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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 23 issue 1 (march 2002) : 31-38

NITRATE TOLERANCE, NITROGEN FIXATION AND PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION BY AZOSPIRILLUM - A REVIEW

S
Sarita
D
DV. Pathak
V
Vivek Kumar
P
P.K. Sharma
1Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125004, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Sarita, Pathak DV., Kumar Vivek, Sharma P.K. (2025). NITRATE TOLERANCE, NITROGEN FIXATION AND PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION BY AZOSPIRILLUM - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 23(1): 31-38. doi: .

ABSTRACT

The total nitrogen gain from nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum has been estimated to be 2–3 kg of N/ha/annum. Supplementation of different sources of nitrogen including nitrate affect growth, ARA, NR activity and ammonia excretion, differently. Various reports have shown that NR mutants help in better mobilization of nitrate to the plants as compared to NR-mutants of Azospirillum. 15N labeled fertilizer and N measurements have shown that increase in grain yield and N content are due to increased nitrate assimilation from nitrate reductase activity. The physiology of NO3− assimilation has been well studied in both plants and fungi and till recently NO3− assimilation by bacteria had attracted less interest, but now nitrate assimilation system has been characterized in several bacterial species. Anaerobic nitrogenase activity by Spirillum lipoferum was greatly stimulated in the presence of nitrate. The time course of nitrate reduction was coincidental with the pattern of nitrate stimulated nitrogenase activity indicating that relationship exists between two process, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. The level of ammonia excretion under oxygen-limited conditions indicated that the excreted ammonia originated from nitrate source. Substantial yield increase have been reported for various crops like wheat, cotton, pearl millet, vegetables and oil seed crops.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Ahmad, M.H. (1978) J Gen.Appl. Microbiol. 24: 271-280.
    2. Baldani, VL.D. et al. (1986) PI. Soil. 90:35-46.
    3. Baldani, V.L.D. etal. (1983) Can. J Microbiol. 29: 924-929.
    4. Becana, M. and Sprent, J.l. (1987) Physiol. Plant. 70: 757-765.
    5. Becanamwo, M. and Herber, J.E. (1997) Physial. Plant. 100: 371-477.
    6. Boddy, R.M. et aI. (1986) PI. Soil. 95: 109-121.
    7. Bothe, H. et al. (1981) Arch. Microbiol. 130: 96-100.
    8. Brons, H.J. and Ze.hnder, A.J.B. (1990) Arch. Microbiol. 153: 531-536.
    9. Carrol. B.J. and Methews, A. (1990). In: Molecular Biology OfSymbiotic Nitrogen FIXation (GresshoffPM ed. ),
    10. CRCPress; Boca Raton. Pp 159-180.
    11. Charylulu, P.B.B.N. et a/. (1985) In: Azospirillum II. (Kfinngmuller, Wed.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 163-179.
    12. Chattopadhyay, D. and Lodha, M.L. (1995) J PI. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2:91-94.
    13. Christiansen Weniger, C. and Van - Veen,JA (1991) Appi Environ Microbiol. 57:3006-3012.
    14. Curl, EA and Truelove, B. (1986) The Rhizosphere, Springzr-Verlag. Berlin. Pp. 55-92.
    15. Das, A. and Mishra, A.K. (1982) J Exptl. BioI. 20: 590-594.
    16. Dobereiner, J. and De Polli, N. (1980) In: Nitrogen fixation: Proc: Phytol. Soc. Eur. Symp. (Stewart, WDPand
    17. . Gallon, JR. eds.) Academic Press ,London. Pp. 30]-333.
    18. Ferreira, M.C.B. (1985) Tese de Mestrado, Universic\at:le Federal R~tral do Rio de Janeiro, SeroJXodica ,23851,Rio de Janeiro.
    19. Ferreira, M.C.B. etal. (1987) BioI. Fertil. Soils. 4: 47-53.
    20. Garcia De Salamone., I. F. etal. (1997) BioI. Fertil. Soils. 23: 249-256.
    21. Hartman, A. etal. (1988a) Environ. Microbiol. 54: 87-93.
    22. Hartman, A. (1988b) In: Azospirillum brasilense 11f, Genetics, Physiology and Ecology (Klingmuller, Wed.).
    23. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp 116-126:
