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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 26 issue 1 (march 2005) : 1 - 13

FERTIGATION IN HIGH VALUE CROPS - A REVIEW

A
A. Solaimalai*
M
M. Baskar
A
A. Sadasakthf
K
K. Subburamu
1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vridhachalam - 606 001. In(li~

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Solaimalai* A., Baskar M., Sadasakthf A., Subburamu K. (2025). FERTIGATION IN HIGH VALUE CROPS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 26(1): 1 - 13. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Drip irrigation has the greatest potential for the efficient use of water and fertilizers. The limited area of wetting under trickle irrigation reduces the active root zone and also the foraging area of plants to draw water and nutrients from the soil. For minimizing the cost of irrigation and fertilizers, adoption of drip irrigation with fertigation is essential which will maximize the nutrient uptake, while using minimum amount of water and fertilizer. Fertigation gives advantages such as higher use efficiency of water and fertilizer, minimum losses of N due to leaching, supplying nutrients directly to root zone in available forms, control of nutrient concentration in soil solution and saving in application cost. Thus, fertigation becomes prerogative for increasing the yield of most of the crops under drip irrigation. In this paper, the literatures pertaining to the different aspects of fertigation are reviewed.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Asokaraja, N. (1998). In: Proc. Workshop on Microirrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems. April 28 - 30.. New Delhi., P: 49-53.
    2. Bacon, P.E. and Davey, B.G. (1982). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46: 987-993.
    3. Bacon, P.E. and Davey, B.G. (1989). Fert. Res., 19: 156-167.
    4. Bafna, A.M. et al. (1993). J. Water Magmt., 1: 1-5.
    5. Baskar, M. (1996). M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    6. Bielorai, H. et al. (1984). In: Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture, Vol. I, pp 118-120.
    7. Black, J.D.F (1976) .. Hort. Abst., 46: 69-74.
    8. Boman, B.J. (1996). Fertigation Res., 44: 123-128.
    9. Bucks, D.A. and Nakayama, FS. (1980). In : Proc. Agri-Turi. Irrig. ConI., California, pp 166-180.
    10. Bucks, D.A. et aI. (1982). Adv. Irrig., 1: 219-298.
    11. Bucks, D.A. etal. (1984). Irrig. Rev., 1: 219-295.
    12. Bussi, C. et a/. (1991). J. Hort. Sci., 66: 487-493.
    13. Chandrakumar. S.S. et al. (2001). South Indian Hort., 49: 92-94:
    14. Chauvan, H:S. and Shukla, K.N. (1990). In:Proc XI International Congress 9n Use of Plastics in Agriculture, February
    15. 26· March 02. New Delhi, pp 57.
    16. CoIapietra, M. (1987). Rikvista dividticolturae di Enologia, 40: 223-239.
    17. Dangler, J.M. and Locasscio, S.J. (1990). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 115: 585-589.
    18. Dasherg, S. et al. (1981). Acta Hort., 119: 103-108.
    19. Dass, H.C. (1989). In: proc. Citrus Shows Cum - Seminar, R.F Research station, Abhor, January 6-7, pp 12-16.
    20. Edwards, J.H. et al. (1982). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 107: 1142-1148.
    21. Ferguson, J.J. et al. (1990). Hort. Sci., 103: 8-9.
    22. Fouche, P.S. and Bester, D.H. (1987). Citrus and Subtropical Fruit J., 62: 8-12.
    23. Gnanamurthy, P. and Manickasundram, P. (2001). In: Advances in Integrated Nutrient Management System for
    24. Sustainable Crop ProductiVity and Soil Fertility, October 4.24,2001, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
    25. Coimbatore, pp 110-116.
    26. Goldberg, D. et al. (1971). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 96: 645-648.
    27. Goode, J.E. et al. (1978). J. Hort. Sci., 53: 307-316.
    28. Goyal, M.R. et al. (1984). J. Agric. Univ. PR., 67: 486-493.
    29. Goyal, M.R. et al.(1985). In: Proc. 3n1 International Congress on Drip Irrigation, November 18-21, Fresh No., California, USA.
