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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 29 issue 1 (march 2008) : 40 - 47

IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF PROTOCORMS AND PROTOCORM LIKE BODIES IN ORCHIDS - A REVIEW

R
R. Swarna Piria
K
K. Rajmohan*
S
S. Suresh
1Horticultural Research Station, Pechiparai – 629 161, Tamil Nadu, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Piria Swarna R., Rajmohan* K., Suresh S. (2025). IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF PROTOCORMS AND PROTOCORM LIKE BODIES IN ORCHIDS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(1): 40 - 47. doi: .

ABSTRACT

In vitro multiplication is the most important biotechnological tool being used in orchids, especially
for large scale commercial propagation. Usually in vitro methods would be useful in a crop where
in the existing conventional methods are too-slow, non-profitable and not successful. As orchid
seeds lack a functional endosperm, the germination of seeds require a long period and any disturbance to the soil or physical environment destroy the whole population. In this context the in vitro multiplication provide an appropriate solution to this problem. So development of tissue culture protocol is an essential pre-requisite for any other biotechnological manipulations at cellular and molecular level.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdulkarim, A.G. and Hairani, H.(1992 ). Lindleyana., 7 : 11 - 12
    2. Agarwal, D.C., Morwal, G.C. and Mascarenhas, A.F. (1992). Lindleyana., I : 95 - 99
    3. Arditti, J. (1967). Bot. Rev., 33 : 1-97
    4. Arditti, J. (1979). Adv. Bot. Res ., 7 : 421 - 655
    5. Arditti, J. and Ernst, R.(1993). Micropropagation of Orchids., John Wiley, NewYork,P.682
    6. Bellard, W.W. (1987). Am. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 56: 935 - 945
    7. Bhaskar, J.(1996).Ph.D thesis., Kerala Agricultural University,Thrissur, P-207.
    8. Churchill, M.E., et al. (1972). Amer. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 41 : 726 - 730
    9. Devi, J.et al. (1990). J. Orchid Soc. India., 4: 45-49
    10. Ernst, R. (1974). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 43 : 35 - 38
    11. Ernst, R.et al. (1971). Am. J. Bot., 58 : 827 - 835
    12. Fonnesbech, M. (1972). Physiol., Pl. 27 : 310 - 316
    13. Fridborg, G. et al. (1978). Physiol. Pl., 33:104-106
    14. Fu, F.M.L. (1978). Gardens Bull., 31 : 132 - 138
    15. George, A.J. (1997). M.Sc. thesis., University of Agricultural Sciences,Bangalore, P.68.
    16. George, E.F. and Sherington, P.D. (1984). Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture., Eastern Press, NewYork, P.690
