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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 29 issue 4 (december 2008) : 235 - 247

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER: ISOLATION TO APPLICATION: A REVIEW

R
R. Asokan
1Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Hessaraghatta Lake (PO) Bangalore – 560 089, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Asokan R. (2025). BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER: ISOLATION TO APPLICATION: A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(4): 235 - 247. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a ubiquitous soil bacterium that produces an array of insecticidal crystal proteins with varied specificities. Recently a lot of effort is being made to collect, characterize, utilize novel and more potent strains of Bt. The crystal proteins (Cry proteins) produced by Bt are important in agricultural, horticultural and public health pest management. In addition to the above recently identified non-insecticidal Cry toxins are being used in cancer research. There is continuing debate among researchers on the species status for Bt and its ecology. The various toxins particularly Cry toxins are important in eco friendly pest management in organic farming and exported oriented crops also. Many cry genes have been engineered into wide variety of crop plants and microbes, offering efficient and effective pest management strategy. Increased efforts to isolate novel strains of Bt from wide variety habitats have yielded valuable strains with new genes. Intensive use of various Bt formulations and high level of expression of various cry genes in Bt transgenic plants have resulted in resistance development in various pest species. But with the judicious use of gene pyramiding and refugia, continued successful pest management is ensured.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdel-hameed, A. et al. (1990) World J Microbiol Biotechnol., 6: 305-312.
    2. Agaisse, H. and Lereclus, D. (1995) J Bacteriol., 177: 6027-6032.
    3. Aronson, A. I. and Shai, Y. (2001) FEMS Microbiol Lett., 195: 1-8.
    4. Attathom, T. et al. (1995) Bull Ent Res., 85:167-173.
    5. Bai, C. etc. (1993) J Invertebr Pathol., 62: 211-215.
    6. Bauer, L. S. (1995) Florida Ent., 78: 414-442.
    7. Beattie, S. H. et al. (1998) FEMS Microbiol Lett., 164: 201-206.
    8. Beegle, C. C. and Yamamoto, T. (1992) Can Ent., 124: 587-616.
    9. Bernhard, K. et al. (1997) J Invertebr Pathol.,,70: 59-68.
    10. Berón, C.M. et al. (2005) Appl Environ Microbiol., 71: 761-765.
    11. Beveridge, N. and Elek, J. A. (1999) Aust J Ent., 38:34-39.
    12. Bora, R. S. et al. (1994) Appl Environ Microbiol, 60: 214:222.
    13. Bravo, A. et al. (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol, 64: 4965-4972.
    14. Broaza, M. and Sneh, B. (1994) J Econ. Entomol., 87: 923-928.
    15. Carozzi, N.B. et al. (1991) Appl Environ Microbiol, 57: 3057-3061
    16. Chaufaux, J. et al. (1997) Can J Microbiol., 43: 337-343.
    17. Chilcott, C. and Tabashnik, B. E. (1999) J Econ Entomol, 28:505-512.
    18. Chilcott, C. N. and Wigley, P. J. (1993) J Invertebr Pathol.,, 61:244-247.
    19. Christner, B. C. et al. (2003) Environ Microbiol., 5:433-436.
    20. Crickmore, N. et al. (1998) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 62: 870-813.
    21. Damgaard, P. H. et al. (1998) Lett Appl Microbiol., 23:146-150.
    22. de Barjac, H. and Frachon, E. (1990) Entomophaga, 35: 233-240.
    23. De Lucca, A, J. et al (1982) Can J Microbiol., 27: 865-870
    24. de Maagd, R. A. et al. (2003) Annu Rev Gen., 37: 409-433.