    30. Goyal, M.R. '?t al. (1989). In: Proc. 1st Congress on Irrigation in Puerto Rico, Ponce, March 8, pp 11-114.
    31. Gutal, G.a. et al. (1989). In: Cost Economics of Drip Irrigation System for Tomato Crop. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 171-176.
    32. Hagin, J. etal. (1990). Fert. Res., 26: 53-60.
    33. Haroon, M.A.R. (1991). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univeristy, Coimbatore.
    34. Haynes, R.J. (1985). Fert. Res., 6: 235-255.
    35. Haynes, R.J. (1988) Scientia Hort., 35: 189-198.
    36. Haynes, R.J. (1990). Fert. Res., 23: 105-112.
    37. Hegde, D.M. (1998). Scientia Hort., 37: 144-155.
    38. Hegde, D.M. and Srinivas, K. (1990). Indian J. Agron., 35; 106-112.
    39. Hendrick, J.M.H. and Wierenga, P.J. (1990). Irri. Sci., 11: 23-30.
    40. Hugar, L.B. (1996). In: Proc. All India Seminar on Modern Irrigation Techniques, Bangalore, June 26-27, pp 293-297.
    41. Idate, G.M. et al. (2001). South Indian Hort., 49: 69·70.
    42. Itulya, FM. and Aguyoh, J.N. (1998). Expl. Agric., 34: 171-176.
    43. Jaime, S. et al. (1987). Anales de Edapologn Agrobiologin, 46: 1375-1383.
    44. ,James, M. et al. (1990). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 115: 547-549.
    45. Jeyabal, A. et al. (2000). Agro India, 4: 34-37.
    46. Jeyakumar, P. et al. (2001). South Indian Hort., 49: 71-73.
    47. Jose Mathew (2003). Kisan world, 30: 50-51
    48. 12 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    49. Kadam, R. et al. (1993). J. Water Magmt., 1: 53-54.
    50. Kafkafi, U. and Yosef, B.B. (1980). Agron. J., 72: 893-8~7.
    51. Kafkafi, U. and Yosef, B.B. (1980). Agron. J., 72: 893-897.
    52. Keng, J.C.w. et al. (1979). Agron., J., 71: 971-980.
    53. Keshavaiah, K.v. and Kumaraswamy, AS. (1993). J. Indian Potato Assoc., 20: 240-244.
    54. Kolo, M.G.M. (1995). Trap. Agric., 72: 102-104.
    55. Koo, R.e.J. (1981). Hart. Sci., 93: 33-36.
    56. Kwong, NK et al. (1999). Expl. Agric., 35: 31-37.
    57. Kwong, NK and Deville, J. (1994). Fert. Res., 239: 223-228.
    58. Levin, I. et al. (1979). Pl. Soil, 52: 31-40.
    59. Levin, I.. et aI. (1980). Acta Hart., 92: 255-264.
    60. Locascio, S.J. etal. (1977). J. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci., 102: 456-468
    61. Louse, F. (1990). Nitrogen Fertigation of Citrus Summery of Citrus Research. Citrus Res. Centre and Agricultural Station, University of California, Riverside, pp 20-22.
    62. Magen, H. (1995). Fertil. News, 40: 97-98.
    63. Mahalakshmi, M. (2000). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    64. Mahalakshmi, M. et aI. (2000). In: ?roc. National Seminar on Hi-tech Horticulture, June 26-28,IIHR, Bangalore, pp 37.
    65. Mahalakshmi, M. et al. (2001). South Indian Hart., 49: 80-85.
    66. Mahalakshmi, M. et al. (2001a). South Indian Hart., 49: 86-91.'
    67. Menzel, S.W.O. and Obe, AO. (1990). In: Proc. XI International Congress on Use of Plastics in Agriculture, New Delhi, pp B 3-11. . "
    68. Miller, R.J. et al. (1976). Calif. Agric., 30: 16-18.
    69. Miller, R.J. et al. (1981). Agron. J., 73: 265-270.
    70. Muralidhar, AP. et al. (199). In: Proc. of National Seminar on Problems and Prospects of Microirrigation -A Critical Appraisal, November 19-20, Bangalore, pp 74-78.
