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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 28 issue 2 (june 2007) : 93-104

EDAPHOLOGY OF MOLYBDENUM NUTRITION IN CITRUS: A REVIEW

A
A.K.Srivastava
S
Shyam Singh
1Nation~l Research Centre for Citrus, Amravati Road, Nagpur- 440 010, India.

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- A.K.Srivastava, Singh Shyam (2025). EDAPHOLOGY OF MOLYBDENUM NUTRITION IN CITRUS: A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 28(2): 93-104. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Molybdenum is one of the micronutrients, though investigated sparsely, but it hold a good significance in citrus nutrition programme. Yellow spots of citrus, blue chaff of oats and whlptail of cauliflower, broccoli and brussels are some of the classical examples of Mo-deficiency. On the other hand, the reports about Mo-toxicity are very limited but they are known by names like molybdensis, feart disease and peat scows. Some of the Mo-responsive crops besides citrus are: cabbagexs, carrot, cauliflower, celery, cucumber, lettuce, onion, parsnips, potato, radish, spinach, tomato and turnip. The optimum leaf Mo concentration vary from 0.1–3.0 ppm in USA and Brazil to 0.1–1.0 ppm in Australia. While optimum soil available Mo is suggested to be 0.08–0.15 mg/kg, though a very limited literature is available on soil available Mo for citrus. Soil fertilization and foliar application are the two most effective method alleviating Mo-deficiency. The soil application of Mo consists of 500 –1500 g ha−1 and foliar application, 0.05–0.10% with ammonium molybdate still the most popular Mo - source.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Adriano, D.C. (1986). Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment, Springer-Ver/agpp. 329-361, Berlin, Germany.
    2. Aiyappa, K.M. eta/. (1968). Indian. J. Hart., 25: 1-15.
    3. Amin, J.V and Joham, H.E. (1958). Soil Sci., 85 : 156-60
    4. Anderson, AJ. (1956). Adv. Agron., 8 : 163-202
    5. Anderson, AJ. and Oertel, AC. (1946). Factors Affecting the Response of Plant to Molybdenum, Bull 198 Council Sci. and Ind. Res. (Australia) pp. 25-44.
    6. Arnon, D. I. (1937). Soil Sci., 44: 91-121.
    7. Arnon, D. I. (1938). Am. J. Bol., 25: 322-325.
    8. Arnon, D. I. and Stout, P. R. (1939). PI. Physio/., 14: 599.
    9. Asana, R.D. (1963). Annu,il Report of the Co-ordinated Scheme for Investigations on Citrus Die-back, lCAR, 1963.
    10. Balaguru,o. and Mosi, AD. (1973) Madras Agric. J., 60:147-151.
    11. Barber,SA (1984). Molybdenum. SoU Nutrient Bioavailability, pp. 338-345, Wiley, New York, USA.
    12. Barshad, I. (1951). Soil Sci., 71:297-313.
    13. Berger, K.C. and Pratt, P.E (1965). Advances in secondary and micronutrient fertilization. In Fertilizer Technology and Usage, (Mc Vickar, M.H., Bridger, G.L. and. Nelson, L.B. ed.) , Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America, USA. pp. 313-317
    14. Blondel, AM. and Blanc, D. (1975). Ann. Agron., 26: 277-287.
    15. Brusca, J.N. and Haas, A.R.C. (1956). Calif. Citrogr., 41: 158-159.
    16. Cassin, P. J. et a/. (1969). Proc. Int. Citrus Symp. Vol. 3, pp. 1689-1712
    17. Cassin, P.J. et a/. (1982). Fruits, 37:77-85.
    18. Chakarborty, SK et a/. (1982). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 30:92-93.
    19. Chapman, H. D.(1960a). Univ. Calif. Dill. Agri. Sci. Ext. Ser. Manual 25 p. 53
    20. Chapman, H.D. (1960b). Calif. Citrog., 45: 230-233
    21. Chapman, H.D. (1975). Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils. Eurasia Publishing House (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp.162-164
