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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 25 issue 2 (june 2004) : 116-128

AUGMENTING MJU DAIRY ANIMALS - A REVIEW

A
Anjuli Aggarwal
M
Mahendra Singh
1Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Kamal - 132001, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Aggarwal Anjuli, Singh Mahendra (2025). AUGMENTING MJU DAIRY ANIMALS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 25(2): 116-128. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Energy is one of the most important factors limiting the milk production of elite dairy animals. Besides, use of bovine somatotropin (bST) increasing milking frequency, manipulation of photoperiod, innovative shelter are the technologies that increase milk production per cow. Energy intake can be increased by feeding hormonal and non hormonal preparations. Some of the non hormonal methods used to enhance milk production are use of ionophores, certain enzymatic preparations, microbial supplements, use of by pass proteins and fat in diets. Administration of 320 to 960 mg bST at 28 d intervals in a sustained release vehicle increased milk production by 1.5 to 3.4 kg/d through circulating IGF-I level in the serum which in turn affects mammary gland function. Stimulating effect of long photoperiods on circulating concentrations of IGF-I is supported by several observations. Oxytocin to some extent increase milk production by enhancing milk ejection. The primary cause of increased milk production are reduction of intramammary pressure from more frequent milk removal, reduction in the inhibitory effects that certain milk components exert within milk cells and increased hormonal concentration related to milk production (e.g. lactogenic hormones). Recently ionophores as feed additives have been used extensively in ruminant diets to improve efficiency of milk production. Dairy cows and in particular, primiparous cows, needs additional nutrients for growth, may benefit directly or indirectly from the actions of ionophores. Two actions i.e. increased propionic acid production and reduced deamination of amino acids in the gut, result in increased supply of key metabolites for milk production. Dietary yeast appears to be most beneficial during the early or high yielding phases of lactation when dairy cows are under stress to meet nutrient requirements. Identification and selection of low protein degradability containing natural feed ingredients such as maize gluten meal, maize grain, cotton seed cake, fish meal as well as leaf meal of Leucaena and Glircidia for inclusion in lactating diets would be of great economical value.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Adam, H.P. and Allen, N.N. (1952). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 1117-1124.
    2. Amos et al. (1985). J Dairy Sci., 68: 732-739.
    3. Armstrong et al. (1990). J. Dairy Sci., 73 (SuppI.1): 160 (Abstract).
    4. Astrup, H.N. (1985). Acta Agricu/turae Scandinavica., 35: 310-318.
    5. Baghel, R.P.S. (2001). Indian J. Anim. Nutri., 18: 278-281.
    6. Barbano, D.J. et al. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 1775-1793.
    7. Bar-Peled et aJ. (1995). J. Dairy Sci., 78: 2726-2736.
    8. Bauman, D.E. et aJ. (1982). (Abstract).J. Dairy Sci., 65, Suppl. 1: 121.
    9. Bauman, D.E. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 3432-3451.
    10. Bauman, D.E. and Vernon, R.G. (1993). Ann. Rev. Nutri., 13: 437-461.
    11. Bauman, D.E. eta/. (1999). J. Dairy Sci., 82: 2564-2573.
    12. Bergen, WG. and Bates, B.B. (1984). J. Anim. Sci., 58: 1465-1483.
    13. Bines, JA (1982). J. Sci. Food Agric., 33: 820-828.
    14. Burton, J.L. et aI. (1994). Can. J. Anim. Sci., 74: 167-201.
    15. Campbell etal. (1991). J. Anim. Sci., 69: 1522-1531.
    16. Caruolo, E.v. (1971). J. Dairy Sci., 54: 1207-1211.
    17. Chalupa, W and Galligan, D.T. (1989). J. Dairy Sci., 72: 2510-2524.
    18. Chilliard, Y. (1988). Ann. Zootech., 37: 159-164.
    19. Chilliard, Y.M. et al: (1991). J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3103-3111.
    20. Cohick, WS. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 1769-1777.
    21. Cole, WP. etal. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 111-123.
    22. Collier, R.J. et aI. (1991). J. Dairy Sci., 74: 2905·2911.
    23. Dahl, G.E. et a/. (1997). J. Dairy Sci., 80: 2784-2789.
    24. Darin, H.M. et al. (1999). J. Dairy Sci., 82: 1765-1778.
    25. Dawson, K.A. (1993). In Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Alltech Tech. Pub!., Nicholasville, KY. Page 269-291.