    71. Nakayama and Bucks (1986). Management Principles and Fertilization in Trickle Irrigation,E1sevier Applied Science
    72. Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 317.
    73. Neill, MK et al. (1979). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43: 283-286.
    74. Nielsen, G.H. et al. (1993). J. Am.Soc. Hart. Sci., 188: 50-53.
    75. Pandey, S.D. etal. (2001). South Indian Hart., 49: 76-77.
    76. Papadopoulous,l. (1987). Common. Soil., Sci. Plant Anal., 18: 897-907.
    77. Patel, J.C and Patel, BK (2001). J. Indian Potato Assoc., 28: 296-295.
    78. Phene, C.J. etal. (1979). Am. PotatoJ., 56: 51-59.
    79. Prabhakar, M. et al. (2001). South Indian Hart., 46: 98-100.
    80. Rauchkolb, R.S. et al. (1978). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40. 68-72.
    81. Reuveni, O. et al. (1991). Israel Ministry of Agriculutre. Special publications No., 250:50.
    82. Richard, E.C. et al. (1996). Hart. Sci., 31: 370-375.
    83. Rolston, D.E. et al. (1979). Univ. Calif. Bul1., 1893: 1-14.
    84. Rubeiz, I.G. (1990). J. Plant Nutrition, 13: 269-273.
    85. Ruiz. M.e. et al. (1991). J. Agric. Univ. PR., 72: 575-584.
    86. Salvadore, J.L. and Ailen, G.S. (1996) .J. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci., 21: 63-68.
    87. SaIvoder, J. et al. (1997). Hart. Sci., 32: 230-235.
    88. Shirgure, P.S. et al. (1999), Indian J. Soil Cons., 27: 45-49.
    89. Shirgure, P.S. etal. (2000). In: Proc. of National Seminar on Hi-tech Horticulture,lIHR, Bangalore, June 26-28, pp 73.
    90. Shirgure, P.S. et al. (2001). South Indian Hart., 49: 95-97.
    91. Singh, S.D. etal. (1989). Can. J. Plant Sci., 69: 991-999.
    92. Sivanappan, RK (1985). In: Drip irrigation in Action, vol. II, ASAE, Michigan, pp 736-740.
    93. Sivanappan, R.K. (1998). In: Proc. Workshop on Microirrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems, April 28-30,
    94. New Delhi, pp 11-17. .
    95. Sivanappan, R.K. and Padmakumari, O. (1980). Drip irrigation. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, PP 70.
    96. Smith, M.W. etal. (1979). J. Am.. Soc. Hart. Sci., 104: 311-313.
    97. Sonneveld, C. and Wees, AV. (1988). Proefstation voorTuinbours onder Glas Te Naaldwijk, 42: 31.
    98. Spayd, S.c. et al. (1994). Am. J. EcoI. Vitic., 45: 34-42.
    99. Srinivas, K. (1998). Trop. Agric., 74: 260-264. .
    100. Stark, J.e. et al. (1983). Agron. J., 75: 672-676.
    101. Swietlik, D. (1992). J. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci., 117: 22-27.
    102. Vol. 26, No.1, 2005 13
    103. Syvertsen, J.P. and Smth, M.L. (1996). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 121: 57-62.
    104. Uriu, K. et al. (1977). In: Proc 7th International. Congress on Use of Plastics in Agriculture, New Delhi, pp 211-214.
