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volume 34 issue 3 (september 2013) : 216-222,   Doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0741.34.3.006

PAPAYA MEALYBUG PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS WILLIAMS & GRANARA DE WILLINK (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE), A CURRENT THREAT TO AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW

A
Atanu Seni*
S
S. Chongtham
1Department of Agriculture Entomology, Bidhan Chander Krishi Vishavidyala, Mohanpur - 741252, India
Cite article:- Seni* Atanu, Chongtham S. (2025). PAPAYA MEALYBUG PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS WILLIAMS & GRANARA DE WILLINK (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE), A CURRENT THREAT TO AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 34(3): 216-222. doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0741.34.3.006.

ABSTRACT

Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus assumed the major pest status in India in 2009 because of its severe damage to economically important crops. It has a wide host range of over 60 species of plants. It infested the veins and the midribs of the older leaves, tender leaves and fruits and turns them yellow and later dry up. Heavy mealybug populations produce a copious amount of honey dew, which causes black sooty mould. It reduces the fruit quality and market value of this crop. Females are light greenish yellow in colour whereas an adult male are deep reddish in colour and bears one pair of wing. It takes almost 19-30 days to complete a generation and there is 11 to 13 generation per year. This pest is currently controlled using chemical, biological and cultural control techniques in an integrated pest-management system.

REFERENCES

  1. Amarasekare, K. G., Chong, J. H., Epsky N. D. and Mannion, C. M. (2008). Effect of temperature on the life history of the mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 1798-1804.
  2. Awmack, S. C. and Leather, R. S. (2002). Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47: 817-844.
  3. Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A systematic Catalogue of the mealybugs of the world. Intercept, Hants, UK.
  4. Chen, P. S., Wong, Y. J. and Wu, J. W. (2011). Preliminary report on the occourance of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, in Taiwan. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 60 (1): 72-76.
  5. Kauffman, W. C., Meyerdirk, D. E., Warkentin, R., Alvarez, P. and Abud, A. (2001). Biological control of papaya mealybug in the Caribbean safeguarding the US Poster Presentation. International Organization for Biological Control, August 2–5, 2001, Bozeman, Montana.
  6. Mani, M. (1989). A review of the pink mealybug – Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Insect Sci. Appl. 10: 157–167.
  7. Meyerdirk, D. E. (2000). Control of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Environmental assessment (Supplement). USDA, APHIS, PPQ. 7 pp.
  8. Miller, D. R., and Miller G. L.. (2002). Redescription of Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) including descriptions of the immature stages and adult male. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104: 1-23.
  9. Miller, D. R., D. J. Williams and Hamon, A. B. (1999). Notes on a new mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) pest in Florida and the Caribbean: The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink. Insecta Mundi 13: 179-181.
  10. Meyerdirk, D. E. and Kauffman, W. C. (2001). Status on the development of a biological control program for Paracoccus marginatus Williams, papaya mealybug, in the Caribbean. Paper presented at IV International Scientific Seminar of Plant Health. Veradero, Cuba. June 10-15, 2001 (abstract).
  11. Muniappan, R. (2011). Recent invasive hemipterans and their biological control in Asia. www.icac.org/tis/regional.
  12. Muniappan, R., Meyerdirk, D. E., Sengebau, F. M., Berringer, D. D. and Reddy, G. V. P. (2006). Classical biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Republic of Palau. Florida Ent, 89: 212-217.
  13. Muniappan, R., Shepard B. M., Watson, G. W., Carner, G. R., Sartiami, D., Rauf, A. and Hammig, M. D. (2008). First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Indonesia and India. J. Agril. Urban Ent, 25:37-40.
  14. MeyerdirkA, D. E., Muniappan R., Warkentin R., Bamba J. and Reddy, G.V.P. (2004). Biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Guam. Pl. Protc. Quarterly, 19(3): 110-114.
  15. Noyes, J. S. and Schauff, M. E. (2003). New Encyrtidae (Hymenopetera) from papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus William and Granara de Willink) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington, 105: 180-185.
  16. Suresh, S., Jothimani, R., Sivasubrmanian, P., Karuppuchamy P., Samiyappan, R. and Jonathan, E. I. (2010). Invasive mealybugs of Tamil Nadu and their management. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 23(1): (6-9) 2010.
  17. Tanwar, R. K., Jeyakumar, P. and Vennila, S. (2010). Papaya mealybug and its management strategies. Technical Bulletin-22, NCIPM, New Delhi, pp-22.
  18. Walker, A., Hoy, M and Mayerdirk, D. (2011). Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida.
  19. Watson, G.W. and Chandler L. R. (1999). Identification of mealybugs important in the Caribbean Region. 40 pp. Commonwealth Science Council and CAB International, CARINET.
  20. Williams, D. J. (1996). A brief account of the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus, a pest of agriculture and horticulture, with descriptions of two related species from southern Asia. Bull. Ent. Res., 86: 617–628.
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    volume 34 issue 3 (september 2013) : 216-222,   Doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0741.34.3.006

    PAPAYA MEALYBUG PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS WILLIAMS & GRANARA DE WILLINK (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE), A CURRENT THREAT TO AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW

    A
    Atanu Seni*
    S
    S. Chongtham
    1Department of Agriculture Entomology, Bidhan Chander Krishi Vishavidyala, Mohanpur - 741252, India
    Cite article:- Seni* Atanu, Chongtham S. (2025). PAPAYA MEALYBUG PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS WILLIAMS & GRANARA DE WILLINK (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE), A CURRENT THREAT TO AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 34(3): 216-222. doi: 10.5958/j.0976-0741.34.3.006.

