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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 29 issue 2 (june 2008) : 89 - 98

BLACK PEPPER (PIPER NIGRUM L.) ‘THE KING OF SPICES’ - A REVIEW

T
T. Thangaselvabal
C
C. Gailce Leo Justin
M
M. Leelamathi
1Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Pechiparai 629 161 Tamil Nadu, India.

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Thangaselvabal T., Justin Leo Gailce C., Leelamathi M. (2025). BLACK PEPPER (PIPER NIGRUM L.) ‘THE KING OF SPICES’ - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(2): 89 - 98. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) the king of spices is originated in the Western Ghats of India
and subsequently spread to other countries. It is the largest foreign exchange earner among spices
and the average quantity exported from India accounts for more than 70 per cent of the total
production. The demand for black pepper and its products is getting increased year by year in the
world market but the production is not up to the level. At present the productivity in India is very low due to non adoption of good agricultural practices.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Abraham, M and Abraham, C.T. (1998). Spice India, 11: 11-13.
    2. Ahmad, K. (1993). The Pepper Industry – Problems and Prospects Univ. Pertanian Malaysia, Bintulu Campus, Malaysia, p. 97 – 103.
    3. Anandraj, M. et al. (1989). Indian Phytopath., 42: 473-476
    4. Balakrishnan, R and Abraham, J. (1986). J. Plantn. Crops., 14: 115 – 118.
    5. CFTRI, (1980). Annual Report for 1978-79. Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore. p.187 De Waard, P.W.F. (1979). J. Plantn. Crops, 7: 43 – 50.
    6. Devasahayam, S. (1990). Entomon., 15: 137-138
    7. Devashayam. S and Abdulla Koya. K.M. (1993). Indian Inst. Spice Research, 19-22
    8. Vol. 29, No. 2, 2008 97
    9. Duthie, J.F. (1960). Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plains and the Adjacent Siwalik and Sub Himalayan Tracts. Vol. II ,
    10. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 123-145.
    11. Fisher, C.E.C. (1921). Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind., 9: 151
    12. Frankel, R. and Galun, E. (1977). Pollination Mechanism, Reproduction and Plant Breeding . Monographs on TAG.
    13. Springer Verlag, Berlin
    14. Fyson,T. (1932) The Flora of South Indian Hill Stations- Ootacamund, Coonur, Kotagiri, Kodaikanal, Yercaud and Country around. Vol. I. Madras. pp.198-200.
    15. Gailce Leo Justin, C. et al. (2005). Second All India Conference of KAAS, Kanyakumari. Sept. 2005, p.105-107
    16. Gawdae, T.D. (1982), M.Sc.,(Ag.) Thesis, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth. Dapoli- Ratnagiri. p.128
    17. Geetha, C.K. (1981). M. Sc., (Hort.) Thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, Trichur.
    18. George, C.K. (1981). Souvenir, Workshop on Processing of Pepper and Pepper Products Central Food Technology Research and Training Institute, Mysore. p. 3 - 5.
    19. Gopalan, A. et al. (1990). Indian Perfumer, 34: 152 – 156.
    20. Govindarajan, V.S. (1977). Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 9: 115 – 225.
    21. Hooker, J.D. (1886). The Flora of British India. Vol. VI. Reeve and Co., London. 78-95.
    22. Ibrahim, K.K. et al. (1985). Indian Spices. 22:21-25
    23. Ipor, I.B. (1993). The Pepper Industry - Problems and Prospects. Univ. Pertanian Malaysia. Bintulu Campus. Malaysia. pp. 206 – 214.
    24. Irulappan, I. et al., (1981). PLACROSYM-IV 87-93, CPCRI, Kasaragod.
    25. John Zachariah, T. (1989). Review Report. National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut p.8
    26. Jose, J and Sharma, A.K. (1985). Cytologia, 50: 301-310.
    27. Kanakamany, N.T. (1982). M.Sc.(Ag) Thesis Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur
    28. Kandiannan, K, et al., (1998). In: First International Agronomy Congress on Agronomy. Environment and Food Security. Indian Society of Agronomy. New Delhi, p. 206.