    105. Veeranna, HK etal. (2001). South Indian Hart., 49: 101-103.
    106. Voogt, W. and Sonneveld, C. (1989). Groenten in Fruit, 45: 37.
    107. Yosef, B.B. (1977). Agron. J., 69: 486-491.
    108. Yosef, B.B. and Sagive, B.B. (1982). Agron. J., 74: 633-638.
    109. Yosef, B.B. and Sheikhoslami, M.R. (1976). Soil Soc. Am. J., 40: 575-582.
    110. Yosef, B.B. et al. (1980). Agron. J., 72: 815-852.
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      volume 26 issue 1 (march 2005) : 1 - 13

      FERTIGATION IN HIGH VALUE CROPS - A REVIEW

      A
      A. Solaimalai*
      M
      M. Baskar
      A
      A. Sadasakthf
      K
      K. Subburamu
      1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vridhachalam - 606 001. In(li~

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Solaimalai* A., Baskar M., Sadasakthf A., Subburamu K. (2025). FERTIGATION IN HIGH VALUE CROPS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 26(1): 1 - 13. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Drip irrigation has the greatest potential for the efficient use of water and fertilizers. The limited area of wetting under trickle irrigation reduces the active root zone and also the foraging area of plants to draw water and nutrients from the soil. For minimizing the cost of irrigation and fertilizers, adoption of drip irrigation with fertigation is essential which will maximize the nutrient uptake, while using minimum amount of water and fertilizer. Fertigation gives advantages such as higher use efficiency of water and fertilizer, minimum losses of N due to leaching, supplying nutrients directly to root zone in available forms, control of nutrient concentration in soil solution and saving in application cost. Thus, fertigation becomes prerogative for increasing the yield of most of the crops under drip irrigation. In this paper, the literatures pertaining to the different aspects of fertigation are reviewed.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Asokaraja, N. (1998). In: Proc. Workshop on Microirrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems. April 28 - 30.. New Delhi., P: 49-53.
        2. Bacon, P.E. and Davey, B.G. (1982). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46: 987-993.
        3. Bacon, P.E. and Davey, B.G. (1989). Fert. Res., 19: 156-167.
        4. Bafna, A.M. et al. (1993). J. Water Magmt., 1: 1-5.
        5. Baskar, M. (1996). M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        6. Bielorai, H. et al. (1984). In: Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture, Vol. I, pp 118-120.
        7. Black, J.D.F (1976) .. Hort. Abst., 46: 69-74.
        8. Boman, B.J. (1996). Fertigation Res., 44: 123-128.
        9. Bucks, D.A. and Nakayama, FS. (1980). In : Proc. Agri-Turi. Irrig. ConI., California, pp 166-180.
        10. Bucks, D.A. et aI. (1982). Adv. Irrig., 1: 219-298.
        11. Bucks, D.A. etal. (1984). Irrig. Rev., 1: 219-295.
        12. Bussi, C. et a/. (1991). J. Hort. Sci., 66: 487-493.
        13. Chandrakumar. S.S. et al. (2001). South Indian Hort., 49: 92-94:
        14. Chauvan, H:S. and Shukla, K.N. (1990). In:Proc XI International Congress 9n Use of Plastics in Agriculture, February
        15. 26· March 02. New Delhi, pp 57.
        16. CoIapietra, M. (1987). Rikvista dividticolturae di Enologia, 40: 223-239.
        17. Dangler, J.M. and Locasscio, S.J. (1990). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 115: 585-589.
        18. Dasherg, S. et al. (1981). Acta Hort., 119: 103-108.
        19. Dass, H.C. (1989). In: proc. Citrus Shows Cum - Seminar, R.F Research station, Abhor, January 6-7, pp 12-16.
        20. Edwards, J.H. et al. (1982). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 107: 1142-1148.
        21. Ferguson, J.J. et al. (1990). Hort. Sci., 103: 8-9.
        22. Fouche, P.S. and Bester, D.H. (1987). Citrus and Subtropical Fruit J., 62: 8-12.
        23. Gnanamurthy, P. and Manickasundram, P. (2001). In: Advances in Integrated Nutrient Management System for
        24. Sustainable Crop ProductiVity and Soil Fertility, October 4.24,2001, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
        25. Coimbatore, pp 110-116.
        26. Goldberg, D. et al. (1971). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 96: 645-648.
        27. Goode, J.E. et al. (1978). J. Hort. Sci., 53: 307-316.
        28. Goyal, M.R. et al. (1984). J. Agric. Univ. PR., 67: 486-493.
        29. Goyal, M.R. et al.(1985). In: Proc. 3n1 International Congress on Drip Irrigation, November 18-21, Fresh No., California, USA.