    22. Davies, E.B. (1956). Soil Sci., 81 : 20-21.
    23. Dean, L.A and Rubins, E.J.(1947). Soil Sci., 63:377-387.
    24. Durate, V.M. et a/. (1961). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 9:41-53.
    25. Egorashvili,N.V. et a/.(1991). Subtropicheskie KuJ'tury (5):71-79.
    26. Embleton, T. W. et a/.(1973). Leaf analysis as a Diagnostic Tool and Guide to Fertilization [w. Reuther ed.l. The Citrus Industry Rev Ed. Vol. 3, Dill. Agri. Sei., Berkeley, Calif. USA, Vol. 1, pp. 183-210
    27. Fichera, P. and D'arrigo, C.M. (1975). Tecnica Agricola, 27 (l/2) : 61-70.
    28. Flemming, GA (1980). Essential micronutrients.I: Boron and molybdenum. Applied Soil Trael' Elemen~,.( B.E. Davies ed.), Wiley, New York, USA pp.155-197 .' .
    29. Floyd, B.E (1908). Annual Report. Fla. Agric. Expt. Sta. Florida, liSA
    30. Fried, M. (1948). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 13:~35-138.
    31. Gallasch, P. T. and Pfeiler, G. R. (1988). Proc. Sixth Int. Citrus Congr. (Goren, R. and Mendel, K. ed.),BaIaban Publi. Rehovot, IsraelVol. 28, No.2, 2007 105
    32. Goldberg, S., Forster, H.S. and GodfreY,C.L (1996). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62:245-430.
    33. Gupta, U.C. (1969). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 33: 929-32
    34. Gupta, U.C. and Gupta, U.C. (1997). Molybdenum in Agriculture. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, USA pp. 160-167
    35. Gupta, U.C. and Lipsett, J. (1981). Adv. Agon. 34:73-115
    36. Gupta, U.C. and MacKay, D.C. (1968). Can. J. Soil Sci., 48:235-242.
    37. Gupta, V.K and Dabag, D.S. (1980). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 28:28-30.
    38. Haas, ARC. (1%2). Calif. Citrog., 37(7) : 278, 288-290
    39. Heuwinkel, H. et al. (1992). Plant Nutr. 15:549-568.
    40. Hille, R (1996). Chern Rev. 96:2757-2816
    41. Hoagland, D. R (1940). Proc. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci., 38: 8-12.
    42. Huang, S. H. and Wang, Q. V. (1991). China Citrus, 20 (3) : 9-11.
    43. Johnson, C.M. (1965). Molybdnum. Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils. (Chapman, H.D. ed.) Uni". Calif., USA.
    44. Jones, L.H.P. (1957). PI.Physiol., 8: 313-27
    45. Kanwar, J.S. and Randhawa, N.S. (1974). Micronutrient Research in Soils and Plants in India: A Review, ICAR Tech. Bull (Agric.) 50
    46. Kim, KW and Thornton I. (1993). Environ. Geochem. Health, 15:119-133.
    47. Koo, RC.J. et al. (1984). Fla. Agric. Expt. Stn. Bull. 5360
    48. Koval'skiy, v.v. and Yarovaya, GA (1966). Agrokhimiya, 8: 68-91
    49. Karmian, N. and Cox, ER (1978). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42: 757-61
    50. Krauskopf, KB. (1972). In Micronutrients in Agriculture, (Morlvedt, J.J. Giordano, P.M. and Lindsay W.L. ed.), pp. 740,
    51. Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society ofAmerica, USA
    52. Kruskopf, KB. (1979). Introduction to Geochemistry, McGraw Hill, 2nd edn., New York, USA
    53. Kubota, J. (1977). Molybdenum in the Environment, (Chappell, WR. and Peterson, KK ed.), Marcel Dekker ed.) Vol. 2, pp. 555-81, New York, USA
    54. Kubota, J. et al. (1963). Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 27: 679-83
    55. Leonard, C.D. (1952). Citrus fruit. Farm Chemical, p. 130.
    56. Urn, M. et aI. (1993). Kasetsart. J. Nat. Sci., 27(4):412-420.
    57. Undsay, WL. (1972). Micronutrlents In Agriculture (Mortvedt, J.J. Giordano, P.M. and Lindsay, WL. ed.) pp. 41-57.
    58. Madison, WISConsin: Soil ScienceSociety ofAmerica, USA,.
    59. Undsay, w.L. (1979). Chemical EquUibria In Soils. Wiley-Interscience, New York, USA.
    60. Ucmenle, S.et aJ.(1974).1n Icogreso Mundias de Citricu1tura, Vol. I, Murica, Spain, Mimsterio de Agricultura, : 33-37.
