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volume 27 issue 1 (march 2006) : 22 - 33

CROP ESTABLISHMENT OF RICE THROUGH WET-SEEDING AND ITS WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - AN EMERGING ISSUE - A REVIEW

D
Dileep Kachroo
1Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main Campus Chatha - Jammu (J and K) - 180 009, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Kachroo Dileep (2025). CROP ESTABLISHMENT OF RICE THROUGH WET-SEEDING AND ITS WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - AN EMERGING ISSUE - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 27(1): 22 - 33. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Direct wet seeding offers the advantage of faster and easier planting, reduced labour and less drudgery, 7–10 days earlier crop maturity, more efficient water use and higher tolerance to water deficit, less methane emission, and often higher profit in areas with assured water supply. This method of seeding in the past has received relatively less attention than transplanting. Sowing of sprouted rice seed or wet-seeded rice in puddled soil though becoming increasingly important as a method of crop establishment under lowland rice is beset with weed problems, particularly grassy weeds besides other management practices. Weeds emerge at about the same time that the rice seeds germinate, and therefore the yield losses caused by weeds will become greater with the trend towards wet seeding. Effective weed control is one of the key issue and major requirements to ensure a successful wet-seeded rice crop. Furthermore, varieties must be improved for early seeding vigor, weed competitiveness, submergence tolerance to survive untimely rainfall during stand establishment and drought tolerance to survive dry conditions during germination and later growth stages, and for lodging resistance at maturity. An attempt has been made in this paper to review and discuss the wet seeding rice vis-à-vis weed management techniques that can be used to develop an improved integrated weed control technology for wet-seeded rice. Besides this other management constraints to ensure optimum conditions for seeding have also been reviewed.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Anonymous (1952). Trop. Agric., 108: 196-199.
    2. Anonymous (1986). Mechanized rice production projects at Rambai, Mulaut and Kandol. Interim report for Mulaut, Volume 2, Appendices. Agricultural Development Corporation, Republic of Korea and Watson Hawksby Asia, Negara Brunei Darussalam.
    3. Anonymous (1988). Tropical Weeds: A Growing Menace. Spore, 12: 4-6.
    4. ARS (Agricultural Research Station) (1980). Half Yearly Report, Yala 1980. Maha Illuppallama, Sri Lanka, 64 pp.
    5. Awang, Z.B. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wed-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 22-23.
    6. Azmi, M. and Supaad, M.A. (1990). In: Proc. 3rd Intern. Conf. on Plant Protection in the Tropics, Volume VI. Vol. 27, No. 1, 2006 31
    7. Genting Highlands, Malaysia, pp. 292-296.
    8. Bhattacharjee, I.R. (1978). Sci. Cult., 44: 504-505.
    9. Bhuiyan, S.L. et al. (1995). Irrig. Sci., 16: 1-8.
    10. Bo, T.M. (1995).. In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, MCPO Box 3127,1271 Makati, Philippines, pp. 59-62.
    11. Castin, E.M. and Moody, K. (1989). In: Proc. 12th Asian- Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Seoul, Korea, pp. 337-343.
    12. Chander Subash and Pandey Jitendra (1996). Indian J. Agron., 41: 209-214.
    13. Coxhead, I. (1994). The Economics of wet seeding inducement to and consequences of some recent changes in the Philippines rice cultivation. National University, Canberra, Australia.
    14. Day, B.E. (1974). Pest Management and the Efficient Use and Safe Handling of Pesticides in South Vietnam.
    15. United States Agency for International Development and University of California at Berkeley, USA, 39 pp.
    16. De Datta, S.K. and Bernasor, P.C. (1973). Weed Res., 13: 351-354.
    17. De Datta, S.K. (1986). Expl. Agric., 22: 417-426.
    18. DRR (Directorate of Rice Research) (1995). Progress Report, Kharif (1994) Vol. 3: Agronomy, soil science and physiology, AICRIP (ICAR). DRR, Hyderabad 500030 AP, India, pp. 29-31, 38-58.
    19. Eastin, E.F. (1981). In: Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp. 539 547.
    20. Erquiza, A. et al. (1990). Choice of Rice Crop Establishment Techniques: Transplanting vs Wet Seeded. IRRI Research Paper Series 139, Los años, Laguna, Philippines, 10 pp.
