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volume 29 issue 4 (december 2008) : 281-289

ROLE OF HORMONES ON SEED GERMINATION- A REVIEW

A
A. Ramesh Kumar
D
D. Sivakumar
1Department of Seed Science & Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Kumar Ramesh A., Sivakumar D. (2025). ROLE OF HORMONES ON SEED GERMINATION- A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(4): 281-289. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Hormone is a Greek word derived from ‘hormao’ which means to urge or to stimulate.
Thimann suggested to use the term ‘phytohormone’ for hormones of plant origin. According to him
phytohormones are organic substances which are naturally produced in plants that regulate the
growth or other physiological functions at a site remote from its place of production and active in
extremely minute quantities. In plants growth is regulated through interactions of several growth
substances. This can be well explained taking the example of vegetative growth in plants which
depends upon cell division, enlargement and differentiation. All these are influenced by auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene etc. These have variable effects on the processes
e.g. auxins increase cell division in cambium but inhibit the growth of lateral buds. Gibberellins
also influence cambial growth and promote cell division in subapical (internodal) regions of
shoot. Cytokinins promote cell division in callus tissues and promote growth of lateral buds.
Abscisic acid inhibits cell division but its effect can be overcome by exogenous auxins, gibberellins,
cytokinins etc. Ethylene has little effect on cell division but it has strong effect on cell enlargement.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Abeles, F.B. (1986). Plant Physiol., 81:780-787.
