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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 28 issue 4 (december 2007) : 277-282

FLORAL BIOLOGY OF BER - A REVIEW

S
S. Pareek
S
S. Mukherjee
R
R. Paliwal
1Department of Horticulture, (Rajasthan Agricultural University) S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur) – 303 329 (Raj.), India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Pareek S., Mukherjee S., Paliwal R. (2025). FLORAL BIOLOGY OF BER - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 28(4): 277-282. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Ber is an ancient fruit of India and China. Ber fruits are very nutritious and rich in vitamins C, A and B- complex. The duration of flowering in ber is prolonged and the time of blossoming largely depends on climatic conditions. Flowering, can, however be regulated to some extent by timing the pruning operation. The flower buds in ber are borne on both mature as well as current season’s growth and the inflorescence is an axillary cyme. Most of the ber varieties are self unfruitful and fruit poorly without cross pollination. Fruits drop immature if they are set without fertilization or due to embryo abortion at later stage of fruit development. Its floral biology has been studied by many researchers, however, the self and cross-incompatibility and long juvenile period are the hindrances for the systematic hybridization programme in this crop. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this review to critically analyse the important aspects of ber flowering; flowering time, flowering duration, flowering habit, anthesis, dehiscence, stigma receptivity, pollen morphology, pollen viability, pollen germination, fruit set and fruit drop. The ber flowering literature provides a wealth of usable information for breeders.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Babu, R.H. and Kumar, P.S. (1998). Haryana J. hort Sci., 17, 24-27.
    2. Chadha, K.L. and Pareek, O.P. (1993). In: Advances in Horticulture, Vol. I. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi.
    3. Cheong, S.T. and Kim, J.S. (1984). J. Korean Soc.Hort. Sci., 25, 241-249.
    4. Chovatia, R.S., et. al.(1992). Gujarat Agric. Univ. Res. J., 17, 56-60.
    5. Chundawat, B.S. and Srivastava, H.C. (1980). Ann Arid Zone, 19, 365-367.
    6. Desai, U.T.,et. al. (1986). J.Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 11, 76-78.
    7. Dhaliwal, J.S. and Bal, J.S. (1998). P.A.U J. Res. 35, 36-40.
    8. Garhwal, O.P. (1997). M.Sc. Thesis, Rajasthan Agric. Univ., Bikaner, India.
    9. Godara, N.R. (1980). Ph.D. Thesis, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar, India.
    10. Godara, N.R. (1981). Thesis Abstracts, HAU., 7: 65-66.
    11. Grice, A.C. (1998). Weed Sci., 46: 467-474.
    12. Gupta, M.R. and Minhas, P.P.S. (1991). P.A.U J. Res. 28:357-358.
    13. Hulwale, T.D., et al. (1996). J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 20:470.
    14. Hulwale, T.D., et al. (1995). Ann Arid Zone, 34:47-50.
    15. Josan, J.S., et al. (1980). Punjab Hort. J., 20:156-161.
    16. Josan, J.S., et al. (1981). Punjab Hort. J., 21: 61-64.
    17. Kim, Y.S. and Kim, W.S. (1984). J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci., 25:28-36.
    18. Lyrene, P.M. (1983). Hort Sci., 18:208-209.
    19. Mchedlidze, M.S. and Shekiladze, A.A. (1986). In:Agrotekhnika iselectsiya subtropicheskikh kul’tur, 57-59. (Ru) From
    20. Referativnyi Zhurnal (1987).
    21. Mehrotra, N.K. and Gupta, M.R. (1985). P.A.U. J. Res. 22:671-674.
    22. Neeraja, G., et al. (1993). Andhra Pradesh agric. Univ. J. Res., 21:243-245.
    23. Neeraja, G., et al. (1995). Andhra Pradesh agric. Univ. J. Res., 23:17-21.
    24. Panwar, J.S. (1980). H.A.U. J. Res., 10:57-59.
    25. Pareek, O.P. (1983). The Ber : Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
    26. Pareek, O.P. (2001a). Ber:International Centre for Underutilized crops, Southampton, U.K. pp. 248-266.
    27. Pareek, S. (2001b). M.Sc. Thesis, Rajasthan Agric. Univ., Bikaner, India.
    28. Park, E.S. and Yu, Y.S. (1989). J. Korean Soc. Hort. Scie., 7:134-135.
    29. Pathak, R.K. and Pathak, R.A. (1993). In: Advances in Horticulture, Vol. I (Chadha, K.L. and Pareek, O.P. Eds.). Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi. pp 407-422.