    21. Gooding, E.G.B. (1983). World Crops, 35: 90-92.
    22. Guyer, R. and Quadranti, M. (1985). In: Proc. 10th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Soc. Conf. Chiangmai, Thailand, pp. 304-311.
    23. Hare, C.J. et al. (1989). In: Proc. 12th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Conf., Seoul, Korea, pp. 165-170.
    24. Ho, N.K. and Zuki, Md. I. (1988). In: Proc. National Sem. and Workshop on Rice Field Weed Management, pp. 55-67.
    25. Ho, N.K. (1995). Management innovations and technology transfer in wet seeded rice. A case study of the Muda irrigation Scheme, Malaysia in Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody,
    26. K. ed.). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 85-97.
    27. Jaafar, M.H. et al. (1995). Wet-seeded rice Sabah (Malaysia) In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wetseeded
    28. rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 63-72.
    29. Jaydeva, M. (2002). Indian J. Weed Sci., 34: 290-292.
    30. Kachroo, Dileep (2002). Annual report of the project “Development of eco-friendly and women oriented production and protection technologies for the rice-based cropping system under PSR mode of NATP” SKUAST-J, Jammu.
    31. Lo, N.P. and Cheong, A.W. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K.ed). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los  Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 324-336.
    32. Lo, N.P. (1990). In: Abstracts, 3rd Intern. Conf. on Plant Protection in the Tropics. Genting Highlands, Malaysia, pp. 44.
    33. Mabbayad, B.B. (1967). Tillage Techniques and Planting Methods for Lowland Rice. M. Sc. Thesis, University ofthe Philippines College of Agriculture, College, Laguna, Philippines.
    34. Mabbayad, B.B. and  Obordo, R.A. (1970). In: Rice Prod. Manual (Revised edition). University of the Philippines, College of Agriculture and International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 84-88.
    35. Mabbayad, M.O. and Moody, K. (1985). J. Plant Prot. Tropics, 2: 117-124.
    36. Mahn, E.G. and Helmecke, K. (1979). Agro ecosystems, 5: 159-179.
    37. Manikkavasagar, T.N. (1968). Trop. Agric., 124: 57-68.
    38. Moody, K. (1977a). In: Crop. Sys. Res. and Develop. for the Asian Rice Farmer. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 281-293.
    39. Moody, K. (1977b). In: 5th Southeast Asian Reg. Center for Trop. Biol. (BIOTROP). Weed Science Training Course, 14 November - 23 December, 1977, Rubber Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 374-424.
    40. Moody, K. (1983). Plant Prot. Bull., 30: 119-124.
    41. Moody, K. (1984). In: Proc. 1st Trop. Weed Sci. Conf.. 1: pp. 15-25. 32 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    42. Moody, K. (1986). Paper presented at the Zhejiang Weed Science Research Conference, 18-21 November, 1986,
    43. Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
    44. Moody, K. (1990). Postplanting weed control in direct-seeded rice. Paper presented at a Rice Symposium, 25-27
    45. September, 1990, MARDI, Penang, Malaysia.
    46. Moody, K. (1992). In: Proc. 1st Inter. Weed Control Congress, 1: Melbourne, Australia, pp. 220-223.
    47. Moody, K. and Cordova, V.G. (1985). In: Women in Rice Farming. International Rice Research Institute,
    48. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 467-480.
    49. Navarez, D.C. et al. (1979). Philippines J. Weed Sci., 6: 23-31.
    50. Ota, Y. and Nakayama, M. (1970). Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 21: 65-66.
    51. Pablico, P.P. et al. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI
    52. Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp.
    53. 171-185.
    54. Panday, S. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI Discussion
    55. paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 73-84.
    56. Parthasarathi, M. and Negi, N.S. (1977). In: Proceedings of Weed Science Conference. Ind. Soc.Weed Sci., Andhra
    57. Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India, pp. 179-180.
    58. Peterson, L.W. et al. (1990). In: Pest. Mgmt. in Rice. Elsevier Appl. Sci., London, England, pp. 358-367.
    59. Pradhan, S.N. (1969). Twenty-six Years of Rice Research and Development. National Research Council of the
    60. Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, 122 pp.
    61. Rao, A.N. and Moody, K. (1994). Consultancy report of work done from July 01 to December 31, 1994, IRRI,
    62. Los Banos.
    63. Serrano, F.B. (1975). Twenty-six Years of Rice Research and Development. National Research Council of the
    64. Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, 122 pp.