    61. Manheim, RT. and Landergren, S. (1978). Handbook ofGeochemistry, Vol. 11-4, (Wedepohl, KH. ed.) pp. 42-B-l- 42- 0-2, Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
    62. Martens, D.C. and Westermann, D.T. (1991). Micronutrients in Agriculture, 2nd ed. (Mortvedt, J.J. et aI., ed) pp. 549- 582, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Madison, USA.
    63. Mc Kenzie, RM. (1983). Australian J. Soil Res. 21:505-513.
    64. Misra, 5.G. and Misra,KC. (1972). J.lndian Soc. Soil Sci., 20:193-196.
    65. Mitchell, R.L. (1964). Chemistry of the Soil, 2nd ed., RE. Bear, pp. 320-68. Priceton, N.J. : Van Nostrand Reinhold.
    66. Mulder, E. G. (1948). PI. Soil, 1 : 94-119.
    67. Mulder, E.G. (1954). PI. Soil,5 : 368-415
    68. Nayyar, \l.K etal. (1977 J. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ., 14:245-251.
    69. Norrish, K (1975). Trace Elements in Soil-Plant Animal Systems (Nicohlas, J.D. and Egan, AR ed.), pp. 55-81. Proc.
    70. Jubilee Symp. Waite Agric. Res. Inst., New York, Academic Press USA
    71. Oertel, AC. et al. (1946). Aust. J. Sci., 9 : 27-28.
    72. Parkash, V. and Pushpalata (1965). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 35 : 69 - 78.
    73. Pasricha, N.S. and Fox, RL. (1993). Adv.Agron., 50:209-269
    74. Pathak, AN. et aI. (1968). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 16:400-404.
    75. Piper, C.S. (1949). Reported at the British Commonwealth Scientific Official Conference (Specialist Conference in Agriculture - Australia, 1949) Melbourne.
    76. Quaggio, JA et al. (1996). Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture Vol. 2, pp. 1269-1275
    77. Quyang, T. et al. (1984). Soils (Turang), 16(5): 188.
    78. Rai, M.M. et al. (1972). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 20:53-58.
    79. Reddy, KJ. and Gloss, S.P. (1993). Appl. Geochem. (SuppI.),2 : 159-63
    80. Reitemeier, RE (1946). Soil Sci., 61:195-2:4.
    81. Reitz, H.J. et aI. (1972). Recommended Fertilizers and nutritional sprays for citrus. Univ. F1a Gric. &pt. Stat. BuB., 536 CP. 26.
    82. Reuther,Wand Smith, P. E(1954). Fruit Nutrilicn (Childers, N. Eed.), Rutgers Univ., NewJeresy, USA, pp. 257- 294 106 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    83. Reuther, W. et aI. (1958). Ann. Rev. PI. Physiol., 9 : 175-206
    84. Rhoads, AS. and Debusk, E.E (1931Fla. Expt. Sta. Bull., 229: 174
    85. Riley, M.M. ft aI. (1987). Aust. J. Soil Res., 25 : 179-84
    86. Roy, WR., Hassett, J.J. and Griffin, RA (1984). J. Soil Sci. 40:9-15.
    87. Samoladas, T.H. (1967). Sublrop. KuI'turyNo., (1). pp. 231-234.
    88. Sharma, C.M. et aI. (1988). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 36:252-256.
    89. Smitl., B.H. and Leeper, GW. (1969). J. Soil Sci., 20:246-254.
    90. Srivastava, AK, et aI. (1999). Critical leaf nutrients limit in relation to productivity ofCitrus reticulata Blanco, cultivars Nagpur mandarin. Abstract Int. Symp. on Citriculture, Nagpur, November 23-27,1999 (Absl. pp. 71).
    91. Srivastava, A.K. and Shyam Singh (2002). Citrus: Climate and Soil. International Book Distribution Company Lucknow pp 1-559.
    92. Srivastava,AK and Shyam Singh (2OO3a). Citrus Nutrition. International Book Distribution Canpany Lucknow pp 1-960.
    93. Srivastava, AK and Shyam Singh (2003b). Citrus Nutrition. Advances in Citriculture (Shyam Singh, \l.J.Shivankar, AKSrivastava and LP.Singh eds.), Jagmander Book Agency, New Delhi, India, pp. 305-362.