    25. Donovon, W. et al. (2001) J Invertebr Pathol.,, 78: 45-51.
    26. Estruch, J. J. et al. (1996) Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A, 93:5389-5395.
    27. Fedhila, S. et al. (2002) J Bacteriol., 184: 3296-3304.
    28. Forsyth, G. and Logan, N.A. (2000) Lett. Appl. Microbiol.,, 30: 263-266.
    29. Gazit, E. etc. (1998) Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A, 95:12289-12294.
    30. Georghiou, G. P. etc. (1983) University of California, Riverside, pp-86-91.
    31. Gill, S. S. (1992) Annu Rev Entomol., 37: 615-636.
    32. Goldman, I. F. et al. (1986) J. Invertebr Pathol.,, 47:317-324.
    33. Gomez, I. et al. (2002) J Biol Chem., 277:30137-30143.
    34. Gough, J. et al. (2002) Biol Cont., 23:179-189.
    35. Hastowo, S. et al. (1992) J App Bacteriol., 73: 108-113.
    36. Hathout, Y. et al. (2000) J Microbiol., 63:1492-6.
    37. Heimpel, A. M. and Angus, T. A. (1960) J Insect Pathol., 2:311-319.
    38. Helgason, E. et al. (2000) J Clin Microbiol., 38:1615-1622.
    39. Helgason, E. et al. (1998) Curr Microbiol., 37:80-87.
    40. Hendricks, K. et al. (1989) Comp Biochem Physiol., 95:241-245.
    41. Hofte, H. and Whiteley, H. R. (1989) Microbial Rev., 53: 242-255.
    42. Hongyu. Z. et al. (2000) J Crop Prot., 19: 449-454.
    43. Hongyu. Z. et al. (2000b) J Invertebr Pathol., 76:191-197.
    44. Horak, P.etc. (1996) J Invertebr Pathol., 68: 41-49.
    45. Hossain, A. M. et al. (1997) J Invertebr Pathol., 70: 221-225.
    46. Ichimatsu, T. et al. (1998) Curr Microbiol., 40: 217-220.
    47. Iriarte, J. et al. (2000 b) Curr Microbiol., 40: 402-408.
    48. Ito, A. etc. (2004) J Biol Chemi., 279:2182-2186.
    49. Jackson, S.G. et al. (1995) Lett App Microbiol., 21: 103-105.
    50. Jensen, G. B. et al. (2002) Appl Environ Microbiol, 68: 4900-4905.
    51. Johnston, K A. et al. (1995) Insect Biochem Mol Biol., 25:375-383.
    52. Jones, D. R. et al.(1983) J App Bacteriol., 54: 894-904.
    53. Joung, K. B. et al. (2001) J Basic Microbiol., 41: 85-95.
    54. Joung, K. B. and Cote, J. C. (2002) J App Microbiol., 92: 97-108.
    55. Jung, Y. C.et al. (1998) Can J Microbiol., 44: 403-410.
    56. 246 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS
    57. Kaelin, P. (2000) Appl Environ Microbiol, 60:1- 6.
    58. Kaelin, P. and Gadani, F. (2000) Curr Microbiol., 40:205-209.
    59. Kaneda, T. (1968) J Bacteriol., 95:2210-2216.
    60. Kim, H. S. (2000) Curr Microbiol., 40: 250-260.
    61. Kim, H. S. et al.(1998) Curr Microbiol., 38:133-138.
    62. Kim, H. S. et al. (1997) Curr Microbiol., 37: 52-57.
    63. Kirsch, K. and Schmuttere, H. (1988) J App Ent., 105: 249-255.
    64. Knowles, B. H. and Dow, J. A. T. (1993) Bioassays, 15: 469-476.
    65. Konecka, E. et al. (2007) J Invertebr Pathol., 94: 56-63.
    66. Krieg, A. (1975) J Invertebr Pathol,, 25: 267-268.
    67. Kronstad, J. W. and Whiteley, H. R. (1986) J Gen., 43: 29-43.
    68. Lamanna, C. and Jones, L. (1963) J Bacteriol., 85: 532-535.
    69. Landen, R. et al. (1994) World J Microbiol Biotechnol., 10: 45-50.
    70. Lecadet, M.M. et al. (1999) App Microbiol., 86: 660-672.
    71. Lee, H. I. et al. (2003) Curr Microbiol., 43: 284-287.
    72. Leong, K. L. H. et al. (1980) Environ Entomol., 9: 593-599.
    73. Levinson, B. L. et al. (1990) J Bacteriol., 172: 3172-3179.