        30. Goyal, M.R. '?t al. (1989). In: Proc. 1st Congress on Irrigation in Puerto Rico, Ponce, March 8, pp 11-114.
        31. Gutal, G.a. et al. (1989). In: Cost Economics of Drip Irrigation System for Tomato Crop. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 171-176.
        32. Hagin, J. etal. (1990). Fert. Res., 26: 53-60.
        33. Haroon, M.A.R. (1991). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univeristy, Coimbatore.
        34. Haynes, R.J. (1985). Fert. Res., 6: 235-255.
        35. Haynes, R.J. (1988) Scientia Hort., 35: 189-198.
        36. Haynes, R.J. (1990). Fert. Res., 23: 105-112.
        37. Hegde, D.M. (1998). Scientia Hort., 37: 144-155.
        38. Hegde, D.M. and Srinivas, K. (1990). Indian J. Agron., 35; 106-112.
        39. Hendrick, J.M.H. and Wierenga, P.J. (1990). Irri. Sci., 11: 23-30.
        40. Hugar, L.B. (1996). In: Proc. All India Seminar on Modern Irrigation Techniques, Bangalore, June 26-27, pp 293-297.
        41. Idate, G.M. et al. (2001). South Indian Hort., 49: 69·70.
        42. Itulya, FM. and Aguyoh, J.N. (1998). Expl. Agric., 34: 171-176.
        43. Jaime, S. et al. (1987). Anales de Edapologn Agrobiologin, 46: 1375-1383.
        44. ,James, M. et al. (1990). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 115: 547-549.
        45. Jeyabal, A. et al. (2000). Agro India, 4: 34-37.
        46. Jeyakumar, P. et al. (2001). South Indian Hort., 49: 71-73.
        47. Jose Mathew (2003). Kisan world, 30: 50-51
        48. 12 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
        49. Kadam, R. et al. (1993). J. Water Magmt., 1: 53-54.
        50. Kafkafi, U. and Yosef, B.B. (1980). Agron. J., 72: 893-8~7.
        51. Kafkafi, U. and Yosef, B.B. (1980). Agron. J., 72: 893-897.
        52. Keng, J.C.w. et al. (1979). Agron., J., 71: 971-980.
        53. Keshavaiah, K.v. and Kumaraswamy, AS. (1993). J. Indian Potato Assoc., 20: 240-244.
        54. Kolo, M.G.M. (1995). Trap. Agric., 72: 102-104.
        55. Koo, R.e.J. (1981). Hart. Sci., 93: 33-36.
        56. Kwong, NK et al. (1999). Expl. Agric., 35: 31-37.
        57. Kwong, NK and Deville, J. (1994). Fert. Res., 239: 223-228.
        58. Levin, I. et al. (1979). Pl. Soil, 52: 31-40.
        59. Levin, I.. et aI. (1980). Acta Hart., 92: 255-264.
        60. Locascio, S.J. etal. (1977). J. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci., 102: 456-468
        61. Louse, F. (1990). Nitrogen Fertigation of Citrus Summery of Citrus Research. Citrus Res. Centre and Agricultural Station, University of California, Riverside, pp 20-22.
        62. Magen, H. (1995). Fertil. News, 40: 97-98.
        63. Mahalakshmi, M. (2000). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        64. Mahalakshmi, M. et aI. (2000). In: ?roc. National Seminar on Hi-tech Horticulture, June 26-28,IIHR, Bangalore, pp 37.
        65. Mahalakshmi, M. et al. (2001). South Indian Hart., 49: 80-85.
        66. Mahalakshmi, M. et al. (2001a). South Indian Hart., 49: 86-91.'
        67. Menzel, S.W.O. and Obe, AO. (1990). In: Proc. XI International Congress on Use of Plastics in Agriculture, New Delhi, pp B 3-11. . "
        68. Miller, R.J. et al. (1976). Calif. Agric., 30: 16-18.
        69. Miller, R.J. et al. (1981). Agron. J., 73: 265-270.
        70. Muralidhar, AP. et al. (199). In: Proc. of National Seminar on Problems and Prospects of Microirrigation -A Critical Appraisal, November 19-20, Bangalore, pp 74-78.