    26. Domingue et al. (1993). J. Dairy Sci., 76: 435-441.
    27. Vol. 25, No.2, 2004 127
    28. Dunlop et al. (2000). J. Dairy Sci., 83: 968-978.
    29. Etherton, T.D. and Bauman, D.E. (1998). Physiological Reviews, 78: 745-761.
    30. Eppard, P.J. et a/. (1993). J. Endocrino/., 139: 441-450.
    31. Eramus, L.J. et a/. (1999). J. Dairy Sci., 82: 1817-1823.
    32. Evans, H.M. and Simpson, M.E. (1931). Am. J. Physiol., 98: 511-546.
    33. Farries, E. and Smidt, D. (1993). Zuchtungskunde., 65: 394-402.
    34. Feng, P. et al. (1996). J. Anim. Sci., 74: 1349-1357.
    35. Forsyth, I.A. (1996). J. Dairy Sci. , 79: 1085-1096.
    36. Glimm, D.R et al. (1988). J. Dairy Sci., 71: 2923-2929.
    37. Gorewit, RC. and Sagi. R (1984). J. Dairy Sci., 67: 2050-2054.
    38. Grummer, R.R. (1995). J. Anim. Sci., 73: 2820-2833.
    39. Harrison, GA et a/. (1988) J. Dairy Sci., 71: 2967-2975.
    40. Head, H.H. (1985). In: Uvestockand Poultry in Latin America. May 5-10. Inst. Food Agric. Sci., Gainesville, FL .Pg 28.
    41. Jayasuriya, M.C.N. et a/. (1982). Anim. Feed Sci. Techno/., 7: 201-216.
    42. Jones, J.I. and Clemmons, D.R. (1995). Endocrinol. Rev., 16: 3-34.
    43. Jordan, D.C. etal. (1991). J. Dairy Sci., 74: 220-229.
    44. Kirby, C.J. et a/. (1997). J. Dairy Sci., 80: 286-294.
    45. Lewis, G.E. et a/. (1996). J. Anim. Sci., 74: 3020-3028.
    46. Linda, U. Ballou (1993). J. Dairy Sci., 76: 1544-1549.
    47. Ludri, RS. et al. (1989). J. Dairy Sci., 72: 2283-2287.
    48. Lykos, T. et al. (1997). J. Dairy Sci' i 80: 3341-3355.
    49. Martin, SA and Nisbet, D.J. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 1736-1744.
    50. McClary, D.G. et al. (1994). J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2261-2271.
    51. McGilliard, M.L. and Stallings, C.C. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 1353-1357.
    52. McGuffey, RK (1995). Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf. Feed Manu£., Univ. Maryland, Baltimore, Univ. of Maryland.