    ABSTRACT

    Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus assumed the major pest status in India in 2009 because of its severe damage to economically important crops. It has a wide host range of over 60 species of plants. It infested the veins and the midribs of the older leaves, tender leaves and fruits and turns them yellow and later dry up. Heavy mealybug populations produce a copious amount of honey dew, which causes black sooty mould. It reduces the fruit quality and market value of this crop. Females are light greenish yellow in colour whereas an adult male are deep reddish in colour and bears one pair of wing. It takes almost 19-30 days to complete a generation and there is 11 to 13 generation per year. This pest is currently controlled using chemical, biological and cultural control techniques in an integrated pest-management system.

    REFERENCES

    1. Amarasekare, K. G., Chong, J. H., Epsky N. D. and Mannion, C. M. (2008). Effect of temperature on the life history of the mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 1798-1804.
    2. Awmack, S. C. and Leather, R. S. (2002). Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47: 817-844.
    3. Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A systematic Catalogue of the mealybugs of the world. Intercept, Hants, UK.
    4. Chen, P. S., Wong, Y. J. and Wu, J. W. (2011). Preliminary report on the occourance of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, in Taiwan. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 60 (1): 72-76.
    5. Kauffman, W. C., Meyerdirk, D. E., Warkentin, R., Alvarez, P. and Abud, A. (2001). Biological control of papaya mealybug in the Caribbean safeguarding the US Poster Presentation. International Organization for Biological Control, August 2–5, 2001, Bozeman, Montana.
    6. Mani, M. (1989). A review of the pink mealybug – Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Insect Sci. Appl. 10: 157–167.
    7. Meyerdirk, D. E. (2000). Control of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Environmental assessment (Supplement). USDA, APHIS, PPQ. 7 pp.
    8. Miller, D. R., and Miller G. L.. (2002). Redescription of Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) including descriptions of the immature stages and adult male. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104: 1-23.
    9. Miller, D. R., D. J. Williams and Hamon, A. B. (1999). Notes on a new mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) pest in Florida and the Caribbean: The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink. Insecta Mundi 13: 179-181.
    10. Meyerdirk, D. E. and Kauffman, W. C. (2001). Status on the development of a biological control program for Paracoccus marginatus Williams, papaya mealybug, in the Caribbean. Paper presented at IV International Scientific Seminar of Plant Health. Veradero, Cuba. June 10-15, 2001 (abstract).
    11. Muniappan, R. (2011). Recent invasive hemipterans and their biological control in Asia. www.icac.org/tis/regional.
    12. Muniappan, R., Meyerdirk, D. E., Sengebau, F. M., Berringer, D. D. and Reddy, G. V. P. (2006). Classical biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Republic of Palau. Florida Ent, 89: 212-217.
    13. Muniappan, R., Shepard B. M., Watson, G. W., Carner, G. R., Sartiami, D., Rauf, A. and Hammig, M. D. (2008). First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Indonesia and India. J. Agril. Urban Ent, 25:37-40.
    14. MeyerdirkA, D. E., Muniappan R., Warkentin R., Bamba J. and Reddy, G.V.P. (2004). Biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Guam. Pl. Protc. Quarterly, 19(3): 110-114.
    15. Noyes, J. S. and Schauff, M. E. (2003). New Encyrtidae (Hymenopetera) from papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus William and Granara de Willink) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington, 105: 180-185.
    16. Suresh, S., Jothimani, R., Sivasubrmanian, P., Karuppuchamy P., Samiyappan, R. and Jonathan, E. I. (2010). Invasive mealybugs of Tamil Nadu and their management. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 23(1): (6-9) 2010.
    17. Tanwar, R. K., Jeyakumar, P. and Vennila, S. (2010). Papaya mealybug and its management strategies. Technical Bulletin-22, NCIPM, New Delhi, pp-22.
    18. Walker, A., Hoy, M and Mayerdirk, D. (2011). Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida.
    19. Watson, G.W. and Chandler L. R. (1999). Identification of mealybugs important in the Caribbean Region. 40 pp. Commonwealth Science Council and CAB International, CARINET.
    20. Williams, D. J. (1996). A brief account of the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus, a pest of agriculture and horticulture, with descriptions of two related species from southern Asia. Bull. Ent. Res., 86: 617–628.
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