        71. Nakayama and Bucks (1986). Management Principles and Fertilization in Trickle Irrigation,E1sevier Applied Science
        72. Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 317.
        73. Neill, MK et al. (1979). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43: 283-286.
        74. Nielsen, G.H. et al. (1993). J. Am.Soc. Hart. Sci., 188: 50-53.
        75. Pandey, S.D. etal. (2001). South Indian Hart., 49: 76-77.
        76. Papadopoulous,l. (1987). Common. Soil., Sci. Plant Anal., 18: 897-907.
        77. Patel, J.C and Patel, BK (2001). J. Indian Potato Assoc., 28: 296-295.
        78. Phene, C.J. etal. (1979). Am. PotatoJ., 56: 51-59.
        79. Prabhakar, M. et al. (2001). South Indian Hart., 46: 98-100.
        80. Rauchkolb, R.S. et al. (1978). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40. 68-72.
        81. Reuveni, O. et al. (1991). Israel Ministry of Agriculutre. Special publications No., 250:50.
        82. Richard, E.C. et al. (1996). Hart. Sci., 31: 370-375.
        83. Rolston, D.E. et al. (1979). Univ. Calif. Bul1., 1893: 1-14.
        84. Rubeiz, I.G. (1990). J. Plant Nutrition, 13: 269-273.
        85. Ruiz. M.e. et al. (1991). J. Agric. Univ. PR., 72: 575-584.
        86. Salvadore, J.L. and Ailen, G.S. (1996) .J. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci., 21: 63-68.
        87. SaIvoder, J. et al. (1997). Hart. Sci., 32: 230-235.
        88. Shirgure, P.S. et al. (1999), Indian J. Soil Cons., 27: 45-49.
        89. Shirgure, P.S. etal. (2000). In: Proc. of National Seminar on Hi-tech Horticulture,lIHR, Bangalore, June 26-28, pp 73.
        90. Shirgure, P.S. et al. (2001). South Indian Hart., 49: 95-97.
        91. Singh, S.D. etal. (1989). Can. J. Plant Sci., 69: 991-999.
        92. Sivanappan, RK (1985). In: Drip irrigation in Action, vol. II, ASAE, Michigan, pp 736-740.
        93. Sivanappan, R.K. (1998). In: Proc. Workshop on Microirrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems, April 28-30,
        94. New Delhi, pp 11-17. .
        95. Sivanappan, R.K. and Padmakumari, O. (1980). Drip irrigation. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, PP 70.
        96. Smith, M.W. etal. (1979). J. Am.. Soc. Hart. Sci., 104: 311-313.
        97. Sonneveld, C. and Wees, AV. (1988). Proefstation voorTuinbours onder Glas Te Naaldwijk, 42: 31.
        98. Spayd, S.c. et al. (1994). Am. J. EcoI. Vitic., 45: 34-42.
        99. Srinivas, K. (1998). Trop. Agric., 74: 260-264. .
        100. Stark, J.e. et al. (1983). Agron. J., 75: 672-676.
        101. Swietlik, D. (1992). J. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci., 117: 22-27.
        102. Vol. 26, No.1, 2005 13
        103. Syvertsen, J.P. and Smth, M.L. (1996). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 121: 57-62.
        104. Uriu, K. et al. (1977). In: Proc 7th International. Congress on Use of Plastics in Agriculture, New Delhi, pp 211-214.
        105. Veeranna, HK etal. (2001). South Indian Hart., 49: 101-103.
        106. Voogt, W. and Sonneveld, C. (1989). Groenten in Fruit, 45: 37.
        107. Yosef, B.B. (1977). Agron. J., 69: 486-491.
        108. Yosef, B.B. and Sagive, B.B. (1982). Agron. J., 74: 633-638.
        109. Yosef, B.B. and Sheikhoslami, M.R. (1976). Soil Soc. Am. J., 40: 575-582.
        110. Yosef, B.B. et al. (1980). Agron. J., 72: 815-852.
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          Published In
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