength is influnenced by the personal and psychological factors of the concerned personnel. Also the organizational factors like goal of the organization, organizational climate, etc., external factors like government policy, donor agencies, farmers group etc., and varieties of the constraining factors have limiting effects on the linkage strength. The present review aptly highlights all such factors influencing the linkage strength.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Ambastha. C.K. (1980). Indian J. Extll. Edn., 16(1&2): 34-38.
    2. Ambastha. C.K. and Singh, KN. (1979). Indian J. .Extn. Edn., 15(1&2): 1-8.
    3. Axinn, G.H. and Thorat, S. (1972). Modernising World Agriculture: Acomparative study of agricultural extension
    4. education systems. New York, Praeger Publishers, New Delhi, Oxford and IBH.
    5. Axinn, G.H. (1988). Guide on Alternative Extension Approaches. Agriculture Education and Extension Services,
    6. FAD, Rome.
    7. Axinn. G.H. (1991). In: Asian Farming Systems Research in Extension Symposium, '19-22 November.
    8. Balaguru, T and Rajagopalan, M. (1986). Agric. Admn., 23: 10-14.
    9. Bennett, C. (1988). Bologna: 7th International Congress of Rural Sociology, Theme Session of Extension.
    10. Bharati, V. (1993). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar.
    11. Block, K and Seegers, S. (1988). M.Sc. Thesis.
    12. Bhattacharya, A.K. and Talukdar, R.K. (1996). Rural India, 7: pp.20-25.
    13. Bunting, A.H. (1983). Exp. Agric., 19: 1-13.
    14. Burmeister, L. (1985). Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, USA.
    15. Cernea, M.M. (1981). In: International Experiences for Strategies for Planned Change. (Crouch, Bruce R and Chamala,
    16. Shankariah Ed) pp.233-237. _
    17. Compton, J.L. (1984)..Unking Scientist and Farmer. Rethinking extension's role. World Food Issues (2nd edition):
    18. Cornell University Centre for the Analysis of World Food Issues. Programme in International Agriculture.
    19. Ithaca, N.V.
    20. Coulter, J.K. (1983). Agricultural Extension by Training and Visit. The'Asian Experience: Woili Bank. Washington, D.C.
    21. Cummings, RW. Jr. (1981). In: Workshop on Unkages between Agricultural Research and Farmers in Developing
    22. Countries. Rock Feller Foundations. New York.
    23. deJanvry, A. and LeVeen, E.P. (1983). In: Technical Change in Social Conflict in Agriculture: Latin American
    24. Perspectives (Pineiro, M. and Trigo, E: eds.), Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
    25. Eponou, T (1996). Partners in Technology Generation and Transfer: Linkage between research and farmers'
    26. organisation in three selected African countries. ISNAR Research Report No.9, p.8, The Hague, The
    27. Netherland.
    28. Farrington, J. (1997). Biotechnol and Develop. Monitor, 30: 12-15.
    29. Fernandez, F. (1982). In: Transferring Technology for Small Scale FarmiT\g, N.R. Usherwood (ed.). (ASA Special
    30. Publication No.41), American Society of Agronomy, Madison. WI.
    31. Fischer, M. etal (1996). J. Farming Systems Res. Extn., 6(1): 37-48.
    32. Guttman, J.M. (1978). J. Pol Econ., 86(31):
    33. Hayami, V. and Ruttan, v.w. (1971). Agricultural Development: An International Perspective. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
    34. Heaver, R (1982). Bureaucratic politics and incentives in the management of rural development. World Bank Staff
    35. Working Paper No.537, Washington, DC.
    36. Huffman, W.E. and McNulty, M. (1985). Am. J. Agric. Econ., 76: 761-768.
    37. Huli, M.B. (1989). Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI Deemed University, Karnal.
    38. Jain, TC. (1985). Constraints on R-E linkages in hxIia. AWoili Bank UNDP Symp. edited by Cernea, Coulter and Russell.
    39. Kaimowitz, D. (1989). Placing Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer in One Organisation: Two experiences from Colombia. Linkage Discussion Paper No.3, ISNAR. The Hague.
    40. Kaimowitz, D. et al (1990). A conceptual framework for studying the links between agricultural research & TOT in developing countries. In making the link: Agril. Res. &Tech. Transfer Interface (Kainowitz, D., ed.) Westview Press, Boulder.
    41. Khandwalla, P.N: (1977). Acad. Mgmt. J., 16: 481-495.
    42. Krishnaraj, R (1981). Ph.D. Thesis, NDR! Deemed University, Karnal.
    43. Lawrence, .R and Lorsch, J.w. (1969). Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration.
    44. Richard D. Irwin Inc., Homewood, Illinois.
    45. Maalouf, W.o. (1983). In: Regional Seminar on Extension & RD. Strategies, Malaysia.
    46. Malik, J.S. (1993). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar.
    47. Vol. 23, No. I, 2002 45
    48. Merrill-Sands, D. and Kaimowitz, D. (1991). The Technology Triangle: Linking Farmers, Technology Transfer Agents
    49. and Agricultural Researchers. ISNAR, The Hague.