    30. 228822 AGRIACGURLITCUURTAULR ASLC IERNECVEI EDWISGEST
    31. Pradeep, T. (1997). (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Ph.D. Thesis, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vishav Vidayala., Rahuri, India.
    32. Pradeep, T. and Jambhale, N.D. (2000). Indian J. Genet., 60:519-525.
    33. Raja, P.V. (1985). M.Sc. Thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
    34. Romanova, G.S., et al. (1985). Byulleten Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Btanicheskogo Sada, 58:54-60.
    35. Sharma, V.P. and Kore, V.N. (1990) In: Fruits- Tropical and Subtropical. (Bose, T.K. and Mitra, S.K eds) Naya Prokash, Kolkata. Pp. 592-615.
    36. Sharma, V.P., et al. (1990). Ann. agric. Res. 11: 121-124.
    37. Singh, D. and Jindal, P.C. (1982). H.A.U. J. Res., 12:292-94.
    38. Singh, M.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1993). Studies on fruitfly (Carpomyia vesuviana) resistance in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana
    39. Lamk.). Abstract, Golden Jubilee Symposium, Horticultural Research – Challenging Scenario, Bangalore.
    40. Singh, R.S. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1997). Haryana J.Hort. Sci., 26:20-24.
    41. Singh, Z., et al. (1991). Indian J. Hort., 48:247-251.
    42. Vashistha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1979). Ann Arid Zone, 18:165-169.
    43. Vashistha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1983). Ann Arid Zone, 22:43-45.
    44. Xue,W. and Wang, A. (1999). South China Fruits, 28:41-42.
    45. Yang, C.Y., et al. (1994). J. Fruit Sci., 111:103-104.
    46. Yu, C. J., et al. (1994). In: Advances in Horticulture (Dong, G. and Meng, L.Y. eds.). China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China, 102-105.
    47. Yun, M.S., et al. (1989). Studies on the pollen physiology of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.). Research Reports of the Rural Development Administration Horticulture, 31:47-53.
    48. Yun, M.S., et al. (1994). J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci., 35:466-470.
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      volume 28 issue 4 (december 2007) : 277-282

      FLORAL BIOLOGY OF BER - A REVIEW

      S
      S. Pareek
      S
      S. Mukherjee
      R
      R. Paliwal
      1Department of Horticulture, (Rajasthan Agricultural University) S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur) – 303 329 (Raj.), India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Pareek S., Mukherjee S., Paliwal R. (2025). FLORAL BIOLOGY OF BER - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 28(4): 277-282. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Ber is an ancient fruit of India and China. Ber fruits are very nutritious and rich in vitamins C, A and B- complex. The duration of flowering in ber is prolonged and the time of blossoming largely depends on climatic conditions. Flowering, can, however be regulated to some extent by timing the pruning operation. The flower buds in ber are borne on both mature as well as current season’s growth and the inflorescence is an axillary cyme. Most of the ber varieties are self unfruitful and fruit poorly without cross pollination. Fruits drop immature if they are set without fertilization or due to embryo abortion at later stage of fruit development. Its floral biology has been studied by many researchers, however, the self and cross-incompatibility and long juvenile period are the hindrances for the systematic hybridization programme in this crop. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this review to critically analyse the important aspects of ber flowering; flowering time, flowering duration, flowering habit, anthesis, dehiscence, stigma receptivity, pollen morphology, pollen viability, pollen germination, fruit set and fruit drop. The ber flowering literature provides a wealth of usable information for breeders.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Babu, R.H. and Kumar, P.S. (1998). Haryana J. hort Sci., 17, 24-27.
        2. Chadha, K.L. and Pareek, O.P. (1993). In: Advances in Horticulture, Vol. I. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi.