    65. Siddiqi, E.A. (2000). The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture, pp. 39-44.
    66. Sittisuang, P. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI
    67. Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp 1-5.
    68. Smith Jr., R.J. (1967). In: Proc. 1st Asian-Pacific Weed Contr. Interchange. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, pp. 67-73.
    69. Smith Jr., R.J. and Moody, K. (1979). In: Integ. Plant Prot. Agricul. Crops and Forest Trees: Proc. Symp. 9th Inter.
    70. Cong. Plant Protection, 2, (Kommedahl, T. ed.). Washington, D.C., USA, pp. 458-462.
    71. Smith Jr., R.J. et al. (1977). Agriculture Handbook 497, USDA, Washington, D.C., USA, 78 pp.
    72. Stoskopf, N.C. (1985). Cereal Grain Crops. Reston Publishing Co., Reston, Virginia, USA, 516 pp.
    73. Takashima, Y. (1984). In: Useful Farming Practices. Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture and
    74. Forestry, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 16-17.
    75. Van de Weerd, J.C. et al. (1988). In: Proc. National Sem. Workshop on Rice Field Weed Mgmt.
    76. Vangsaroj, P. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities and innovations for wet seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI
    77. Discussion Paper series No. 10. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Makati, Philippines,
    78. pp. 270-286.
    79. Wah, C.A. et al. (1982). In: Proc. Padi Workshop. Mardi, Bumbong Lima, Province Wellesby, Malaysia, pp. 167-178.
    80. Wrigley, G. (1969). In: CIBA Limited. Technical Monograph No. 1, Basle, Switzerland, pp. 27-31.
    81. Yamada, N. (1952). Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 21: 65-66.
    82. Yamauchi, M. et al. (19 ). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI
    83. Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp.171-185.
    84. Yoong, W.C. and Hui, J.C. (1993). Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia. BIL/PBLS/K/I Publication
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      volume 27 issue 1 (march 2006) : 22 - 33

      CROP ESTABLISHMENT OF RICE THROUGH WET-SEEDING AND ITS WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - AN EMERGING ISSUE - A REVIEW

      D
      Dileep Kachroo
      1Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Main Campus Chatha - Jammu (J and K) - 180 009, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Kachroo Dileep (2025). CROP ESTABLISHMENT OF RICE THROUGH WET-SEEDING AND ITS WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - AN EMERGING ISSUE - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 27(1): 22 - 33. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Direct wet seeding offers the advantage of faster and easier planting, reduced labour and less drudgery, 7–10 days earlier crop maturity, more efficient water use and higher tolerance to water deficit, less methane emission, and often higher profit in areas with assured water supply. This method of seeding in the past has received relatively less attention than transplanting. Sowing of sprouted rice seed or wet-seeded rice in puddled soil though becoming increasingly important as a method of crop establishment under lowland rice is beset with weed problems, particularly grassy weeds besides other management practices. Weeds emerge at about the same time that the rice seeds germinate, and therefore the yield losses caused by weeds will become greater with the trend towards wet seeding. Effective weed control is one of the key issue and major requirements to ensure a successful wet-seeded rice crop. Furthermore, varieties must be improved for early seeding vigor, weed competitiveness, submergence tolerance to survive untimely rainfall during stand establishment and drought tolerance to survive dry conditions during germination and later growth stages, and for lodging resistance at maturity. An attempt has been made in this paper to review and discuss the wet seeding rice vis-à-vis weed management techniques that can be used to develop an improved integrated weed control technology for wet-seeded rice. Besides this other management constraints to ensure optimum conditions for seeding have also been reviewed.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Anonymous (1952). Trop. Agric., 108: 196-199.
        2. Anonymous (1986). Mechanized rice production projects at Rambai, Mulaut and Kandol. Interim report for Mulaut, Volume 2, Appendices. Agricultural Development Corporation, Republic of Korea and Watson Hawksby Asia, Negara Brunei Darussalam.
        3. Anonymous (1988). Tropical Weeds: A Growing Menace. Spore, 12: 4-6.
        4. ARS (Agricultural Research Station) (1980). Half Yearly Report, Yala 1980. Maha Illuppallama, Sri Lanka, 64 pp.
        5. Awang, Z.B. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wed-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 22-23.