    29. Kanjilal, U.N. et al. ( 1940). Flora of Assam. Vol. IV, Govt. of Shillong 31-38.
    30. Kannan, J and Thangaselvabai,T.( 2006). J. Scott Research Forum 3:16-18
    31. Kanthaswamy, V. et al. (1998). South India Hort., 44: 85-89
    32. Khader, K.B.A et al. (1990). J. Plantn. Crops, 20: 19 – 24.
    33. Korikanthimath. V.S. (1995). J. Spices Aromatic crops, 4: 119-128
    34. Krishnamurthi, A. (1969). The Wealth of India: Raw Materials, 8: 350.
    35. Krishnamurthy, N. et al. (1972). Proc. Natl Symp. Plant. Crops ISPC, KASARGOD. 181
    36. Kuch, T.K. et al. (1993), In: The Pepper Industry - Problems and Prospects pp. 193 - 205. Univ. Pertanian Malaysia, Malaysia.
    37. Kurien, S and Nair, P.C.S. (1998).Agric. Res. J. Kerala, 19: 21-26
    38. Kurien, S. et al. (1994). Indian Cocoa Arecanut Spices J., 18: 75 – 79.
    39. Madan, M.S. (2000). J. Spices Aromatic Crops, 5 :225-232
    40. Madhusoodanan,K.J. et al.(1990). Spices India, 3:5-7
    41. Mariwala, J.V. (1974). Proc. Symp. Dev. Prospects for Spice Industries p.17
    42. Martin, F.W. and Gregory, L.E. (1962). Crop Sci., 3: 295-299
    43. Mathai, C.K and Sastry, K.S.K. (1988). Comp. Physiol. Eco. 13: 97 – 102.
    44. Mathai, C.K. (1983). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. p 220
    45. Mathew, A.G. (1984). J. Plantn. Crops, 12: 94-97
    46. Mathew, A.G. and Sankarikutty, B. (1978). Proc. Nat. Sem. on Pepper, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod. p.69.
    47. Mathew, T, et al. (1996).. J. Plantn. Crops, 24: 86 – 91.
    48. Nambiar, K.K.N. and Sarma, Y.R. (1977). J. Plant. Crops, 5: 92-103
    49. Nambiar, P.K.V. et al. (1978). J Plantn. Crops, 6: 4 – 11.
    50. Nandhakumar, C. et al.(1987). National Symp Integrated Pest Control- Progress and Perspectives. 15-17 October 1987, Trivandrum. p 50.
    51. NRCS (1989). Annual Report , National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut p.65.
    52. Nirmal Babu, K et al. (1993). J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1: 88-93
    53. Patil, R.T. (1983). Final Report, CPCRI, Kasaragod. p.59.
    54. Pillay, V.S. et al. (1988). In: Agrometerology of Plantation Crops. Kerala Agricultural Univ., Trichur. p.152 - 159
    55. Ponnuswami, V. et al. (1980). South Indian Hort., 28: 225 – 226.
    56. Premkumar, T. and Devashayam, S. (1989). J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc., 86: 112-113
    57. Rahiman, B.A. and Nair, M.K. (1986). J. Plant. Crops, 14: 52-56
    58. 98 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS
    59. Raj, H.G. (1978). In: Silver Jubilee Souvenir. Pepper Research Station, Panniyur. Kerala Agricultural University. Trichur. pp. 65 – 74
    60. Ramachandran N. (1990). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Calicut, Calicut, p.138
    61. Ramachandran, N. et al. (1991). Annual Report National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut. Kerala. pp. 158 - 174.
    62. Ramadasan, A. (1987). Indian Cocoa Arecanut Spices J., 10: 43 – 44.
    63. Rama Rao, M., (1914). In: Flowering Plants of Travancore, Govt. Press. Thiruvananthapuram. p. 336-338
    64. Ravindran, P.N, et al. (2000). Indian J. Arecanut Spices and Medicinal Plants, 2: 71– 78.
    65. Rethinam, P and Venugopal, K. (1994). In: Advances in Horticulture Vol. 9. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi. p.
    66. 605 - 620
    67. Sadanandan, A.K and Hamza, S. (1993). J. Plantn. Crops., 21: 58 – 66.
    68. Sadanandan, A.K. et al. (1990). National Centre for Spices, Calicut, India. 6
    69. Sadanandan, A.K. (1986). In: First Workshop on the Role of Slow Release Fertilizers in Plantation Crops pp.150
    70. Sadanandan, A.K. (1993). Proc. Nat. Sem. Potassium on Plant. Crops. Potash Research Ins. of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, p.75-88.