    50. Mosher, AT. (1978). An introduction to Agricultural Extension. Agricultural Development Council, New York.
    51. Nakkiran, S. (1968). M. Co-op. Thesis, Sri Ramkrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore.
    52. Pineiro, M. and Trigo, E. (1983). In: Technical Change and Social Conflict in Agriculture: Latin American Perspectives
    53. (Ineiro, M. and Trigo, E. OOs.). Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
    54. Prakasam, R. and Kshirsagar, S.S. (1979). Report on a Survey Prajnan, 8(3):
    55. Seegers, S. (1990). The use of the training and visit system to link research and extension units for paddy production
    56. in Matara district, Sri Lanka. ISNAR Linkages Discussion Paper No.8, The Hague.
    57. Sharma, K. and Motilal (1971). RajasthanJ. £du., 7(2): 24-40.
    58. Sharma, N.K. (1994). Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI Deemed University, Kamal.
    59. Sigman, VA and Swanson, B.E. (1982). Problem facing national agricultural extension in developing countries. INTERPAKS, Urbana, Illinois.
    60. Sims, H. and Leonard, D. (1989). The Political Economy of the Development and Transfer of Agricultural Technology.
    61. Linkages Theme Paper No.4, ISNAR. The Hague.
    62. Singh, P. (1994). Ph.D. Thesis. I.VR.i., Izatnagar.
    63. Singh, S.K. et al. (1991). Constraints operating in forward and backward linkages of monthly Workshop of T&V
    64. Extension, U.P. Society of Extension Education and Rural Development, C.S.AU.A&T., Kanpur, U.P.
    65. Singh, T.P. (1997). M.Sc. Thesis, NDR! Deemed University, Kamal.
    66. Sinha, J.B.P. (1980). Inc/ian J. Inc/us. Relations, 11(3): 381-389.
    67. Sivaraman, B. (1978). Address to the meeting of Vice-Chancellors of Agricultural Universities (Mimeograph). Planning Commission, New Delhi.
    68. Stephenson, T.E. (1963). Management of Cooperative Societies. William Heinemann Ltd., Auckland, pp.205-232.
    69. Wuyts-Fivawa, A (1992). Management of Intergroup Linkages for Agricultural Technology System. Linkage Discussion Paper No.12, ISNAR, The Hague.
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      volume 23 issue 1 (march 2002) : 39-45

      FACTORS AFFECTING LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS - A REVIEW

      S
      Shantanu Kumar·
      U
      Uma Sah·
      R
      Ram Kumar
      1National Dairy Research Institute, Kamal- 132001, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Kumar· Shantanu, Sah· Uma, Kumar Ram (2025). FACTORS AFFECTING LINKAGES AMONG RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND FARMERS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 23(1): 39-45. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      The effective link among research, extension and farmers depends on multiple factors. In one stance, the linkage strength is influnenced by the personal and psychological factors of the concerned personnel. Also the organizational factors like goal of the organization, organizational climate, etc., external factors like government policy, donor agencies, farmers group etc., and varieties of the constraining factors have limiting effects on the linkage strength. The present review aptly highlights all such factors influencing the linkage strength.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Ambastha. C.K. (1980). Indian J. Extll. Edn., 16(1&2): 34-38.
        2. Ambastha. C.K. and Singh, KN. (1979). Indian J. .Extn. Edn., 15(1&2): 1-8.
        3. Axinn, G.H. and Thorat, S. (1972). Modernising World Agriculture: Acomparative study of agricultural extension
        4. education systems. New York, Praeger Publishers, New Delhi, Oxford and IBH.
        5. Axinn, G.H. (1988). Guide on Alternative Extension Approaches. Agriculture Education and Extension Services,
        6. FAD, Rome.
        7. Axinn. G.H. (1991). In: Asian Farming Systems Research in Extension Symposium, '19-22 November.
        8. Balaguru, T and Rajagopalan, M. (1986). Agric. Admn., 23: 10-14.
        9. Bennett, C. (1988). Bologna: 7th International Congress of Rural Sociology, Theme Session of Extension.
        10. Bharati, V. (1993). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar.
        11. Block, K and Seegers, S. (1988). M.Sc. Thesis.
        12. Bhattacharya, A.K. and Talukdar, R.K. (1996). Rural India, 7: pp.20-25.
        13. Bunting, A.H. (1983). Exp. Agric., 19: 1-13.
        14. Burmeister, L. (1985). Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, USA.
        15. Cernea, M.M. (1981). In: International Experiences for Strategies for Planned Change. (Crouch, Bruce R and Chamala,
        16. Shankariah Ed) pp.233-237. _
        17. Compton, J.L. (1984)..Unking Scientist and Farmer. Rethinking extension's role. World Food Issues (2nd edition):
        18. Cornell University Centre for the Analysis of World Food Issues. Programme in International Agriculture.
        19. Ithaca, N.V.
        20. Coulter, J.K. (1983). Agricultural Extension by Training and Visit. The'Asian Experience: Woili Bank. Washington, D.C.