        6. Azmi, M. and Supaad, M.A. (1990). In: Proc. 3rd Intern. Conf. on Plant Protection in the Tropics, Volume VI. Vol. 27, No. 1, 2006 31
        7. Genting Highlands, Malaysia, pp. 292-296.
        8. Bhattacharjee, I.R. (1978). Sci. Cult., 44: 504-505.
        9. Bhuiyan, S.L. et al. (1995). Irrig. Sci., 16: 1-8.
        10. Bo, T.M. (1995).. In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, MCPO Box 3127,1271 Makati, Philippines, pp. 59-62.
        11. Castin, E.M. and Moody, K. (1989). In: Proc. 12th Asian- Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Seoul, Korea, pp. 337-343.
        12. Chander Subash and Pandey Jitendra (1996). Indian J. Agron., 41: 209-214.
        13. Coxhead, I. (1994). The Economics of wet seeding inducement to and consequences of some recent changes in the Philippines rice cultivation. National University, Canberra, Australia.
        14. Day, B.E. (1974). Pest Management and the Efficient Use and Safe Handling of Pesticides in South Vietnam.
        15. United States Agency for International Development and University of California at Berkeley, USA, 39 pp.
        16. De Datta, S.K. and Bernasor, P.C. (1973). Weed Res., 13: 351-354.
        17. De Datta, S.K. (1986). Expl. Agric., 22: 417-426.
        18. DRR (Directorate of Rice Research) (1995). Progress Report, Kharif (1994) Vol. 3: Agronomy, soil science and physiology, AICRIP (ICAR). DRR, Hyderabad 500030 AP, India, pp. 29-31, 38-58.
        19. Eastin, E.F. (1981). In: Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp. 539 547.
        20. Erquiza, A. et al. (1990). Choice of Rice Crop Establishment Techniques: Transplanting vs Wet Seeded. IRRI Research Paper Series 139, Los años, Laguna, Philippines, 10 pp.
        21. Gooding, E.G.B. (1983). World Crops, 35: 90-92.
        22. Guyer, R. and Quadranti, M. (1985). In: Proc. 10th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Soc. Conf. Chiangmai, Thailand, pp. 304-311.
        23. Hare, C.J. et al. (1989). In: Proc. 12th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Conf., Seoul, Korea, pp. 165-170.
        24. Ho, N.K. and Zuki, Md. I. (1988). In: Proc. National Sem. and Workshop on Rice Field Weed Management, pp. 55-67.
        25. Ho, N.K. (1995). Management innovations and technology transfer in wet seeded rice. A case study of the Muda irrigation Scheme, Malaysia in Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody,
        26. K. ed.). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 85-97.
        27. Jaafar, M.H. et al. (1995). Wet-seeded rice Sabah (Malaysia) In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wetseeded
        28. rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 63-72.
        29. Jaydeva, M. (2002). Indian J. Weed Sci., 34: 290-292.
        30. Kachroo, Dileep (2002). Annual report of the project “Development of eco-friendly and women oriented production and protection technologies for the rice-based cropping system under PSR mode of NATP” SKUAST-J, Jammu.
        31. Lo, N.P. and Cheong, A.W. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K.ed). IRRI Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los  Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 324-336.
        32. Lo, N.P. (1990). In: Abstracts, 3rd Intern. Conf. on Plant Protection in the Tropics. Genting Highlands, Malaysia, pp. 44.
        33. Mabbayad, B.B. (1967). Tillage Techniques and Planting Methods for Lowland Rice. M. Sc. Thesis, University ofthe Philippines College of Agriculture, College, Laguna, Philippines.
        34. Mabbayad, B.B. and  Obordo, R.A. (1970). In: Rice Prod. Manual (Revised edition). University of the Philippines, College of Agriculture and International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 84-88.
        35. Mabbayad, M.O. and Moody, K. (1985). J. Plant Prot. Tropics, 2: 117-124.
        36. Mahn, E.G. and Helmecke, K. (1979). Agro ecosystems, 5: 159-179.
        37. Manikkavasagar, T.N. (1968). Trop. Agric., 124: 57-68.
        38. Moody, K. (1977a). In: Crop. Sys. Res. and Develop. for the Asian Rice Farmer. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 281-293.