    74. Lopez-Meza, J. E. and Ibarra, J. E. (1996) Appl Environ Microbiol, 62:1306-1310.
    75. Maeda, M. et al. (2000) Curr Microbiol., 40: 418-422.
    76. Martin, P. A. W. and Travers, R. S. (1989) Appl Environ Microbiol, 55:2437-2442.
    77. Mc Gaughey, W. H. (1985) Science, 229:193-195.
    78. Mc Gaughey, W. H. and Beeman, R. W. (1988) J Econ Entomol, 81: 28-33.
    79. Meadows, M. P.et al. (1992) Appl Environ Microbiol, 58:1344-1350.
    80. Miller, D. L. et al. (1990) Resist Pest Mangt, 2: 25.
    81. Milne, R and Kaplan, H. (1993) Insect Biochem Mol Biol., 23: 663-673.
    82. Morris, O. W. et al. (1998) Can Ent., 130: 515-537.
    83. Natarajan, K. and Srinivasan, G. (1999) Natl symp on Biol cont insects agric, fore, med and Vet sci., 21-22 Jan 1999, pp. 4
    84. Navon, A. (2000) J Crop Proct., 19: 669-676.
    85. Norris, J. R. (1963) J App Bacteriol., 27: 439-447.
    86. Novillo, C. P. et al. (1997) Arch Insect Biochem Physiol., 36:181-201.
    87. Ohba, M. (1984) J Invertebr Pathol.,, 47:12-20.
    88. Ohba, M. (1986) Sys App Micorbiol., 11: 85-89.
    89. Ohba, M. and Aizawa, K. (1986a) J Invertebr Pathol., 47: 12-20.
    90. Ohba, M. and Aizawa. (1986) J Invertebr Pathol., 47: 277-282.
    91. Payne, N. J. and Frankenhuyzen, K. V. (1995) Can Ent., 127:15-23.
    92. Perez, V. M. J. et al. (1994) Appl Environ Microbiol., 60: 2997-3002.
    93. Pigott, C. R. and Ellar, D. J. (2007) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 71: 255-281.
    94. Prabagaran, S. R. et al. (2002) App Biochem Biotechnol., 102: 213-216.
    95. Promdonkoy, B. and Ellar, D.J. (2000) Biochem J., 350, 275--282.
    96. Rajagopal, R. et al. (2002) J Biol Chem., 277: 46849-46851.
    97. Rednedge, L. et al.(2003) Appl Environ Microbiol, 69: 2755-2764.
    98. Rukmini, V. et al. (2000) Biochem., 82: 109-116.
    99. Sacchi, V. F. et al. (1986) FEBS Lett., 240: 2130218.
    100. Saleh, S. M. et al.(1969) Can J Microbiol., 16: 677-680.
    101. Schnepf, E. et al.(1998) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 62: 775-806.
    102. Schnepf, E. et al.(2005) Appl Environ Microbiol., 71: 1765-1774.
    103. Schwartz, J. L. et al. (1991) Biochem Biophy Acta, 1065: 250-260.
    104. Shotkoski, F. and Chen, E. (2003) Beltwide cotton conferences, Noshville, TN, USA, January 6-10, pp-89.
    105. Simon, A. et al. (2008) Appl Environ Microbiol., 74: 1710-1716.
    106. Singer, S. (1980) Nature, 244: 110-111.
    107. Stongman, D. B. et al. (1997) Can J Forest Res., 27: 1999-1927.
    108. Tabashnik, B. E. (1994) Annu Rev Entomol., 39: 47-79.
    109. Tabashnik, B. E. and Mcgaughey, W. H. (1994) J Econ Entomol, 87: 834-841.
    110. Tabashnik, B. E. etc. (1990) J Econ Entomol, 83: 1671-1676.
    111. Theunis, W. et al. (1998) Bull Ent Res., 88: 335-342.
    112. Ticknor, L. et al. (2001) Appl Environ Microbiol., 67: 4863-4873.
    113. Vol. 29, No. 4, 2008 247
    114. Travers, R. S. et al. (1987) Appl Environ Microbiol., 53: 1263-1266.
    115. Van Frankenhuyzen, K. et al. (1995) J Econ Entomol, 88: 97-105.
    116. Van Frankenhuzen, K. et al. (1993) J Invertebr Pathol., 62: 295-301.
    117. Van Rie, J. etc. (1990) Science, 247: 72-74.
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    119. Vilas-Boas, G. et al. (2002) Appl Environ Microbiol., 68:1414-1428.