    2. Adkins, S.W. and Ross, J.D. (1981). Plant Physiol., 67:358-362.
    3. Babiker, A.G.T. et al. (1993a). Physiologia Plantarum. 88:359-365.
    4. Babiker, A.G.T. et al. (1993b). Physiologia Plantarum. 89:21-26.
    5. Basu et al. (1974). Ind. Agric. 18:75-79.
    6. Brian, P. W. and H. G. Hemming. (1957). Ann. Appl. Biol. 45:489-497.
    7. Chojnowski, M. et al. (1997). Seed Sci. Res., 7:323-331.
    8. Cook, C.E. et al. (1972). J. Amer. Chem. Society, 94:6198-6199.
    9. Cholodny, N. (1930) Jahrb Wiss. Bot. 65:447-459.
    10. Egley, G.H. (1980). Weed Sci., 28:51-54.
    11. Egley, G.H. (1999). Seed Sci. Res., 9:3-12.
    12. Egley, G.H. and Dale, J.E. (1970). Weed Sci., 18:586-589.
    13. Eiji Harasawa. (1989). Plant Physiol. 91:484-486.
    14. Esashi, Y. (1991). In: The Plant Hormone Ethylene, (Matto, A.K., Suttle J.C, eds.) Boca Raton, CRC press,
    15. Pp. 133-137.
    16. Esashi, Y. et al., (1975). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 2:569-579.
    17. Esashi, Y. et al., (1982). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 9:97-111.
    18. Esashi, Y. et al., (1986). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 13:417- 429.
    19. Esashi, Y. et al., (1987). Plant and Cell Physiol., 28:141- 150.
    20. Esashi, Y. et al., (1988). Plant Physiol., 86:39- 43.
    21. Feghaahati, S.M.J. and Reese, R.N. (1994). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 119:853-858.
    22. Finch- Savage, W.E and Clay, H.A. (1994). J. Exptl. Bot., 45:1295-1299.
    23. Fu, J.R. et al. (1988). Seed Sci. and Techn., 16:197-212.
    24. Gallardo, M. et al. (1994). Physiol. Plantarum, 91:9-16.
    25. Gallardo, M. et al. (1992). Plant Physiol. And Biochem., 30:19-27.
    26. Gallardo, M. et al. (1994). Physiol. Plantarum, 92:629-635.
    27. Gallardo, M. et al. (1996). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 23:479-487.
    28. Gidrol, X. et al. (1991). Physiol. Plantarum. 76:591-597.
    29. Gonai et al. (2003). J. Exp. Bot., 55(394):111-118.
    30. Groot, S.P.C. and Karssen, C.M. (1987). Planta, 171:525-531.
    31. Haber and White, J.D. (1960). Plant Physiol., 35(4):495-499.
    32. Hiwale, S.S. and Raturi, G.B. (1996). Adv. Horti. Forestry, 5:51-53.
    33. Hoffman, N.E. et al. (1983). Plant physiol., 71:197-199.
    34. Ishizawa, K. et al. (1988). J. Plant Growth Regulation, 7:45-58.
    35. Karssen, C.M. (1976). Physiol. Plantarum. 36:264-270.
    36. Ketring, D.L. and Morgan, P.W. (1972). Plant Physiol., 50:382-387.
    37. Keys, R.D. et al. (1975). Plant Physiol., 56:826-829.
    38. Khan, A.A. (1890). Israel J. Plant Physiol., 29:207-224.
    39. Levy, D. et al. (1972). Hort. Sci., 7(5):470-471.
    40. Logan, D.C. and Stewart, G.R. (1991). Plant Phsiol., 97:1435-1438.
    41. Logan, D.C. and Stewart, G.R. (1995). Seed Sci. Res., 5:99-108.
    42. Maruyama, A. et al. (1997). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 24:751-757.
    43. Maruyama, A. et al. (1998). Plant and Cell Physiol., 39:671-680.
    44. Mathur, M.M. (1965). Ind. J. Hort., 28:296-300.
    45. Matilla, A.J. (2000). Seed Sci. Res., 10(2):111-126.
    46. Mosolov and Mosolova. (1959). Hort. Abstr., 1960. 30:603.
    47. Negm, F.B. et al. (1972). Plant Phsiol., 49:869-872.
    48. Neljubon, D. (1901) Beih Bot Zentralbe. 10:128-139.
    49. Petruzelli, L. and Harren, F. (1997). Current Pl. Sci. Biotech. Agri., 30:569-576.
    50. Vol. 29, No. 4, 2008 289
    51. Rao, V.S. et al. (1975). Plant Phsiol., 56:263-266.
    52. Rylott and Hewitson, in website www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk.
    53. Saini, H.S. et al. (1986). Plant Phsiol., 31:950-953.
    54. Saini, H.S. et al. (1989). Plant Phsiol., 90:311-315.
    55. Sankhla and Sankhla. (1968). Biol. Plantarum, 10(1):37-40.
    56. Schonbeck, M.W. and Egley, G.H. (1980). Weed Sci., 28:543-548.
    57. Selvaraju, P. (2001). M.Sc. thesis submitted to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3, India.
    58. Smith, A.M. (1976). Ann. Revi. Phytopathol., 14:53-73.
    59. Takayanagi, K and Harrington, J.F. (1971). 47:521-524.
    60. Taylorson, R.B. (1979). Weed Sci., 27:7-10.
    61. Whitehead, C.S and Nelson, R.M. (1992). J. Plant Physiol., 139:479-483.
    62. Yoshiyama, M. et al. (1996a). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 23:519-525.
    63. Yoshiyama, M. et al. (1996b). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 23:133-139.
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      volume 29 issue 4 (december 2008) : 281-289

      ROLE OF HORMONES ON SEED GERMINATION- A REVIEW

      A
      A. Ramesh Kumar
      D
      D. Sivakumar
      1Department of Seed Science & Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Kumar Ramesh A., Sivakumar D. (2025). ROLE OF HORMONES ON SEED GERMINATION- A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(4): 281-289. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Hormone is a Greek word derived from ‘hormao’ which means to urge or to stimulate.
      Thimann suggested to use the term ‘phytohormone’ for hormones of plant origin. According to him
      phytohormones are organic substances which are naturally produced in plants that regulate the
      growth or other physiological functions at a site remote from its place of production and active in
      extremely minute quantities. In plants growth is regulated through interactions of several growth
      substances. This can be well explained taking the example of vegetative growth in plants which
      depends upon cell division, enlargement and differentiation. All these are influenced by auxins,
      gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene etc. These have variable effects on the processes
      e.g. auxins increase cell division in cambium but inhibit the growth of lateral buds. Gibberellins
      also influence cambial growth and promote cell division in subapical (internodal) regions of
      shoot. Cytokinins promote cell division in callus tissues and promote growth of lateral buds.
      Abscisic acid inhibits cell division but its effect can be overcome by exogenous auxins, gibberellins,
      cytokinins etc. Ethylene has little effect on cell division but it has strong effect on cell enlargement.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Abeles, F.B. (1986). Plant Physiol., 81:780-787.