        21. Cummings, RW. Jr. (1981). In: Workshop on Unkages between Agricultural Research and Farmers in Developing
        22. Countries. Rock Feller Foundations. New York.
        23. deJanvry, A. and LeVeen, E.P. (1983). In: Technical Change in Social Conflict in Agriculture: Latin American
        24. Perspectives (Pineiro, M. and Trigo, E: eds.), Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
        25. Eponou, T (1996). Partners in Technology Generation and Transfer: Linkage between research and farmers'
        26. organisation in three selected African countries. ISNAR Research Report No.9, p.8, The Hague, The
        27. Netherland.
        28. Farrington, J. (1997). Biotechnol and Develop. Monitor, 30: 12-15.
        29. Fernandez, F. (1982). In: Transferring Technology for Small Scale FarmiT\g, N.R. Usherwood (ed.). (ASA Special
        30. Publication No.41), American Society of Agronomy, Madison. WI.
        31. Fischer, M. etal (1996). J. Farming Systems Res. Extn., 6(1): 37-48.
        32. Guttman, J.M. (1978). J. Pol Econ., 86(31):
        33. Hayami, V. and Ruttan, v.w. (1971). Agricultural Development: An International Perspective. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
        34. Heaver, R (1982). Bureaucratic politics and incentives in the management of rural development. World Bank Staff
        35. Working Paper No.537, Washington, DC.
        36. Huffman, W.E. and McNulty, M. (1985). Am. J. Agric. Econ., 76: 761-768.
        37. Huli, M.B. (1989). Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI Deemed University, Karnal.
        38. Jain, TC. (1985). Constraints on R-E linkages in hxIia. AWoili Bank UNDP Symp. edited by Cernea, Coulter and Russell.
        39. Kaimowitz, D. (1989). Placing Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer in One Organisation: Two experiences from Colombia. Linkage Discussion Paper No.3, ISNAR. The Hague.
        40. Kaimowitz, D. et al (1990). A conceptual framework for studying the links between agricultural research & TOT in developing countries. In making the link: Agril. Res. &Tech. Transfer Interface (Kainowitz, D., ed.) Westview Press, Boulder.
        41. Khandwalla, P.N: (1977). Acad. Mgmt. J., 16: 481-495.
        42. Krishnaraj, R (1981). Ph.D. Thesis, NDR! Deemed University, Karnal.
        43. Lawrence, .R and Lorsch, J.w. (1969). Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration.
        44. Richard D. Irwin Inc., Homewood, Illinois.
        45. Maalouf, W.o. (1983). In: Regional Seminar on Extension & RD. Strategies, Malaysia.
        46. Malik, J.S. (1993). Ph.D. Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar.
        47. Vol. 23, No. I, 2002 45
        48. Merrill-Sands, D. and Kaimowitz, D. (1991). The Technology Triangle: Linking Farmers, Technology Transfer Agents
        49. and Agricultural Researchers. ISNAR, The Hague.
        50. Mosher, AT. (1978). An introduction to Agricultural Extension. Agricultural Development Council, New York.
        51. Nakkiran, S. (1968). M. Co-op. Thesis, Sri Ramkrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore.
        52. Pineiro, M. and Trigo, E. (1983). In: Technical Change and Social Conflict in Agriculture: Latin American Perspectives
        53. (Ineiro, M. and Trigo, E. OOs.). Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
        54. Prakasam, R. and Kshirsagar, S.S. (1979). Report on a Survey Prajnan, 8(3):
        55. Seegers, S. (1990). The use of the training and visit system to link research and extension units for paddy production
        56. in Matara district, Sri Lanka. ISNAR Linkages Discussion Paper No.8, The Hague.
        57. Sharma, K. and Motilal (1971). RajasthanJ. £du., 7(2): 24-40.
        58. Sharma, N.K. (1994). Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI Deemed University, Kamal.
        59. Sigman, VA and Swanson, B.E. (1982). Problem facing national agricultural extension in developing countries. INTERPAKS, Urbana, Illinois.
        60. Sims, H. and Leonard, D. (1989). The Political Economy of the Development and Transfer of Agricultural Technology.
        61. Linkages Theme Paper No.4, ISNAR. The Hague.
        62. Singh, P. (1994). Ph.D. Thesis. I.VR.i., Izatnagar.
        63. Singh, S.K. et al. (1991). Constraints operating in forward and backward linkages of monthly Workshop of T&V
        64. Extension, U.P. Society of Extension Education and Rural Development, C.S.AU.A&T., Kanpur, U.P.
        65. Singh, T.P. (1997). M.Sc. Thesis, NDR! Deemed University, Kamal.
        66. Sinha, J.B.P. (1980). Inc/ian J. Inc/us. Relations, 11(3): 381-389.
        67. Sivaraman, B. (1978). Address to the meeting of Vice-Chancellors of Agricultural Universities (Mimeograph). Planning Commission, New Delhi.
        68. Stephenson, T.E. (1963). Management of Cooperative Societies. William Heinemann Ltd., Auckland, pp.205-232.
        69. Wuyts-Fivawa, A (1992). Management of Intergroup Linkages for Agricultural Technology System. Linkage Discussion Paper No.12, ISNAR, The Hague.
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