    94. Srivastava,AK and Shyam Singh (2003c). Diagnosis of nutrient constraints in dtrus. Manual No.2. National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur Maharashtra, India p. 1-70.
    95. Stephens, C.G. and Oertel, AC. (1943). J. Council Sci. and Ind. Res., 16:69-73.
    96. Stewart, Land Leonard, C.D. (1952a). Proc. Fla State. Hort. Soc., 64 : 51 - 53.
    97. Stewart, Land Leonard, C. D. U952b). Nature, 170: 714-15.
    98. Stewart, Land Leonard, C. D. (1952c). Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc., 64 : 51-53.
    99. Stewart, Land Leonard, CD. (1953a). Citrus Mag., 15(5):35-38.
    100. Stewart, Land Leonard, C.D. (1953b). Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 62:111-115.
    101. Stout, P.R. and Meagher, WR. (1948). Science, 108:471-473.
    102. Stout, P.R. (1939). Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc., 4:177-182.
    103. Stout, P.R. et al. (1951). PI & Soil, 1: 51-87.
    104. Takkar, P.N (1987). Proc. Nat. Symp. Land and Water Mangement in the Indus Basin (India). (Atwal, AS., Parihar, S.S., Srivastava, AI
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      volume 28 issue 2 (june 2007) : 93-104

      EDAPHOLOGY OF MOLYBDENUM NUTRITION IN CITRUS: A REVIEW

      A
      A.K.Srivastava
      S
      Shyam Singh
      1Nation~l Research Centre for Citrus, Amravati Road, Nagpur- 440 010, India.

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- A.K.Srivastava, Singh Shyam (2025). EDAPHOLOGY OF MOLYBDENUM NUTRITION IN CITRUS: A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 28(2): 93-104. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Molybdenum is one of the micronutrients, though investigated sparsely, but it hold a good significance in citrus nutrition programme. Yellow spots of citrus, blue chaff of oats and whlptail of cauliflower, broccoli and brussels are some of the classical examples of Mo-deficiency. On the other hand, the reports about Mo-toxicity are very limited but they are known by names like molybdensis, feart disease and peat scows. Some of the Mo-responsive crops besides citrus are: cabbagexs, carrot, cauliflower, celery, cucumber, lettuce, onion, parsnips, potato, radish, spinach, tomato and turnip. The optimum leaf Mo concentration vary from 0.1–3.0 ppm in USA and Brazil to 0.1–1.0 ppm in Australia. While optimum soil available Mo is suggested to be 0.08–0.15 mg/kg, though a very limited literature is available on soil available Mo for citrus. Soil fertilization and foliar application are the two most effective method alleviating Mo-deficiency. The soil application of Mo consists of 500 –1500 g ha−1 and foliar application, 0.05–0.10% with ammonium molybdate still the most popular Mo - source.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Adriano, D.C. (1986). Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment, Springer-Ver/agpp. 329-361, Berlin, Germany.
        2. Aiyappa, K.M. eta/. (1968). Indian. J. Hart., 25: 1-15.
        3. Amin, J.V and Joham, H.E. (1958). Soil Sci., 85 : 156-60
        4. Anderson, AJ. (1956). Adv. Agron., 8 : 163-202
        5. Anderson, AJ. and Oertel, AC. (1946). Factors Affecting the Response of Plant to Molybdenum, Bull 198 Council Sci. and Ind. Res. (Australia) pp. 25-44.