    120. Whalon, M. F. and McGaughey, W. H. (1993) Insect resist to Bt, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp-215-232.
    121. Wirth, M. C. et al. (2001) Appl Environ Microbiol., 66: 1093-1097.
    122. Wolfersberger, M. G. (1989) Arch Insect Biochem Physiol., 12: 267-277.
    123. Yu, C. G. et al. (1997) Appl Environ Microbiol., 63:532-536.
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      volume 29 issue 4 (december 2008) : 235 - 247

      BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER: ISOLATION TO APPLICATION: A REVIEW

      R
      R. Asokan
      1Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Hessaraghatta Lake (PO) Bangalore – 560 089, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Asokan R. (2025). BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER: ISOLATION TO APPLICATION: A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(4): 235 - 247. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a ubiquitous soil bacterium that produces an array of insecticidal crystal proteins with varied specificities. Recently a lot of effort is being made to collect, characterize, utilize novel and more potent strains of Bt. The crystal proteins (Cry proteins) produced by Bt are important in agricultural, horticultural and public health pest management. In addition to the above recently identified non-insecticidal Cry toxins are being used in cancer research. There is continuing debate among researchers on the species status for Bt and its ecology. The various toxins particularly Cry toxins are important in eco friendly pest management in organic farming and exported oriented crops also. Many cry genes have been engineered into wide variety of crop plants and microbes, offering efficient and effective pest management strategy. Increased efforts to isolate novel strains of Bt from wide variety habitats have yielded valuable strains with new genes. Intensive use of various Bt formulations and high level of expression of various cry genes in Bt transgenic plants have resulted in resistance development in various pest species. But with the judicious use of gene pyramiding and refugia, continued successful pest management is ensured.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Abdel-hameed, A. et al. (1990) World J Microbiol Biotechnol., 6: 305-312.
        2. Agaisse, H. and Lereclus, D. (1995) J Bacteriol., 177: 6027-6032.
        3. Aronson, A. I. and Shai, Y. (2001) FEMS Microbiol Lett., 195: 1-8.
        4. Attathom, T. et al. (1995) Bull Ent Res., 85:167-173.
        5. Bai, C. etc. (1993) J Invertebr Pathol., 62: 211-215.
        6. Bauer, L. S. (1995) Florida Ent., 78: 414-442.
        7. Beattie, S. H. et al. (1998) FEMS Microbiol Lett., 164: 201-206.
        8. Beegle, C. C. and Yamamoto, T. (1992) Can Ent., 124: 587-616.
        9. Bernhard, K. et al. (1997) J Invertebr Pathol.,,70: 59-68.
        10. Berón, C.M. et al. (2005) Appl Environ Microbiol., 71: 761-765.
        11. Beveridge, N. and Elek, J. A. (1999) Aust J Ent., 38:34-39.
        12. Bora, R. S. et al. (1994) Appl Environ Microbiol, 60: 214:222.
        13. Bravo, A. et al. (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol, 64: 4965-4972.
        14. Broaza, M. and Sneh, B. (1994) J Econ. Entomol., 87: 923-928.
        15. Carozzi, N.B. et al. (1991) Appl Environ Microbiol, 57: 3057-3061
        16. Chaufaux, J. et al. (1997) Can J Microbiol., 43: 337-343.
        17. Chilcott, C. and Tabashnik, B. E. (1999) J Econ Entomol, 28:505-512.
        18. Chilcott, C. N. and Wigley, P. J. (1993) J Invertebr Pathol.,, 61:244-247.
        19. Christner, B. C. et al. (2003) Environ Microbiol., 5:433-436.
        20. Crickmore, N. et al. (1998) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 62: 870-813.
        21. Damgaard, P. H. et al. (1998) Lett Appl Microbiol., 23:146-150.
        22. de Barjac, H. and Frachon, E. (1990) Entomophaga, 35: 233-240.
        23. De Lucca, A, J. et al (1982) Can J Microbiol., 27: 865-870
        24. de Maagd, R. A. et al. (2003) Annu Rev Gen., 37: 409-433.