    17. Goh, C.J. (1970). J. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2: 31 - 33
    18. Harrison, C.R. and Arditti, J. (1978). Bot. Gaz., 139 : 180 –189
    19. Harvais, G.(1972). Can. J. Bot., 50 : 1223 - 1229
    20. Hazarika, R.B. and Sarma, C.M (1995). J. Orchid Soc. India., 9 : 51 - 54
    21. Hew, C.S. and Math, T.C. (1989). New phytologist., 111 : 161 - 171
    22. Hew, C.S.et al. (1988). Bot. Gaz., 149 : 153 - 157
    23. Hinnen, M.G.J. et al . (1989). Scient. Hort., 41 : 105 - 116
    24. Honjo,T.et al . (1988). Acta Hort., 230 : 185 - 188
    25. Ichihashi, B. and Kako, S.(1977). J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 46 : 325 - 330
    26. Ichihashi, S. (1990). Lindleyana., 5 : 140 - 143
    27. Ichihashi, S. (1992). Lindleyana., 7 : 208 - 215
    28. Intuwong, O. and Sagawa, Y.(1973). Am. Orchid Soc.Bull., 42 : 209 - 215
    29. Irawati, S.S. et al. (1977). Orchid Rev., 85 : 138 - 142
    30. Ito, I.(1955). Scient. Rep. Saikyo Univ Agric., 7 : 35 - 42
    31. Jonojit, R. and Nirmalya, B. (2003). Scient. Hort., 97: 333 - 340
    32. Jordan, M.R.(1965). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 34 : 219
    33. Knudson, L. (1946).Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 15 : 214 - 217
    34. Knudson, L. (1951). Bot. Gaz., 112 : 528 - 532
    35. Kotomori, S. and Murashige, T. (1965). Am. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 34 : 484 - 489
    36. Krishnan, P.N.et al.(1993). J. Orchid Soc. India., 7 : 87 - 91
    37. Kuehnle, A.R. (1997). Molecular Biology of orchids. Orchid Biology–Review and Perspectives., VII ( J.Arditti and
    38. A.M.Pridgeon eds. )Kluwer Academic London. pp. 75-115
    39. Kukulczanka, K and Wojciechowska, U. (1983). Acta Hort., 131 : 105 – 110
    40. Kumaria, S. and Tandon, P. (1991).Biol. Sci., 57:277 - 279
    41. Kusumoto, N. (1979). J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 47 : 502 – 510
    42. VVooll.. 2298,, NNoo.. 14,, 22000087 4477
    43. Kusumoto, M. (1980) J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 48 : 503 - 509
    44. Lee, Y.I. and Lee, N. (2003). In vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Pl., 39 : 475 - 479
    45. Lekharani, C. (2002). Ph.D Thesis.,Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, P.360.
    46. Madhurisharon and Vasundhara, G. (1990). J. Orchid, Soc. India., 4 : 145 - 148
    47. Mathews, V.H. and Rao, P.S (1980). Pl. Sci. Lett., 17: 383 - 389
    48. Mathews, V.H and Rao, P.S (1985). Pl. Sci. Lett., 22 : 96 - 103
    49. Mc Intyre, D.K. et al.(1974). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 43: 52 - 53
    50. Mitra, G.C.(1971). Indian J. Exp. Biol., 9: 79 - 85
    51. Mitra, G.C.et al .(1976). Indian. J. Exp. Biol., 14: 350 - 351
    52. Morel, G. (1965). Cymbidium Soc. News., 20 : 3 - 11
    53. Morel, G.M. (1974). Clonal multiplication of Orchids., (C. Withner eds.) Scientific Wiley, NewYork. pp. 169-222.
    54. Murashige, T. and Skoog. F. (1962). Physiol., Pl. 15: 473 - 496
    55. Nagashima, T. (1993) J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 62: 581 - 594
    56. Nath, M. et al. (1991). J.Orchid Soc. India., 5 : 97 - 101
    57. Nitsch, J.P (1969). Phytomorphology., 19 : 389 – 404
    58. Northen, R.J. (1970). Home Orchid Growing., Van Nostrand , NewYork.
    59. Paek, K.Y. and Yeung, E.C. (1991). Pl. Cell Tissue and Organ Cult., 29 : 65 - 71
    60. Pathak, P. et al. (1992). J. Orchid Soc. India., 6 : 49 - 53
    61. Pierik, R.L.M. et al. (1988). Scient. Hort., 34: 139 – 153
    62. Prasad, R.N. and Mitra, G.C. (1975). Indian J. Exp. Biol., 13 : 123 - 126
    63. Pyati, A.N and Murthy, H.N. (1995). J. Orchid Soc. India., 9 : 69 - 74
    64. Raghavan, V and Torrey, J.G .(1964). Am. J. Bot., 51 : 264 – 274