    71. Salvi, B.R. et al., (2000). South Indian Hort., 48: 16 – 18.
    72. Samuel, R. (1986). Kew Bull. 42: 468-469
    73. Sarma,Y.R. and Ramachandran N.(1998). Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India.
    74. Sasikumar, B and Johnson, K. (1992). J. Plant. Crops, 20: 165-167
    75. Satheesan, K.V. et al.(1998). In:Water and Nutrient Management for Sustainable Production and Quality of Spices.
    76. Indian Society for Spices. Calicut, pp. 123 -130.
    77. Senanayake, Y.D.A and Krithisinghe, J.P. (1983). J. Plantn. Crops., 11: 105 – 108.
    78. Sim, E.S. (1972). Malaysian Agric. J., 48: 244 – 248.
    79. Sivakumar, C and Wahid, P.A. (1994). J. Spices Aromatic Crops., 3: 135 – 141.
    80. Soundarajan, R.P and Gailce Leo Justin, C. (2001). Proc. Second National Symp. IPM in Horticultural Crops: New
    81. Molecules, Biopesticides and Environment. Oct. 17-19, Bangalore 129
    82. Spice Board (2008). Spice India., 21:25-27.
    83. Sujatha, R and Namboodiri, K.M.N. (1995). J. Trop. Agric., 33: 11 – 15.
    84. Thangaselvabai, T. et al. (2006). Proc. Nat. Sem. Emerging Trends in Production, Quality, Processing and Export of Spices. 28-29
    85. Unnikrishnan Nair, P.K. et al. (1987). Agric. Res. J., Kerala, 25: 136-139
    86. Vijayakumar, K.R and Mammen, G. (1990). In: Proc. Intl. Cong.f Pl. Physiol., 15 – 20, February, 1988. Vol. 2. Society of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, New Delhi, pp. 935 – 938.
    87. Wahid, P and Sitepu, D. (1987). Current Status and Future Prospect of Pepper Development in Indonesia. FAO, Regional Office for Asia and Pacific, Bangkok.
    88. Yufdy, M.P. (1993). Int. Pepper News Bull., 17: 13 – 19.
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      volume 29 issue 2 (june 2008) : 89 - 98

      BLACK PEPPER (PIPER NIGRUM L.) ‘THE KING OF SPICES’ - A REVIEW

      T
      T. Thangaselvabal
      C
      C. Gailce Leo Justin
      M
      M. Leelamathi
      1Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Pechiparai 629 161 Tamil Nadu, India.

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Thangaselvabal T., Justin Leo Gailce C., Leelamathi M. (2025). BLACK PEPPER (PIPER NIGRUM L.) ‘THE KING OF SPICES’ - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(2): 89 - 98. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) the king of spices is originated in the Western Ghats of India
      and subsequently spread to other countries. It is the largest foreign exchange earner among spices
      and the average quantity exported from India accounts for more than 70 per cent of the total
      production. The demand for black pepper and its products is getting increased year by year in the
      world market but the production is not up to the level. At present the productivity in India is very low due to non adoption of good agricultural practices.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Abraham, M and Abraham, C.T. (1998). Spice India, 11: 11-13.
        2. Ahmad, K. (1993). The Pepper Industry – Problems and Prospects Univ. Pertanian Malaysia, Bintulu Campus, Malaysia, p. 97 – 103.
        3. Anandraj, M. et al. (1989). Indian Phytopath., 42: 473-476
        4. Balakrishnan, R and Abraham, J. (1986). J. Plantn. Crops., 14: 115 – 118.
        5. CFTRI, (1980). Annual Report for 1978-79. Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore. p.187 De Waard, P.W.F. (1979). J. Plantn. Crops, 7: 43 – 50.
        6. Devasahayam, S. (1990). Entomon., 15: 137-138
        7. Devashayam. S and Abdulla Koya. K.M. (1993). Indian Inst. Spice Research, 19-22
        8. Vol. 29, No. 2, 2008 97
        9. Duthie, J.F. (1960). Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plains and the Adjacent Siwalik and Sub Himalayan Tracts. Vol. II ,
        10. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 123-145.