        25. Donovon, W. et al. (2001) J Invertebr Pathol.,, 78: 45-51.
        26. Estruch, J. J. et al. (1996) Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A, 93:5389-5395.
        27. Fedhila, S. et al. (2002) J Bacteriol., 184: 3296-3304.
        28. Forsyth, G. and Logan, N.A. (2000) Lett. Appl. Microbiol.,, 30: 263-266.
        29. Gazit, E. etc. (1998) Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A, 95:12289-12294.
        30. Georghiou, G. P. etc. (1983) University of California, Riverside, pp-86-91.
        31. Gill, S. S. (1992) Annu Rev Entomol., 37: 615-636.
        32. Goldman, I. F. et al. (1986) J. Invertebr Pathol.,, 47:317-324.
        33. Gomez, I. et al. (2002) J Biol Chem., 277:30137-30143.
        34. Gough, J. et al. (2002) Biol Cont., 23:179-189.
        35. Hastowo, S. et al. (1992) J App Bacteriol., 73: 108-113.
        36. Hathout, Y. et al. (2000) J Microbiol., 63:1492-6.
        37. Heimpel, A. M. and Angus, T. A. (1960) J Insect Pathol., 2:311-319.
        38. Helgason, E. et al. (2000) J Clin Microbiol., 38:1615-1622.
        39. Helgason, E. et al. (1998) Curr Microbiol., 37:80-87.
        40. Hendricks, K. et al. (1989) Comp Biochem Physiol., 95:241-245.
        41. Hofte, H. and Whiteley, H. R. (1989) Microbial Rev., 53: 242-255.
        42. Hongyu. Z. et al. (2000) J Crop Prot., 19: 449-454.
        43. Hongyu. Z. et al. (2000b) J Invertebr Pathol., 76:191-197.
        44. Horak, P.etc. (1996) J Invertebr Pathol., 68: 41-49.
        45. Hossain, A. M. et al. (1997) J Invertebr Pathol., 70: 221-225.
        46. Ichimatsu, T. et al. (1998) Curr Microbiol., 40: 217-220.
        47. Iriarte, J. et al. (2000 b) Curr Microbiol., 40: 402-408.
        48. Ito, A. etc. (2004) J Biol Chemi., 279:2182-2186.
        49. Jackson, S.G. et al. (1995) Lett App Microbiol., 21: 103-105.
        50. Jensen, G. B. et al. (2002) Appl Environ Microbiol, 68: 4900-4905.
        51. Johnston, K A. et al. (1995) Insect Biochem Mol Biol., 25:375-383.
        52. Jones, D. R. et al.(1983) J App Bacteriol., 54: 894-904.
        53. Joung, K. B. et al. (2001) J Basic Microbiol., 41: 85-95.
        54. Joung, K. B. and Cote, J. C. (2002) J App Microbiol., 92: 97-108.
        55. Jung, Y. C.et al. (1998) Can J Microbiol., 44: 403-410.
        56. 246 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS
        57. Kaelin, P. (2000) Appl Environ Microbiol, 60:1- 6.
        58. Kaelin, P. and Gadani, F. (2000) Curr Microbiol., 40:205-209.
        59. Kaneda, T. (1968) J Bacteriol., 95:2210-2216.
        60. Kim, H. S. (2000) Curr Microbiol., 40: 250-260.
        61. Kim, H. S. et al.(1998) Curr Microbiol., 38:133-138.
        62. Kim, H. S. et al. (1997) Curr Microbiol., 37: 52-57.
        63. Kirsch, K. and Schmuttere, H. (1988) J App Ent., 105: 249-255.
        64. Knowles, B. H. and Dow, J. A. T. (1993) Bioassays, 15: 469-476.
        65. Konecka, E. et al. (2007) J Invertebr Pathol., 94: 56-63.
        66. Krieg, A. (1975) J Invertebr Pathol,, 25: 267-268.
        67. Kronstad, J. W. and Whiteley, H. R. (1986) J Gen., 43: 29-43.
        68. Lamanna, C. and Jones, L. (1963) J Bacteriol., 85: 532-535.
        69. Landen, R. et al. (1994) World J Microbiol Biotechnol., 10: 45-50.
        70. Lecadet, M.M. et al. (1999) App Microbiol., 86: 660-672.