    53. Moreira, F. et al. (1997). J. Dairy Sci., 80 (Suppl. 1): 239.
    54. National Research Council (1994). Natl. Acad. Sci. Press.
    55. Newbold, C.J. etal. (1996). Br. J. Nutri., 76: 249-261.
    56. Nostrand eta/. (199~). J. Dairy Sci., 74: 2119-2127.
    57. Oldenbroek, JK (1988). Uvest. Prod. Sci., 18: 1-17.
    58. Peel, C.J. and Bauman, D.E. (1987). J. Dairy Sci., 70: 494-486.
    59. Peter, RR and Tucker, HA (1978). Endocrinology., 103: 229-234.
    60. Phalphale, P.B. eta/. (1997). Indian Vet. J., 74: 598.
    61. Phipps, RH. et a/. (1990). J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.), 115: 95-99.
    62. Pradhan, N.R and Biswas, U. (1994). Indian Vet. Med. J., 18: 268.
    63. Prosser, C.G. et aI. (1990) J. Endocrino/., 126: 437-443.
    64. Poore, M.H. et a/. (1993). J. Dairy Sci., 76: 2235-2243.
    65. Rai, S.N. (2001). In Short course on "Biotechniques to augment lactation in bovines". 22-31 May, N.D.R.I., Kamal,
    66. Page 54.
    67. Rennison et al. (1993). J. Cell Sci., 106: 641.
    68. Richardson etal. (1976). J. Anim. Sci., 43: 657-664.
    69. Sagi, R et a/. (1980). J. Dairy Sci., 63: 800-806.
    70. Santos, FAP. et al. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 3182-3213.
    71. Santos, J.E.P. et a/. (2000). J. Dairy Sci., 83: 1004-1015.
    72. Sauer et a/. (1989). J. Dairy Sci., 72: 436-442.
    73. Senger (1991). Cited from J. Dairy Sci., (1993) 76: 1544-1549.
    74. Schmidt, G.H. et a/. (1971). J. Dairy Sci., 54: 481- 492.
    75. Schwab, C.J. (1994). Cited from J. Dairy Sci., 81: 3182-3213.
    76. Sharma et a/. (1994). J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2232-2241
    77. Singh, Mahendra and Ludri, RS. (1994). Buff. J., 10: 81-84.
    78. Singh et al. (2001). In: Short Course on "Biotechniques to augment lactation in bovines". 22-31 May, N.D.R.I.,
    79. Kamal.
    80. Singh, M. (2001). In: SAPI XII Conference ofSociety ofAnimal Physiologists ofIndia and National Symposium on
    81. "Contraints and Stratgies in Augmenting Uvestock Production in Hill Agro-Ecosystem, held on Oct. 1819,
    82. 2001 at CSKHPKV, Palampur.
    83. Smith, RG. etal. (1997). Endocrinology., 18: 621-642.
    84. 128 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    85. Speicher, JA and Lassiter, CA (1965). J. Dairy Sci., 48: 1698-1705.
    86. Speicher etal. (1994). J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2509-2517.
    87. Spicer, L.J. eta/. (1994). J. Anim. Sci., 72 (Suppl. 1): 178-179.
    88. Stainisewski, E.P. et al. (1985). J. Dairy Sci., 68: 1134-1142.
    89. Sullivan, J.L. et al. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 756-763.
    90. Tarazon-Herrera, MA et a/. (2000). J. Dairy Sci., 83: 430-434.
    91. Tuggle, CK and Trenkle, A. (1996). Domestic Anim. Endocrinol., 13: 1-33.
    92. Tyrrell, H.E eta/. (1988). Nutr., 118: 1024-1029.
    93. Van Amburgh et a/. (1998). Uvest. Prod. Sci., 50: 15-28.
    94. Vanderhaar, M.J. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 272-282.
    95. VanderWerf etal. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 427-433.
    96. Wohlt et al. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 1345-1352.
    97. Young, EG. (1947). BT. Med. Bull., 5: 155-160.
    98. Yoon; I.K. and Stern, M.D. (1996). J. Dairy Sci., 79: 411-417.
    99. Zheng et a/. (2000) J. Dairy Sci., 83: 2319-2325.
    Published In
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      volume 25 issue 2 (june 2004) : 116-128

      AUGMENTING MJU DAIRY ANIMALS - A REVIEW

      A
      Anjuli Aggarwal
      M
      Mahendra Singh
      1Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Kamal - 132001, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Aggarwal Anjuli, Singh Mahendra (2025). AUGMENTING MJU DAIRY ANIMALS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 25(2): 116-128. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Energy is one of the most important factors limiting the milk production of elite dairy animals. Besides, use of bovine somatotropin (bST) increasing milking frequency, manipulation of photoperiod, innovative shelter are the technologies that increase milk production per cow. Energy intake can be increased by feeding hormonal and non hormonal preparations. Some of the non hormonal methods used to enhance milk production are use of ionophores, certain enzymatic preparations, microbial supplements, use of by pass proteins and fat in diets. Administration of 320 to 960 mg bST at 28 d intervals in a sustained release vehicle increased milk production by 1.5 to 3.4 kg/d through circulating IGF-I level in the serum which in turn affects mammary gland function. Stimulating effect of long photoperiods on circulating concentrations of IGF-I is supported by several observations. Oxytocin to some extent increase milk production by enhancing milk ejection. The primary cause of increased milk production are reduction of intramammary pressure from more frequent milk removal, reduction in the inhibitory effects that certain milk components exert within milk cells and increased hormonal concentration related to milk production (e.g. lactogenic hormones). Recently ionophores as feed additives have been used extensively in ruminant diets to improve efficiency of milk production. Dairy cows and in particular, primiparous cows, needs additional nutrients for growth, may benefit directly or indirectly from the actions of ionophores. Two actions i.e. increased propionic acid production and reduced deamination of amino acids in the gut, result in increased supply of key metabolites for milk production. Dietary yeast appears to be most beneficial during the early or high yielding phases of lactation when dairy cows are under stress to meet nutrient requirements. Identification and selection of low protein degradability containing natural feed ingredients such as maize gluten meal, maize grain, cotton seed cake, fish meal as well as leaf meal of Leucaena and Glircidia for inclusion in lactating diets would be of great economical value.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Adam, H.P. and Allen, N.N. (1952). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 1117-1124.