        11. Fisher, C.E.C. (1921). Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind., 9: 151
        12. Frankel, R. and Galun, E. (1977). Pollination Mechanism, Reproduction and Plant Breeding . Monographs on TAG.
        13. Springer Verlag, Berlin
        14. Fyson,T. (1932) The Flora of South Indian Hill Stations- Ootacamund, Coonur, Kotagiri, Kodaikanal, Yercaud and Country around. Vol. I. Madras. pp.198-200.
        15. Gailce Leo Justin, C. et al. (2005). Second All India Conference of KAAS, Kanyakumari. Sept. 2005, p.105-107
        16. Gawdae, T.D. (1982), M.Sc.,(Ag.) Thesis, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth. Dapoli- Ratnagiri. p.128
        17. Geetha, C.K. (1981). M. Sc., (Hort.) Thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, Trichur.
        18. George, C.K. (1981). Souvenir, Workshop on Processing of Pepper and Pepper Products Central Food Technology Research and Training Institute, Mysore. p. 3 - 5.
        19. Gopalan, A. et al. (1990). Indian Perfumer, 34: 152 – 156.
        20. Govindarajan, V.S. (1977). Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 9: 115 – 225.
        21. Hooker, J.D. (1886). The Flora of British India. Vol. VI. Reeve and Co., London. 78-95.
        22. Ibrahim, K.K. et al. (1985). Indian Spices. 22:21-25
        23. Ipor, I.B. (1993). The Pepper Industry - Problems and Prospects. Univ. Pertanian Malaysia. Bintulu Campus. Malaysia. pp. 206 – 214.
        24. Irulappan, I. et al., (1981). PLACROSYM-IV 87-93, CPCRI, Kasaragod.
        25. John Zachariah, T. (1989). Review Report. National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut p.8
        26. Jose, J and Sharma, A.K. (1985). Cytologia, 50: 301-310.
        27. Kanakamany, N.T. (1982). M.Sc.(Ag) Thesis Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur
        28. Kandiannan, K, et al., (1998). In: First International Agronomy Congress on Agronomy. Environment and Food Security. Indian Society of Agronomy. New Delhi, p. 206.
        29. Kanjilal, U.N. et al. ( 1940). Flora of Assam. Vol. IV, Govt. of Shillong 31-38.
        30. Kannan, J and Thangaselvabai,T.( 2006). J. Scott Research Forum 3:16-18
        31. Kanthaswamy, V. et al. (1998). South India Hort., 44: 85-89
        32. Khader, K.B.A et al. (1990). J. Plantn. Crops, 20: 19 – 24.
        33. Korikanthimath. V.S. (1995). J. Spices Aromatic crops, 4: 119-128
        34. Krishnamurthi, A. (1969). The Wealth of India: Raw Materials, 8: 350.
        35. Krishnamurthy, N. et al. (1972). Proc. Natl Symp. Plant. Crops ISPC, KASARGOD. 181
        36. Kuch, T.K. et al. (1993), In: The Pepper Industry - Problems and Prospects pp. 193 - 205. Univ. Pertanian Malaysia, Malaysia.
        37. Kurien, S and Nair, P.C.S. (1998).Agric. Res. J. Kerala, 19: 21-26
        38. Kurien, S. et al. (1994). Indian Cocoa Arecanut Spices J., 18: 75 – 79.
        39. Madan, M.S. (2000). J. Spices Aromatic Crops, 5 :225-232
        40. Madhusoodanan,K.J. et al.(1990). Spices India, 3:5-7
        41. Mariwala, J.V. (1974). Proc. Symp. Dev. Prospects for Spice Industries p.17
        42. Martin, F.W. and Gregory, L.E. (1962). Crop Sci., 3: 295-299
        43. Mathai, C.K and Sastry, K.S.K. (1988). Comp. Physiol. Eco. 13: 97 – 102.
        44. Mathai, C.K. (1983). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. p 220
        45. Mathew, A.G. (1984). J. Plantn. Crops, 12: 94-97
        46. Mathew, A.G. and Sankarikutty, B. (1978). Proc. Nat. Sem. on Pepper, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod. p.69.
        47. Mathew, T, et al. (1996).. J. Plantn. Crops, 24: 86 – 91.
        48. Nambiar, K.K.N. and Sarma, Y.R. (1977). J. Plant. Crops, 5: 92-103
        49. Nambiar, P.K.V. et al. (1978). J Plantn. Crops, 6: 4 – 11.
        50. Nandhakumar, C. et al.(1987). National Symp Integrated Pest Control- Progress and Perspectives. 15-17 October 1987, Trivandrum. p 50.