    24. Hunt, Sand Layzell, D. B. (1993) Ann. Rev. PI. [j'Jisiol. 44: 483·511.
    25. Jemen, E. S. (1987) Pl. Breeding. 98: 130-135.
    26. Kaiser, B. N. et al. (1997). PI. Physiol. 101: 45-50.
    27. Kanayama, Y and Yamamoto, Y. (1991) PI. Cell Physiol. 32: 19-24.
    28. Kapulnik, Y and Okon, Y. (1983) In: Azospirillum II (Kfingmuller, Wed.) Birkhouse, Baasel. Pp 120-125.
    29. Kapulnik, Y. et ai (1985) Soil BioI. Biochem. 17: 509-515.
    30. Kreig, N. Rand Dobereiner, J. (1984) The Genus AzospiriDum In: Bergey's Manual ofSystematic BacteJiology. Vol.
    31. I (Kreig, N R. and Holt, J C ed.). The WiDiams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, USA. Pp 94-104.
    32. Kucey, R. M. N. (1988) J Appl. BacteJiol. 64: 187-196.
    33. Kumar, C. etal. (1998) Fertil. News. 43: 47, 49-50.
    34. Kundu. B. S. etal. (1987) J Biosci. 12: 51-54.
    35. Ligero, F. et al. (1987) J PI. Physiol. 129: 461-467
    36. Lin, J. J and Stewart, V (1998) Adv. Microbio!. Physiol. 39: 1-30.
    37. Magalhaes, I. M. S. etal. (1978) Arch. Microbiol. 117: 247-252
    38. Malik. N. S. A. etal. (1987) Pi Physiol. 84: 266-271.
    39. Nagatani, H. et .'11. (1971) Arch Microbiol. 79: 164-175.
    40. Nayak, P. N. etal. (1986) Microbios. 47: 113.
    41. ;·jelson. Land Knowless, R (1978) Can. J Microbi.." 24: ~39E: 140:!
    42. Newtol~, J. W. et al. (1953) J BioI. Chem. 204: 445-457.
    43. Neyra, C. A. and Van-Berkum, P. (1977) 9an. J Microbiol. 23: 306-::110.
    44. 38 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    45. Neyra, C.A and Van-Berkum, P. (1977) Can. J. Microbiol 23:126-129.
    46. Nur, J., Okon, Y and Henis, Y. (1980) Can. J. Microbiol 26:482-485.
    47. Okon, Y. (1985) Trends Biotech. 3:223-228.
    48. Okon, Y. and Kapulnik, Y. (1986) Pl Soil 90:3-16.
    49. Okon, Y. et aI. (1977) Appl Environ. Microbiol33:85-88.
    50. Okon, Y. et al. (1983) Appl. Environ. Microbiol46: 694-697.
    51. Papen, H. and Werner, D. (1980) Arch. Microbiol 128:209-214.
    52. Parsons, R. et al (1993) Pl Cell Environ. 16:256-260.
    53. Pathak, D. V. et al (2000) In: 41" AMI conference "Microbiotech 2000" Jaipur 25-27 Nov, 2000.
    54. Ramathan, N. et al (1997) Indian. J. Microbiol 37:211-212.
    55. Rao, J.L.N. and Rao, R (1983) Curr. Sci. 52: 686-687.
    56. Rao, V.P. et al (1987) Bial Fertil Soils. 4:21-26.
    57. Raut, RS. and Lagle, U. M. (1980) MAU. Res. Bull 4: 8.
    58. Serraj, R et al (1992) J. Pl Physiol 140: 366-371.
    59. Shukla, B. and Kundu, B.S. (1984) Environ. Ecol 2:231-233.
    60. Stewart, V. (1988) Microbiol Rev. 52: 190-232.
    61. Streeter, J. (1988) Crit. Rev. Pl Sci. 7:1-23.
    62. Summer, M.E. (1990) Crop Sci. 12:53-116.
    63. Takahashi, M. etal (1995) Soil Sci. Pl Nutrit. 41:567-575.
    64. Tarrand, J.J. etal (1978) Can. J. Microbial 24 :967-980.
    65. Van-Berkum, P. and Bohlool, B.B. (1980) Microbiol Rev. 44:491-517.
    66. Venkataswarlu, B. and Rao, R.V. (1983) Pl Soil 74: 379-386.
    67. Von-Bulow, J'w.F. and Dobereine, J. (1975) Proc. Natl Acad Sci. (USA) 12: 2389-2393.
    68. Wani, p.v. and Konde, B.K. (1986) J. MaharashtraAgric. Univ. 11:263-268.
    69. Wani, S.P. et al (1988) In: Nitrogen Fixation with Non-legumes (Skinner, FA. ed.j, Kluwer Acad Pub. London. Pp. 249-262.