        71. Lee, H. I. et al. (2003) Curr Microbiol., 43: 284-287.
        72. Leong, K. L. H. et al. (1980) Environ Entomol., 9: 593-599.
        73. Levinson, B. L. et al. (1990) J Bacteriol., 172: 3172-3179.
        74. Lopez-Meza, J. E. and Ibarra, J. E. (1996) Appl Environ Microbiol, 62:1306-1310.
        75. Maeda, M. et al. (2000) Curr Microbiol., 40: 418-422.
        76. Martin, P. A. W. and Travers, R. S. (1989) Appl Environ Microbiol, 55:2437-2442.
        77. Mc Gaughey, W. H. (1985) Science, 229:193-195.
        78. Mc Gaughey, W. H. and Beeman, R. W. (1988) J Econ Entomol, 81: 28-33.
        79. Meadows, M. P.et al. (1992) Appl Environ Microbiol, 58:1344-1350.
        80. Miller, D. L. et al. (1990) Resist Pest Mangt, 2: 25.
        81. Milne, R and Kaplan, H. (1993) Insect Biochem Mol Biol., 23: 663-673.
        82. Morris, O. W. et al. (1998) Can Ent., 130: 515-537.
        83. Natarajan, K. and Srinivasan, G. (1999) Natl symp on Biol cont insects agric, fore, med and Vet sci., 21-22 Jan 1999, pp. 4
        84. Navon, A. (2000) J Crop Proct., 19: 669-676.
        85. Norris, J. R. (1963) J App Bacteriol., 27: 439-447.
        86. Novillo, C. P. et al. (1997) Arch Insect Biochem Physiol., 36:181-201.
        87. Ohba, M. (1984) J Invertebr Pathol.,, 47:12-20.
        88. Ohba, M. (1986) Sys App Micorbiol., 11: 85-89.
        89. Ohba, M. and Aizawa, K. (1986a) J Invertebr Pathol., 47: 12-20.
        90. Ohba, M. and Aizawa. (1986) J Invertebr Pathol., 47: 277-282.
        91. Payne, N. J. and Frankenhuyzen, K. V. (1995) Can Ent., 127:15-23.
        92. Perez, V. M. J. et al. (1994) Appl Environ Microbiol., 60: 2997-3002.
        93. Pigott, C. R. and Ellar, D. J. (2007) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 71: 255-281.
        94. Prabagaran, S. R. et al. (2002) App Biochem Biotechnol., 102: 213-216.
        95. Promdonkoy, B. and Ellar, D.J. (2000) Biochem J., 350, 275--282.
        96. Rajagopal, R. et al. (2002) J Biol Chem., 277: 46849-46851.
        97. Rednedge, L. et al.(2003) Appl Environ Microbiol, 69: 2755-2764.
        98. Rukmini, V. et al. (2000) Biochem., 82: 109-116.
        99. Sacchi, V. F. et al. (1986) FEBS Lett., 240: 2130218.
        100. Saleh, S. M. et al.(1969) Can J Microbiol., 16: 677-680.
        101. Schnepf, E. et al.(1998) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev., 62: 775-806.
        102. Schnepf, E. et al.(2005) Appl Environ Microbiol., 71: 1765-1774.
        103. Schwartz, J. L. et al. (1991) Biochem Biophy Acta, 1065: 250-260.
        104. Shotkoski, F. and Chen, E. (2003) Beltwide cotton conferences, Noshville, TN, USA, January 6-10, pp-89.
        105. Simon, A. et al. (2008) Appl Environ Microbiol., 74: 1710-1716.
        106. Singer, S. (1980) Nature, 244: 110-111.
        107. Stongman, D. B. et al. (1997) Can J Forest Res., 27: 1999-1927.
        108. Tabashnik, B. E. (1994) Annu Rev Entomol., 39: 47-79.
        109. Tabashnik, B. E. and Mcgaughey, W. H. (1994) J Econ Entomol, 87: 834-841.
        110. Tabashnik, B. E. etc. (1990) J Econ Entomol, 83: 1671-1676.
        111. Theunis, W. et al. (1998) Bull Ent Res., 88: 335-342.
        112. Ticknor, L. et al. (2001) Appl Environ Microbiol., 67: 4863-4873.
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