        51. NRCS (1989). Annual Report , National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut p.65.
        52. Nirmal Babu, K et al. (1993). J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1: 88-93
        53. Patil, R.T. (1983). Final Report, CPCRI, Kasaragod. p.59.
        54. Pillay, V.S. et al. (1988). In: Agrometerology of Plantation Crops. Kerala Agricultural Univ., Trichur. p.152 - 159
        55. Ponnuswami, V. et al. (1980). South Indian Hort., 28: 225 – 226.
        56. Premkumar, T. and Devashayam, S. (1989). J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc., 86: 112-113
        57. Rahiman, B.A. and Nair, M.K. (1986). J. Plant. Crops, 14: 52-56
        58. 98 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS
        59. Raj, H.G. (1978). In: Silver Jubilee Souvenir. Pepper Research Station, Panniyur. Kerala Agricultural University. Trichur. pp. 65 – 74
        60. Ramachandran N. (1990). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Calicut, Calicut, p.138
        61. Ramachandran, N. et al. (1991). Annual Report National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut. Kerala. pp. 158 - 174.
        62. Ramadasan, A. (1987). Indian Cocoa Arecanut Spices J., 10: 43 – 44.
        63. Rama Rao, M., (1914). In: Flowering Plants of Travancore, Govt. Press. Thiruvananthapuram. p. 336-338
        64. Ravindran, P.N, et al. (2000). Indian J. Arecanut Spices and Medicinal Plants, 2: 71– 78.
        65. Rethinam, P and Venugopal, K. (1994). In: Advances in Horticulture Vol. 9. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi. p.
        66. 605 - 620
        67. Sadanandan, A.K and Hamza, S. (1993). J. Plantn. Crops., 21: 58 – 66.
        68. Sadanandan, A.K. et al. (1990). National Centre for Spices, Calicut, India. 6
        69. Sadanandan, A.K. (1986). In: First Workshop on the Role of Slow Release Fertilizers in Plantation Crops pp.150
        70. Sadanandan, A.K. (1993). Proc. Nat. Sem. Potassium on Plant. Crops. Potash Research Ins. of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, p.75-88.
        71. Salvi, B.R. et al., (2000). South Indian Hort., 48: 16 – 18.
        72. Samuel, R. (1986). Kew Bull. 42: 468-469
        73. Sarma,Y.R. and Ramachandran N.(1998). Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India.
        74. Sasikumar, B and Johnson, K. (1992). J. Plant. Crops, 20: 165-167
        75. Satheesan, K.V. et al.(1998). In:Water and Nutrient Management for Sustainable Production and Quality of Spices.
        76. Indian Society for Spices. Calicut, pp. 123 -130.
        77. Senanayake, Y.D.A and Krithisinghe, J.P. (1983). J. Plantn. Crops., 11: 105 – 108.
        78. Sim, E.S. (1972). Malaysian Agric. J., 48: 244 – 248.
        79. Sivakumar, C and Wahid, P.A. (1994). J. Spices Aromatic Crops., 3: 135 – 141.
        80. Soundarajan, R.P and Gailce Leo Justin, C. (2001). Proc. Second National Symp. IPM in Horticultural Crops: New
        81. Molecules, Biopesticides and Environment. Oct. 17-19, Bangalore 129
        82. Spice Board (2008). Spice India., 21:25-27.
        83. Sujatha, R and Namboodiri, K.M.N. (1995). J. Trop. Agric., 33: 11 – 15.
        84. Thangaselvabai, T. et al. (2006). Proc. Nat. Sem. Emerging Trends in Production, Quality, Processing and Export of Spices. 28-29
        85. Unnikrishnan Nair, P.K. et al. (1987). Agric. Res. J., Kerala, 25: 136-139
        86. Vijayakumar, K.R and Mammen, G. (1990). In: Proc. Intl. Cong.f Pl. Physiol., 15 – 20, February, 1988. Vol. 2. Society of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, New Delhi, pp. 935 – 938.
        87. Wahid, P and Sitepu, D. (1987). Current Status and Future Prospect of Pepper Development in Indonesia. FAO, Regional Office for Asia and Pacific, Bangkok.
        88. Yufdy, M.P. (1993). Int. Pepper News Bull., 17: 13 – 19.
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