        3. Cheong, S.T. and Kim, J.S. (1984). J. Korean Soc.Hort. Sci., 25, 241-249.
        4. Chovatia, R.S., et. al.(1992). Gujarat Agric. Univ. Res. J., 17, 56-60.
        5. Chundawat, B.S. and Srivastava, H.C. (1980). Ann Arid Zone, 19, 365-367.
        6. Desai, U.T.,et. al. (1986). J.Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 11, 76-78.
        7. Dhaliwal, J.S. and Bal, J.S. (1998). P.A.U J. Res. 35, 36-40.
        8. Garhwal, O.P. (1997). M.Sc. Thesis, Rajasthan Agric. Univ., Bikaner, India.
        9. Godara, N.R. (1980). Ph.D. Thesis, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hisar, India.
        10. Godara, N.R. (1981). Thesis Abstracts, HAU., 7: 65-66.
        11. Grice, A.C. (1998). Weed Sci., 46: 467-474.
        12. Gupta, M.R. and Minhas, P.P.S. (1991). P.A.U J. Res. 28:357-358.
        13. Hulwale, T.D., et al. (1996). J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 20:470.
        14. Hulwale, T.D., et al. (1995). Ann Arid Zone, 34:47-50.
        15. Josan, J.S., et al. (1980). Punjab Hort. J., 20:156-161.
        16. Josan, J.S., et al. (1981). Punjab Hort. J., 21: 61-64.
        17. Kim, Y.S. and Kim, W.S. (1984). J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci., 25:28-36.
        18. Lyrene, P.M. (1983). Hort Sci., 18:208-209.
        19. Mchedlidze, M.S. and Shekiladze, A.A. (1986). In:Agrotekhnika iselectsiya subtropicheskikh kul’tur, 57-59. (Ru) From
        20. Referativnyi Zhurnal (1987).
        21. Mehrotra, N.K. and Gupta, M.R. (1985). P.A.U. J. Res. 22:671-674.
        22. Neeraja, G., et al. (1993). Andhra Pradesh agric. Univ. J. Res., 21:243-245.
        23. Neeraja, G., et al. (1995). Andhra Pradesh agric. Univ. J. Res., 23:17-21.
        24. Panwar, J.S. (1980). H.A.U. J. Res., 10:57-59.
        25. Pareek, O.P. (1983). The Ber : Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
        26. Pareek, O.P. (2001a). Ber:International Centre for Underutilized crops, Southampton, U.K. pp. 248-266.
        27. Pareek, S. (2001b). M.Sc. Thesis, Rajasthan Agric. Univ., Bikaner, India.
        28. Park, E.S. and Yu, Y.S. (1989). J. Korean Soc. Hort. Scie., 7:134-135.
        29. Pathak, R.K. and Pathak, R.A. (1993). In: Advances in Horticulture, Vol. I (Chadha, K.L. and Pareek, O.P. Eds.). Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi. pp 407-422.
        30. 228822 AGRIACGURLITCUURTAULR ASLC IERNECVEI EDWISGEST
        31. Pradeep, T. (1997). (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Ph.D. Thesis, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vishav Vidayala., Rahuri, India.
        32. Pradeep, T. and Jambhale, N.D. (2000). Indian J. Genet., 60:519-525.
        33. Raja, P.V. (1985). M.Sc. Thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
        34. Romanova, G.S., et al. (1985). Byulleten Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Btanicheskogo Sada, 58:54-60.
        35. Sharma, V.P. and Kore, V.N. (1990) In: Fruits- Tropical and Subtropical. (Bose, T.K. and Mitra, S.K eds) Naya Prokash, Kolkata. Pp. 592-615.
        36. Sharma, V.P., et al. (1990). Ann. agric. Res. 11: 121-124.
        37. Singh, D. and Jindal, P.C. (1982). H.A.U. J. Res., 12:292-94.
        38. Singh, M.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1993). Studies on fruitfly (Carpomyia vesuviana) resistance in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana
        39. Lamk.). Abstract, Golden Jubilee Symposium, Horticultural Research – Challenging Scenario, Bangalore.
        40. Singh, R.S. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1997). Haryana J.Hort. Sci., 26:20-24.
        41. Singh, Z., et al. (1991). Indian J. Hort., 48:247-251.
        42. Vashistha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1979). Ann Arid Zone, 18:165-169.
        43. Vashistha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1983). Ann Arid Zone, 22:43-45.
        44. Xue,W. and Wang, A. (1999). South China Fruits, 28:41-42.
        45. Yang, C.Y., et al. (1994). J. Fruit Sci., 111:103-104.
        46. Yu, C. J., et al. (1994). In: Advances in Horticulture (Dong, G. and Meng, L.Y. eds.). China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China, 102-105.
        47. Yun, M.S., et al. (1989). Studies on the pollen physiology of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.). Research Reports of the Rural Development Administration Horticulture, 31:47-53.
        48. Yun, M.S., et al. (1994). J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci., 35:466-470.
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