    70. Watanbe, I. and Lin, C. (1983) Soil Sci. Pl Nutrit. 30: 117-124.
    71. Westby, C. A. etal (1985) J. Bacteriol169: 4211-4214.
    72. Zambre, MA etal. ((1984) PI. Soil79: 61.
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      volume 23 issue 1 (march 2002) : 31-38

      NITRATE TOLERANCE, NITROGEN FIXATION AND PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION BY AZOSPIRILLUM - A REVIEW

      S
      Sarita
      D
      DV. Pathak
      V
      Vivek Kumar
      P
      P.K. Sharma
      1Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125004, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Sarita, Pathak DV., Kumar Vivek, Sharma P.K. (2025). NITRATE TOLERANCE, NITROGEN FIXATION AND PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION BY AZOSPIRILLUM - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 23(1): 31-38. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      The total nitrogen gain from nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum has been estimated to be 2–3 kg of N/ha/annum. Supplementation of different sources of nitrogen including nitrate affect growth, ARA, NR activity and ammonia excretion, differently. Various reports have shown that NR mutants help in better mobilization of nitrate to the plants as compared to NR-mutants of Azospirillum. 15N labeled fertilizer and N measurements have shown that increase in grain yield and N content are due to increased nitrate assimilation from nitrate reductase activity. The physiology of NO3− assimilation has been well studied in both plants and fungi and till recently NO3− assimilation by bacteria had attracted less interest, but now nitrate assimilation system has been characterized in several bacterial species. Anaerobic nitrogenase activity by Spirillum lipoferum was greatly stimulated in the presence of nitrate. The time course of nitrate reduction was coincidental with the pattern of nitrate stimulated nitrogenase activity indicating that relationship exists between two process, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. The level of ammonia excretion under oxygen-limited conditions indicated that the excreted ammonia originated from nitrate source. Substantial yield increase have been reported for various crops like wheat, cotton, pearl millet, vegetables and oil seed crops.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Ahmad, M.H. (1978) J Gen.Appl. Microbiol. 24: 271-280.
        2. Baldani, VL.D. et al. (1986) PI. Soil. 90:35-46.
        3. Baldani, V.L.D. etal. (1983) Can. J Microbiol. 29: 924-929.
        4. Becana, M. and Sprent, J.l. (1987) Physiol. Plant. 70: 757-765.
        5. Becanamwo, M. and Herber, J.E. (1997) Physial. Plant. 100: 371-477.
        6. Boddy, R.M. et aI. (1986) PI. Soil. 95: 109-121.
        7. Bothe, H. et al. (1981) Arch. Microbiol. 130: 96-100.
        8. Brons, H.J. and Ze.hnder, A.J.B. (1990) Arch. Microbiol. 153: 531-536.
        9. Carrol. B.J. and Methews, A. (1990). In: Molecular Biology OfSymbiotic Nitrogen FIXation (GresshoffPM ed. ),
        10. CRCPress; Boca Raton. Pp 159-180.
        11. Charylulu, P.B.B.N. et a/. (1985) In: Azospirillum II. (Kfinngmuller, Wed.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 163-179.
        12. Chattopadhyay, D. and Lodha, M.L. (1995) J PI. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2:91-94.
        13. Christiansen Weniger, C. and Van - Veen,JA (1991) Appi Environ Microbiol. 57:3006-3012.
        14. Curl, EA and Truelove, B. (1986) The Rhizosphere, Springzr-Verlag. Berlin. Pp. 55-92.
        15. Das, A. and Mishra, A.K. (1982) J Exptl. BioI. 20: 590-594.
        16. Dobereiner, J. and De Polli, N. (1980) In: Nitrogen fixation: Proc: Phytol. Soc. Eur. Symp. (Stewart, WDPand
        17. . Gallon, JR. eds.) Academic Press ,London. Pp. 30]-333.
        18. Ferreira, M.C.B. (1985) Tese de Mestrado, Universic\at:le Federal R~tral do Rio de Janeiro, SeroJXodica ,23851,Rio de Janeiro.
        19. Ferreira, M.C.B. etal. (1987) BioI. Fertil. Soils. 4: 47-53.
        20. Garcia De Salamone., I. F. etal. (1997) BioI. Fertil. Soils. 23: 249-256.
        21. Hartman, A. etal. (1988a) Environ. Microbiol. 54: 87-93.
        22. Hartman, A. (1988b) In: Azospirillum brasilense 11f, Genetics, Physiology and Ecology (Klingmuller, Wed.).
        23. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp 116-126:
        24. Hunt, Sand Layzell, D. B. (1993) Ann. Rev. PI. [j'Jisiol. 44: 483·511.
        25. Jemen, E. S. (1987) Pl. Breeding. 98: 130-135.
        26. Kaiser, B. N. et al. (1997). PI. Physiol. 101: 45-50.
        27. Kanayama, Y and Yamamoto, Y. (1991) PI. Cell Physiol. 32: 19-24.
        28. Kapulnik, Y and Okon, Y. (1983) In: Azospirillum II (Kfingmuller, Wed.) Birkhouse, Baasel. Pp 120-125.
        29. Kapulnik, Y. et ai (1985) Soil BioI. Biochem. 17: 509-515.
        30. Kreig, N. Rand Dobereiner, J. (1984) The Genus AzospiriDum In: Bergey's Manual ofSystematic BacteJiology. Vol.
        31. I (Kreig, N R. and Holt, J C ed.). The WiDiams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, USA. Pp 94-104.
        32. Kucey, R. M. N. (1988) J Appl. BacteJiol. 64: 187-196.
        33. Kumar, C. etal. (1998) Fertil. News. 43: 47, 49-50.
        34. Kundu. B. S. etal. (1987) J Biosci. 12: 51-54.
        35. Ligero, F. et al. (1987) J PI. Physiol. 129: 461-467
        36. Lin, J. J and Stewart, V (1998) Adv. Microbio!. Physiol. 39: 1-30.
        37. Magalhaes, I. M. S. etal. (1978) Arch. Microbiol. 117: 247-252
        38. Malik. N. S. A. etal. (1987) Pi Physiol. 84: 266-271.
        39. Nagatani, H. et .'11. (1971) Arch Microbiol. 79: 164-175.
        40. Nayak, P. N. etal. (1986) Microbios. 47: 113.
        41. ;·jelson. Land Knowless, R (1978) Can. J Microbi.." 24: ~39E: 140:!
        42. Newtol~, J. W. et al. (1953) J BioI. Chem. 204: 445-457.
        43. Neyra, C. A. and Van-Berkum, P. (1977) 9an. J Microbiol. 23: 306-::110.
        44. 38 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
        45. Neyra, C.A and Van-Berkum, P. (1977) Can. J. Microbiol 23:126-129.
        46. Nur, J., Okon, Y and Henis, Y. (1980) Can. J. Microbiol 26:482-485.
        47. Okon, Y. (1985) Trends Biotech. 3:223-228.
        48. Okon, Y. and Kapulnik, Y. (1986) Pl Soil 90:3-16.
        49. Okon, Y. et aI. (1977) Appl Environ. Microbiol33:85-88.
        50. Okon, Y. et al. (1983) Appl. Environ. Microbiol46: 694-697.
        51. Papen, H. and Werner, D. (1980) Arch. Microbiol 128:209-214.
        52. Parsons, R. et al (1993) Pl Cell Environ. 16:256-260.
        53. Pathak, D. V. et al (2000) In: 41" AMI conference "Microbiotech 2000" Jaipur 25-27 Nov, 2000.
        54. Ramathan, N. et al (1997) Indian. J. Microbiol 37:211-212.
        55. Rao, J.L.N. and Rao, R (1983) Curr. Sci. 52: 686-687.
        56. Rao, V.P. et al (1987) Bial Fertil Soils. 4:21-26.
        57. Raut, RS. and Lagle, U. M. (1980) MAU. Res. Bull 4: 8.
        58. Serraj, R et al (1992) J. Pl Physiol 140: 366-371.
        59. Shukla, B. and Kundu, B.S. (1984) Environ. Ecol 2:231-233.
        60. Stewart, V. (1988) Microbiol Rev. 52: 190-232.
        61. Streeter, J. (1988) Crit. Rev. Pl Sci. 7:1-23.
        62. Summer, M.E. (1990) Crop Sci. 12:53-116.
        63. Takahashi, M. etal (1995) Soil Sci. Pl Nutrit. 41:567-575.
        64. Tarrand, J.J. etal (1978) Can. J. Microbial 24 :967-980.
        65. Van-Berkum, P. and Bohlool, B.B. (1980) Microbiol Rev. 44:491-517.
        66. Venkataswarlu, B. and Rao, R.V. (1983) Pl Soil 74: 379-386.
        67. Von-Bulow, J'w.F. and Dobereine, J. (1975) Proc. Natl Acad Sci. (USA) 12: 2389-2393.
        68. Wani, p.v. and Konde, B.K. (1986) J. MaharashtraAgric. Univ. 11:263-268.
        69. Wani, S.P. et al (1988) In: Nitrogen Fixation with Non-legumes (Skinner, FA. ed.j, Kluwer Acad Pub. London. Pp. 249-262.
        70. Watanbe, I. and Lin, C. (1983) Soil Sci. Pl Nutrit. 30: 117-124.
        71. Westby, C. A. etal (1985) J. Bacteriol169: 4211-4214.
        72. Zambre, MA etal. ((1984) PI. Soil79: 61.
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