        6. Arnon, D. I. (1937). Soil Sci., 44: 91-121.
        7. Arnon, D. I. (1938). Am. J. Bol., 25: 322-325.
        8. Arnon, D. I. and Stout, P. R. (1939). PI. Physio/., 14: 599.
        9. Asana, R.D. (1963). Annu,il Report of the Co-ordinated Scheme for Investigations on Citrus Die-back, lCAR, 1963.
        10. Balaguru,o. and Mosi, AD. (1973) Madras Agric. J., 60:147-151.
        11. Barber,SA (1984). Molybdenum. SoU Nutrient Bioavailability, pp. 338-345, Wiley, New York, USA.
        12. Barshad, I. (1951). Soil Sci., 71:297-313.
        13. Berger, K.C. and Pratt, P.E (1965). Advances in secondary and micronutrient fertilization. In Fertilizer Technology and Usage, (Mc Vickar, M.H., Bridger, G.L. and. Nelson, L.B. ed.) , Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America, USA. pp. 313-317
        14. Blondel, AM. and Blanc, D. (1975). Ann. Agron., 26: 277-287.
        15. Brusca, J.N. and Haas, A.R.C. (1956). Calif. Citrogr., 41: 158-159.
        16. Cassin, P. J. et a/. (1969). Proc. Int. Citrus Symp. Vol. 3, pp. 1689-1712
        17. Cassin, P.J. et a/. (1982). Fruits, 37:77-85.
        18. Chakarborty, SK et a/. (1982). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 30:92-93.
        19. Chapman, H. D.(1960a). Univ. Calif. Dill. Agri. Sci. Ext. Ser. Manual 25 p. 53
        20. Chapman, H.D. (1960b). Calif. Citrog., 45: 230-233
        21. Chapman, H.D. (1975). Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils. Eurasia Publishing House (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp.162-164
        22. Davies, E.B. (1956). Soil Sci., 81 : 20-21.
        23. Dean, L.A and Rubins, E.J.(1947). Soil Sci., 63:377-387.
        24. Durate, V.M. et a/. (1961). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 9:41-53.
        25. Egorashvili,N.V. et a/.(1991). Subtropicheskie KuJ'tury (5):71-79.
        26. Embleton, T. W. et a/.(1973). Leaf analysis as a Diagnostic Tool and Guide to Fertilization [w. Reuther ed.l. The Citrus Industry Rev Ed. Vol. 3, Dill. Agri. Sei., Berkeley, Calif. USA, Vol. 1, pp. 183-210
        27. Fichera, P. and D'arrigo, C.M. (1975). Tecnica Agricola, 27 (l/2) : 61-70.
        28. Flemming, GA (1980). Essential micronutrients.I: Boron and molybdenum. Applied Soil Trael' Elemen~,.( B.E. Davies ed.), Wiley, New York, USA pp.155-197 .' .
        29. Floyd, B.E (1908). Annual Report. Fla. Agric. Expt. Sta. Florida, liSA
        30. Fried, M. (1948). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 13:~35-138.
        31. Gallasch, P. T. and Pfeiler, G. R. (1988). Proc. Sixth Int. Citrus Congr. (Goren, R. and Mendel, K. ed.),BaIaban Publi. Rehovot, IsraelVol. 28, No.2, 2007 105
        32. Goldberg, S., Forster, H.S. and GodfreY,C.L (1996). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62:245-430.
        33. Gupta, U.C. (1969). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 33: 929-32
        34. Gupta, U.C. and Gupta, U.C. (1997). Molybdenum in Agriculture. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, USA pp. 160-167
        35. Gupta, U.C. and Lipsett, J. (1981). Adv. Agon. 34:73-115
        36. Gupta, U.C. and MacKay, D.C. (1968). Can. J. Soil Sci., 48:235-242.
        37. Gupta, V.K and Dabag, D.S. (1980). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 28:28-30.
        38. Haas, ARC. (1%2). Calif. Citrog., 37(7) : 278, 288-290
        39. Heuwinkel, H. et al. (1992). Plant Nutr. 15:549-568.
        40. Hille, R (1996). Chern Rev. 96:2757-2816
        41. Hoagland, D. R (1940). Proc. Am. Soc. Hart. Sci., 38: 8-12.
        42. Huang, S. H. and Wang, Q. V. (1991). China Citrus, 20 (3) : 9-11.
        43. Johnson, C.M. (1965). Molybdnum. Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils. (Chapman, H.D. ed.) Uni". Calif., USA.
        44. Jones, L.H.P. (1957). PI.Physiol., 8: 313-27
        45. Kanwar, J.S. and Randhawa, N.S. (1974). Micronutrient Research in Soils and Plants in India: A Review, ICAR Tech. Bull (Agric.) 50