        2. Amos et al. (1985). J Dairy Sci., 68: 732-739.
        3. Armstrong et al. (1990). J. Dairy Sci., 73 (SuppI.1): 160 (Abstract).
        4. Astrup, H.N. (1985). Acta Agricu/turae Scandinavica., 35: 310-318.
        5. Baghel, R.P.S. (2001). Indian J. Anim. Nutri., 18: 278-281.
        6. Barbano, D.J. et al. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 1775-1793.
        7. Bar-Peled et aJ. (1995). J. Dairy Sci., 78: 2726-2736.
        8. Bauman, D.E. et aJ. (1982). (Abstract).J. Dairy Sci., 65, Suppl. 1: 121.
        9. Bauman, D.E. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 3432-3451.
        10. Bauman, D.E. and Vernon, R.G. (1993). Ann. Rev. Nutri., 13: 437-461.
        11. Bauman, D.E. eta/. (1999). J. Dairy Sci., 82: 2564-2573.
        12. Bergen, WG. and Bates, B.B. (1984). J. Anim. Sci., 58: 1465-1483.
        13. Bines, JA (1982). J. Sci. Food Agric., 33: 820-828.
        14. Burton, J.L. et aI. (1994). Can. J. Anim. Sci., 74: 167-201.
        15. Campbell etal. (1991). J. Anim. Sci., 69: 1522-1531.
        16. Caruolo, E.v. (1971). J. Dairy Sci., 54: 1207-1211.
        17. Chalupa, W and Galligan, D.T. (1989). J. Dairy Sci., 72: 2510-2524.
        18. Chilliard, Y. (1988). Ann. Zootech., 37: 159-164.
        19. Chilliard, Y.M. et al: (1991). J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3103-3111.
        20. Cohick, WS. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 1769-1777.
        21. Cole, WP. etal. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 111-123.
        22. Collier, R.J. et aI. (1991). J. Dairy Sci., 74: 2905·2911.
        23. Dahl, G.E. et a/. (1997). J. Dairy Sci., 80: 2784-2789.
        24. Darin, H.M. et al. (1999). J. Dairy Sci., 82: 1765-1778.
        25. Dawson, K.A. (1993). In Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Alltech Tech. Pub!., Nicholasville, KY. Page 269-291.
        26. Domingue et al. (1993). J. Dairy Sci., 76: 435-441.
        27. Vol. 25, No.2, 2004 127
        28. Dunlop et al. (2000). J. Dairy Sci., 83: 968-978.
        29. Etherton, T.D. and Bauman, D.E. (1998). Physiological Reviews, 78: 745-761.
        30. Eppard, P.J. et a/. (1993). J. Endocrino/., 139: 441-450.
        31. Eramus, L.J. et a/. (1999). J. Dairy Sci., 82: 1817-1823.
        32. Evans, H.M. and Simpson, M.E. (1931). Am. J. Physiol., 98: 511-546.
        33. Farries, E. and Smidt, D. (1993). Zuchtungskunde., 65: 394-402.
        34. Feng, P. et al. (1996). J. Anim. Sci., 74: 1349-1357.
        35. Forsyth, I.A. (1996). J. Dairy Sci. , 79: 1085-1096.
        36. Glimm, D.R et al. (1988). J. Dairy Sci., 71: 2923-2929.
        37. Gorewit, RC. and Sagi. R (1984). J. Dairy Sci., 67: 2050-2054.
        38. Grummer, R.R. (1995). J. Anim. Sci., 73: 2820-2833.
        39. Harrison, GA et a/. (1988) J. Dairy Sci., 71: 2967-2975.
        40. Head, H.H. (1985). In: Uvestockand Poultry in Latin America. May 5-10. Inst. Food Agric. Sci., Gainesville, FL .Pg 28.
        41. Jayasuriya, M.C.N. et a/. (1982). Anim. Feed Sci. Techno/., 7: 201-216.
        42. Jones, J.I. and Clemmons, D.R. (1995). Endocrinol. Rev., 16: 3-34.
        43. Jordan, D.C. etal. (1991). J. Dairy Sci., 74: 220-229.
        44. Kirby, C.J. et a/. (1997). J. Dairy Sci., 80: 286-294.
        45. Lewis, G.E. et a/. (1996). J. Anim. Sci., 74: 3020-3028.
        46. Linda, U. Ballou (1993). J. Dairy Sci., 76: 1544-1549.
        47. Ludri, RS. et al. (1989). J. Dairy Sci., 72: 2283-2287.
        48. Lykos, T. et al. (1997). J. Dairy Sci' i 80: 3341-3355.
        49. Martin, SA and Nisbet, D.J. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 1736-1744.
        50. McClary, D.G. et al. (1994). J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2261-2271.
        51. McGilliard, M.L. and Stallings, C.C. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 1353-1357.
        52. McGuffey, RK (1995). Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf. Feed Manu£., Univ. Maryland, Baltimore, Univ. of Maryland.