    65. Raghuwanshi, A.N. et al. (1986). Biology, Conservation and Culture of Orchids., (S.P.Vij eds.) The Orchid
    66. Society of India, India. pp. 453-462
    67. Rao, A.N. and Avadhani, P.N. (1964). Gardens Bull., 17 : 194 - 202
    68. Reddy, P.V. et al. (1992). J. Orchid Soc. India., 6 : 75 - 78
    69. Reyburn, A.N. (1978). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 47 : 798 - 802
    70. Rosa, M.D. and Laneri, U.(1977). Am. Orchid Soc.Bull., 46: 813 - 820
    71. Rubulo, A. et al .(1989) Lindleyana., 4 : 68 - 73
    72. Sagawa, Y. and Sehgal, O.P. (1967). Pacific Orchid Soc. Bull., 25 : 17 - 18
    73. Sagawa, Y. and Shoji, T. (1967). Am. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 36 : 856 - 859
    74. Sahid, C.A. (1980). Bull Penelitian Hortikultura., 6 : 577 – 590
    75. Sangama, (1986). Ph.D thesis.,University of Agricultural Sciences,Bangalore., P-152.
    76. Scott, R.J. and Arditti, J. (1959). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 28 : 823 - 829
    77. Sharma, S.K. and Tandon, P. (1990). J. Orchid Soc. India., 4 : 149 - 159
    78. Sharon,M. et al. (1992). J. Orchid Soc. India., 6 : 55 - 57
    79. Shimasaki, K. and Uemoto, S. (1987). Sci. Bull. Faculty Agrl. Kyushu University., 42 : 9 - 14
    80. Singh, F. (1992). J Orchid Soc., India., 6: 11 – 14
    81. Singh, F. (1993) Plant Biotechnology: Commercial Prospects and Problems., Oxford and IBH Publishing Company,
    82. New Delhi. pp 85-109
    83. Soediono, N. (1988). Orchid Rev., 96: 86 - 87
    84. Stewart, J. and Button, J. (1975) Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 44: 591 - 598
    85. Teo, C.K.H . et al . (1973). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 42 : 402 - 405
    86. Vacin, E and Went, F.W. (1949). Bot.Gaz., 110 : 605 - 613
    87. Vajrabhaya, M. and Vajrabhaya, T. (1970). Am. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 39: 907 - 910
    88. Villolobes, L. and Munoz, A.M.(1994). Orchid Rev., 102: 58 - 62
    89. Xiang, Y.et al. (2003). Forest Res., 16: 434 - 438
    90. Yam, T.W. and Weatherhead, M.A. (1988). Lindleyana., 3 : 156 – 160
    91. Yam, T.W. et al .(1990). Lindleyana 5 : 256 - 265
    92. Zhang, J.Y.et al. (1993). Pl. Physiol. Commun., 29 : 175 – 178
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      volume 29 issue 1 (march 2008) : 40 - 47

      IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF PROTOCORMS AND PROTOCORM LIKE BODIES IN ORCHIDS - A REVIEW

      R
      R. Swarna Piria
      K
      K. Rajmohan*
      S
      S. Suresh
      1Horticultural Research Station, Pechiparai – 629 161, Tamil Nadu, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Piria Swarna R., Rajmohan* K., Suresh S. (2025). IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF PROTOCORMS AND PROTOCORM LIKE BODIES IN ORCHIDS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(1): 40 - 47. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      In vitro multiplication is the most important biotechnological tool being used in orchids, especially
      for large scale commercial propagation. Usually in vitro methods would be useful in a crop where
      in the existing conventional methods are too-slow, non-profitable and not successful. As orchid
      seeds lack a functional endosperm, the germination of seeds require a long period and any disturbance to the soil or physical environment destroy the whole population. In this context the in vitro multiplication provide an appropriate solution to this problem. So development of tissue culture protocol is an essential pre-requisite for any other biotechnological manipulations at cellular and molecular level.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Abdulkarim, A.G. and Hairani, H.(1992 ). Lindleyana., 7 : 11 - 12