        2. Adkins, S.W. and Ross, J.D. (1981). Plant Physiol., 67:358-362.
        3. Babiker, A.G.T. et al. (1993a). Physiologia Plantarum. 88:359-365.
        4. Babiker, A.G.T. et al. (1993b). Physiologia Plantarum. 89:21-26.
        5. Basu et al. (1974). Ind. Agric. 18:75-79.
        6. Brian, P. W. and H. G. Hemming. (1957). Ann. Appl. Biol. 45:489-497.
        7. Chojnowski, M. et al. (1997). Seed Sci. Res., 7:323-331.
        8. Cook, C.E. et al. (1972). J. Amer. Chem. Society, 94:6198-6199.
        9. Cholodny, N. (1930) Jahrb Wiss. Bot. 65:447-459.
        10. Egley, G.H. (1980). Weed Sci., 28:51-54.
        11. Egley, G.H. (1999). Seed Sci. Res., 9:3-12.
        12. Egley, G.H. and Dale, J.E. (1970). Weed Sci., 18:586-589.
        13. Eiji Harasawa. (1989). Plant Physiol. 91:484-486.
        14. Esashi, Y. (1991). In: The Plant Hormone Ethylene, (Matto, A.K., Suttle J.C, eds.) Boca Raton, CRC press,
        15. Pp. 133-137.
        16. Esashi, Y. et al., (1975). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 2:569-579.
        17. Esashi, Y. et al., (1982). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 9:97-111.
        18. Esashi, Y. et al., (1986). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 13:417- 429.
        19. Esashi, Y. et al., (1987). Plant and Cell Physiol., 28:141- 150.
        20. Esashi, Y. et al., (1988). Plant Physiol., 86:39- 43.
        21. Feghaahati, S.M.J. and Reese, R.N. (1994). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 119:853-858.
        22. Finch- Savage, W.E and Clay, H.A. (1994). J. Exptl. Bot., 45:1295-1299.
        23. Fu, J.R. et al. (1988). Seed Sci. and Techn., 16:197-212.
        24. Gallardo, M. et al. (1994). Physiol. Plantarum, 91:9-16.
        25. Gallardo, M. et al. (1992). Plant Physiol. And Biochem., 30:19-27.
        26. Gallardo, M. et al. (1994). Physiol. Plantarum, 92:629-635.
        27. Gallardo, M. et al. (1996). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 23:479-487.
        28. Gidrol, X. et al. (1991). Physiol. Plantarum. 76:591-597.
        29. Gonai et al. (2003). J. Exp. Bot., 55(394):111-118.
        30. Groot, S.P.C. and Karssen, C.M. (1987). Planta, 171:525-531.
        31. Haber and White, J.D. (1960). Plant Physiol., 35(4):495-499.
        32. Hiwale, S.S. and Raturi, G.B. (1996). Adv. Horti. Forestry, 5:51-53.
        33. Hoffman, N.E. et al. (1983). Plant physiol., 71:197-199.
        34. Ishizawa, K. et al. (1988). J. Plant Growth Regulation, 7:45-58.
        35. Karssen, C.M. (1976). Physiol. Plantarum. 36:264-270.
        36. Ketring, D.L. and Morgan, P.W. (1972). Plant Physiol., 50:382-387.
        37. Keys, R.D. et al. (1975). Plant Physiol., 56:826-829.
        38. Khan, A.A. (1890). Israel J. Plant Physiol., 29:207-224.
        39. Levy, D. et al. (1972). Hort. Sci., 7(5):470-471.
        40. Logan, D.C. and Stewart, G.R. (1991). Plant Phsiol., 97:1435-1438.
        41. Logan, D.C. and Stewart, G.R. (1995). Seed Sci. Res., 5:99-108.
        42. Maruyama, A. et al. (1997). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 24:751-757.
        43. Maruyama, A. et al. (1998). Plant and Cell Physiol., 39:671-680.
        44. Mathur, M.M. (1965). Ind. J. Hort., 28:296-300.
        45. Matilla, A.J. (2000). Seed Sci. Res., 10(2):111-126.
        46. Mosolov and Mosolova. (1959). Hort. Abstr., 1960. 30:603.
        47. Negm, F.B. et al. (1972). Plant Phsiol., 49:869-872.
        48. Neljubon, D. (1901) Beih Bot Zentralbe. 10:128-139.
        49. Petruzelli, L. and Harren, F. (1997). Current Pl. Sci. Biotech. Agri., 30:569-576.
        50. Vol. 29, No. 4, 2008 289
        51. Rao, V.S. et al. (1975). Plant Phsiol., 56:263-266.
        52. Rylott and Hewitson, in website www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk.
        53. Saini, H.S. et al. (1986). Plant Phsiol., 31:950-953.
        54. Saini, H.S. et al. (1989). Plant Phsiol., 90:311-315.
        55. Sankhla and Sankhla. (1968). Biol. Plantarum, 10(1):37-40.
        56. Schonbeck, M.W. and Egley, G.H. (1980). Weed Sci., 28:543-548.
        57. Selvaraju, P. (2001). M.Sc. thesis submitted to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3, India.
        58. Smith, A.M. (1976). Ann. Revi. Phytopathol., 14:53-73.
        59. Takayanagi, K and Harrington, J.F. (1971). 47:521-524.
        60. Taylorson, R.B. (1979). Weed Sci., 27:7-10.
        61. Whitehead, C.S and Nelson, R.M. (1992). J. Plant Physiol., 139:479-483.
        62. Yoshiyama, M. et al. (1996a). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 23:519-525.
        63. Yoshiyama, M. et al. (1996b). Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 23:133-139.
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