        39. Moody, K. (1977b). In: 5th Southeast Asian Reg. Center for Trop. Biol. (BIOTROP). Weed Science Training Course, 14 November - 23 December, 1977, Rubber Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 374-424.
        40. Moody, K. (1983). Plant Prot. Bull., 30: 119-124.
        41. Moody, K. (1984). In: Proc. 1st Trop. Weed Sci. Conf.. 1: pp. 15-25. 32 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
        42. Moody, K. (1986). Paper presented at the Zhejiang Weed Science Research Conference, 18-21 November, 1986,
        43. Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
        44. Moody, K. (1990). Postplanting weed control in direct-seeded rice. Paper presented at a Rice Symposium, 25-27
        45. September, 1990, MARDI, Penang, Malaysia.
        46. Moody, K. (1992). In: Proc. 1st Inter. Weed Control Congress, 1: Melbourne, Australia, pp. 220-223.
        47. Moody, K. and Cordova, V.G. (1985). In: Women in Rice Farming. International Rice Research Institute,
        48. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 467-480.
        49. Navarez, D.C. et al. (1979). Philippines J. Weed Sci., 6: 23-31.
        50. Ota, Y. and Nakayama, M. (1970). Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 21: 65-66.
        51. Pablico, P.P. et al. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI
        52. Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp.
        53. 171-185.
        54. Panday, S. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI Discussion
        55. paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp. 73-84.
        56. Parthasarathi, M. and Negi, N.S. (1977). In: Proceedings of Weed Science Conference. Ind. Soc.Weed Sci., Andhra
        57. Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India, pp. 179-180.
        58. Peterson, L.W. et al. (1990). In: Pest. Mgmt. in Rice. Elsevier Appl. Sci., London, England, pp. 358-367.
        59. Pradhan, S.N. (1969). Twenty-six Years of Rice Research and Development. National Research Council of the
        60. Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, 122 pp.
        61. Rao, A.N. and Moody, K. (1994). Consultancy report of work done from July 01 to December 31, 1994, IRRI,
        62. Los Banos.
        63. Serrano, F.B. (1975). Twenty-six Years of Rice Research and Development. National Research Council of the
        64. Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, 122 pp.
        65. Siddiqi, E.A. (2000). The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture, pp. 39-44.
        66. Sittisuang, P. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI
        67. Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp 1-5.
        68. Smith Jr., R.J. (1967). In: Proc. 1st Asian-Pacific Weed Contr. Interchange. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, pp. 67-73.
        69. Smith Jr., R.J. and Moody, K. (1979). In: Integ. Plant Prot. Agricul. Crops and Forest Trees: Proc. Symp. 9th Inter.
        70. Cong. Plant Protection, 2, (Kommedahl, T. ed.). Washington, D.C., USA, pp. 458-462.
        71. Smith Jr., R.J. et al. (1977). Agriculture Handbook 497, USDA, Washington, D.C., USA, 78 pp.
        72. Stoskopf, N.C. (1985). Cereal Grain Crops. Reston Publishing Co., Reston, Virginia, USA, 516 pp.
        73. Takashima, Y. (1984). In: Useful Farming Practices. Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture and
        74. Forestry, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 16-17.
        75. Van de Weerd, J.C. et al. (1988). In: Proc. National Sem. Workshop on Rice Field Weed Mgmt.
        76. Vangsaroj, P. (1995). In: Constraints, opportunities and innovations for wet seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI
        77. Discussion Paper series No. 10. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Makati, Philippines,
        78. pp. 270-286.
        79. Wah, C.A. et al. (1982). In: Proc. Padi Workshop. Mardi, Bumbong Lima, Province Wellesby, Malaysia, pp. 167-178.
        80. Wrigley, G. (1969). In: CIBA Limited. Technical Monograph No. 1, Basle, Switzerland, pp. 27-31.
        81. Yamada, N. (1952). Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 21: 65-66.
        82. Yamauchi, M. et al. (19 ). In: Constraints, opportunities, and innovations for wet-seeded rice. (Moody, K. ed.). IRRI
        83. Discussion paper series No.10. International Rice Research Institute Los Baffos, Makati, Philippines, pp.171-185.
        84. Yoong, W.C. and Hui, J.C. (1993). Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia. BIL/PBLS/K/I Publication
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