        53. Moreira, F. et al. (1997). J. Dairy Sci., 80 (Suppl. 1): 239.
        54. National Research Council (1994). Natl. Acad. Sci. Press.
        55. Newbold, C.J. etal. (1996). Br. J. Nutri., 76: 249-261.
        56. Nostrand eta/. (199~). J. Dairy Sci., 74: 2119-2127.
        57. Oldenbroek, JK (1988). Uvest. Prod. Sci., 18: 1-17.
        58. Peel, C.J. and Bauman, D.E. (1987). J. Dairy Sci., 70: 494-486.
        59. Peter, RR and Tucker, HA (1978). Endocrinology., 103: 229-234.
        60. Phalphale, P.B. eta/. (1997). Indian Vet. J., 74: 598.
        61. Phipps, RH. et a/. (1990). J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.), 115: 95-99.
        62. Pradhan, N.R and Biswas, U. (1994). Indian Vet. Med. J., 18: 268.
        63. Prosser, C.G. et aI. (1990) J. Endocrino/., 126: 437-443.
        64. Poore, M.H. et a/. (1993). J. Dairy Sci., 76: 2235-2243.
        65. Rai, S.N. (2001). In Short course on "Biotechniques to augment lactation in bovines". 22-31 May, N.D.R.I., Kamal,
        66. Page 54.
        67. Rennison et al. (1993). J. Cell Sci., 106: 641.
        68. Richardson etal. (1976). J. Anim. Sci., 43: 657-664.
        69. Sagi, R et a/. (1980). J. Dairy Sci., 63: 800-806.
        70. Santos, FAP. et al. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 3182-3213.
        71. Santos, J.E.P. et a/. (2000). J. Dairy Sci., 83: 1004-1015.
        72. Sauer et a/. (1989). J. Dairy Sci., 72: 436-442.
        73. Senger (1991). Cited from J. Dairy Sci., (1993) 76: 1544-1549.
        74. Schmidt, G.H. et a/. (1971). J. Dairy Sci., 54: 481- 492.
        75. Schwab, C.J. (1994). Cited from J. Dairy Sci., 81: 3182-3213.
        76. Sharma et a/. (1994). J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2232-2241
        77. Singh, Mahendra and Ludri, RS. (1994). Buff. J., 10: 81-84.
        78. Singh et al. (2001). In: Short Course on "Biotechniques to augment lactation in bovines". 22-31 May, N.D.R.I.,
        79. Kamal.
        80. Singh, M. (2001). In: SAPI XII Conference ofSociety ofAnimal Physiologists ofIndia and National Symposium on
        81. "Contraints and Stratgies in Augmenting Uvestock Production in Hill Agro-Ecosystem, held on Oct. 1819,
        82. 2001 at CSKHPKV, Palampur.
        83. Smith, RG. etal. (1997). Endocrinology., 18: 621-642.
        84. 128 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
        85. Speicher, JA and Lassiter, CA (1965). J. Dairy Sci., 48: 1698-1705.
        86. Speicher etal. (1994). J. Dairy Sci., 77: 2509-2517.
        87. Spicer, L.J. eta/. (1994). J. Anim. Sci., 72 (Suppl. 1): 178-179.
        88. Stainisewski, E.P. et al. (1985). J. Dairy Sci., 68: 1134-1142.
        89. Sullivan, J.L. et al. (1992). J. Dairy Sci., 75: 756-763.
        90. Tarazon-Herrera, MA et a/. (2000). J. Dairy Sci., 83: 430-434.
        91. Tuggle, CK and Trenkle, A. (1996). Domestic Anim. Endocrinol., 13: 1-33.
        92. Tyrrell, H.E eta/. (1988). Nutr., 118: 1024-1029.
        93. Van Amburgh et a/. (1998). Uvest. Prod. Sci., 50: 15-28.
        94. Vanderhaar, M.J. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 272-282.
        95. VanderWerf etal. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 427-433.
        96. Wohlt et al. (1998). J. Dairy Sci., 81: 1345-1352.
        97. Young, EG. (1947). BT. Med. Bull., 5: 155-160.
        98. Yoon; I.K. and Stern, M.D. (1996). J. Dairy Sci., 79: 411-417.
        99. Zheng et a/. (2000) J. Dairy Sci., 83: 2319-2325.
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