        46. Kim, KW and Thornton I. (1993). Environ. Geochem. Health, 15:119-133.
        47. Koo, RC.J. et al. (1984). Fla. Agric. Expt. Stn. Bull. 5360
        48. Koval'skiy, v.v. and Yarovaya, GA (1966). Agrokhimiya, 8: 68-91
        49. Karmian, N. and Cox, ER (1978). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42: 757-61
        50. Krauskopf, KB. (1972). In Micronutrients in Agriculture, (Morlvedt, J.J. Giordano, P.M. and Lindsay W.L. ed.), pp. 740,
        51. Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society ofAmerica, USA
        52. Kruskopf, KB. (1979). Introduction to Geochemistry, McGraw Hill, 2nd edn., New York, USA
        53. Kubota, J. (1977). Molybdenum in the Environment, (Chappell, WR. and Peterson, KK ed.), Marcel Dekker ed.) Vol. 2, pp. 555-81, New York, USA
        54. Kubota, J. et al. (1963). Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 27: 679-83
        55. Leonard, C.D. (1952). Citrus fruit. Farm Chemical, p. 130.
        56. Urn, M. et aI. (1993). Kasetsart. J. Nat. Sci., 27(4):412-420.
        57. Undsay, WL. (1972). Micronutrlents In Agriculture (Mortvedt, J.J. Giordano, P.M. and Lindsay, WL. ed.) pp. 41-57.
        58. Madison, WISConsin: Soil ScienceSociety ofAmerica, USA,.
        59. Undsay, w.L. (1979). Chemical EquUibria In Soils. Wiley-Interscience, New York, USA.
        60. Ucmenle, S.et aJ.(1974).1n Icogreso Mundias de Citricu1tura, Vol. I, Murica, Spain, Mimsterio de Agricultura, : 33-37.
        61. Manheim, RT. and Landergren, S. (1978). Handbook ofGeochemistry, Vol. 11-4, (Wedepohl, KH. ed.) pp. 42-B-l- 42- 0-2, Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
        62. Martens, D.C. and Westermann, D.T. (1991). Micronutrients in Agriculture, 2nd ed. (Mortvedt, J.J. et aI., ed) pp. 549- 582, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Madison, USA.
        63. Mc Kenzie, RM. (1983). Australian J. Soil Res. 21:505-513.
        64. Misra, 5.G. and Misra,KC. (1972). J.lndian Soc. Soil Sci., 20:193-196.
        65. Mitchell, R.L. (1964). Chemistry of the Soil, 2nd ed., RE. Bear, pp. 320-68. Priceton, N.J. : Van Nostrand Reinhold.
        66. Mulder, E. G. (1948). PI. Soil, 1 : 94-119.
        67. Mulder, E.G. (1954). PI. Soil,5 : 368-415
        68. Nayyar, \l.K etal. (1977 J. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ., 14:245-251.
        69. Norrish, K (1975). Trace Elements in Soil-Plant Animal Systems (Nicohlas, J.D. and Egan, AR ed.), pp. 55-81. Proc.
        70. Jubilee Symp. Waite Agric. Res. Inst., New York, Academic Press USA
        71. Oertel, AC. et al. (1946). Aust. J. Sci., 9 : 27-28.
        72. Parkash, V. and Pushpalata (1965). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 35 : 69 - 78.
        73. Pasricha, N.S. and Fox, RL. (1993). Adv.Agron., 50:209-269
        74. Pathak, AN. et aI. (1968). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 16:400-404.
        75. Piper, C.S. (1949). Reported at the British Commonwealth Scientific Official Conference (Specialist Conference in Agriculture - Australia, 1949) Melbourne.
        76. Quaggio, JA et al. (1996). Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture Vol. 2, pp. 1269-1275
        77. Quyang, T. et al. (1984). Soils (Turang), 16(5): 188.
        78. Rai, M.M. et al. (1972). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 20:53-58.
        79. Reddy, KJ. and Gloss, S.P. (1993). Appl. Geochem. (SuppI.),2 : 159-63
        80. Reitemeier, RE (1946). Soil Sci., 61:195-2:4.
        81. Reitz, H.J. et aI. (1972). Recommended Fertilizers and nutritional sprays for citrus. Univ. F1a Gric. &pt. Stat. BuB., 536 CP. 26.
        82. Reuther,Wand Smith, P. E(1954). Fruit Nutrilicn (Childers, N. Eed.), Rutgers Univ., NewJeresy, USA, pp. 257- 294 106 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
        83. Reuther, W. et aI. (1958). Ann. Rev. PI. Physiol., 9 : 175-206
        84. Rhoads, AS. and Debusk, E.E (1931Fla. Expt. Sta. Bull., 229: 174
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