        2. Agarwal, D.C., Morwal, G.C. and Mascarenhas, A.F. (1992). Lindleyana., I : 95 - 99
        3. Arditti, J. (1967). Bot. Rev., 33 : 1-97
        4. Arditti, J. (1979). Adv. Bot. Res ., 7 : 421 - 655
        5. Arditti, J. and Ernst, R.(1993). Micropropagation of Orchids., John Wiley, NewYork,P.682
        6. Bellard, W.W. (1987). Am. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 56: 935 - 945
        7. Bhaskar, J.(1996).Ph.D thesis., Kerala Agricultural University,Thrissur, P-207.
        8. Churchill, M.E., et al. (1972). Amer. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 41 : 726 - 730
        9. Devi, J.et al. (1990). J. Orchid Soc. India., 4: 45-49
        10. Ernst, R. (1974). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 43 : 35 - 38
        11. Ernst, R.et al. (1971). Am. J. Bot., 58 : 827 - 835
        12. Fonnesbech, M. (1972). Physiol., Pl. 27 : 310 - 316
        13. Fridborg, G. et al. (1978). Physiol. Pl., 33:104-106
        14. Fu, F.M.L. (1978). Gardens Bull., 31 : 132 - 138
        15. George, A.J. (1997). M.Sc. thesis., University of Agricultural Sciences,Bangalore, P.68.
        16. George, E.F. and Sherington, P.D. (1984). Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture., Eastern Press, NewYork, P.690
        17. Goh, C.J. (1970). J. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2: 31 - 33
        18. Harrison, C.R. and Arditti, J. (1978). Bot. Gaz., 139 : 180 –189
        19. Harvais, G.(1972). Can. J. Bot., 50 : 1223 - 1229
        20. Hazarika, R.B. and Sarma, C.M (1995). J. Orchid Soc. India., 9 : 51 - 54
        21. Hew, C.S. and Math, T.C. (1989). New phytologist., 111 : 161 - 171
        22. Hew, C.S.et al. (1988). Bot. Gaz., 149 : 153 - 157
        23. Hinnen, M.G.J. et al . (1989). Scient. Hort., 41 : 105 - 116
        24. Honjo,T.et al . (1988). Acta Hort., 230 : 185 - 188
        25. Ichihashi, B. and Kako, S.(1977). J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 46 : 325 - 330
        26. Ichihashi, S. (1990). Lindleyana., 5 : 140 - 143
        27. Ichihashi, S. (1992). Lindleyana., 7 : 208 - 215
        28. Intuwong, O. and Sagawa, Y.(1973). Am. Orchid Soc.Bull., 42 : 209 - 215
        29. Irawati, S.S. et al. (1977). Orchid Rev., 85 : 138 - 142
        30. Ito, I.(1955). Scient. Rep. Saikyo Univ Agric., 7 : 35 - 42
        31. Jonojit, R. and Nirmalya, B. (2003). Scient. Hort., 97: 333 - 340
        32. Jordan, M.R.(1965). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 34 : 219
        33. Knudson, L. (1946).Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 15 : 214 - 217
        34. Knudson, L. (1951). Bot. Gaz., 112 : 528 - 532
        35. Kotomori, S. and Murashige, T. (1965). Am. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 34 : 484 - 489
        36. Krishnan, P.N.et al.(1993). J. Orchid Soc. India., 7 : 87 - 91
        37. Kuehnle, A.R. (1997). Molecular Biology of orchids. Orchid Biology–Review and Perspectives., VII ( J.Arditti and
        38. A.M.Pridgeon eds. )Kluwer Academic London. pp. 75-115
        39. Kukulczanka, K and Wojciechowska, U. (1983). Acta Hort., 131 : 105 – 110
        40. Kumaria, S. and Tandon, P. (1991).Biol. Sci., 57:277 - 279
        41. Kusumoto, N. (1979). J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 47 : 502 – 510
        42. VVooll.. 2298,, NNoo.. 14,, 22000087 4477
        43. Kusumoto, M. (1980) J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 48 : 503 - 509
        44. Lee, Y.I. and Lee, N. (2003). In vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Pl., 39 : 475 - 479
        45. Lekharani, C. (2002). Ph.D Thesis.,Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, P.360.
        46. Madhurisharon and Vasundhara, G. (1990). J. Orchid, Soc. India., 4 : 145 - 148
        47. Mathews, V.H. and Rao, P.S (1980). Pl. Sci. Lett., 17: 383 - 389
        48. Mathews, V.H and Rao, P.S (1985). Pl. Sci. Lett., 22 : 96 - 103
        49. Mc Intyre, D.K. et al.(1974). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 43: 52 - 53
        50. Mitra, G.C.(1971). Indian J. Exp. Biol., 9: 79 - 85
        51. Mitra, G.C.et al .(1976). Indian. J. Exp. Biol., 14: 350 - 351
        52. Morel, G. (1965). Cymbidium Soc. News., 20 : 3 - 11
        53. Morel, G.M. (1974). Clonal multiplication of Orchids., (C. Withner eds.) Scientific Wiley, NewYork. pp. 169-222.
        54. Murashige, T. and Skoog. F. (1962). Physiol., Pl. 15: 473 - 496
        55. Nagashima, T. (1993) J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci., 62: 581 - 594
        56. Nath, M. et al. (1991). J.Orchid Soc. India., 5 : 97 - 101
        57. Nitsch, J.P (1969). Phytomorphology., 19 : 389 – 404
        58. Northen, R.J. (1970). Home Orchid Growing., Van Nostrand , NewYork.
        59. Paek, K.Y. and Yeung, E.C. (1991). Pl. Cell Tissue and Organ Cult., 29 : 65 - 71
        60. Pathak, P. et al. (1992). J. Orchid Soc. India., 6 : 49 - 53
        61. Pierik, R.L.M. et al. (1988). Scient. Hort., 34: 139 – 153
        62. Prasad, R.N. and Mitra, G.C. (1975). Indian J. Exp. Biol., 13 : 123 - 126
        63. Pyati, A.N and Murthy, H.N. (1995). J. Orchid Soc. India., 9 : 69 - 74
        64. Raghavan, V and Torrey, J.G .(1964). Am. J. Bot., 51 : 264 – 274
        65. Raghuwanshi, A.N. et al. (1986). Biology, Conservation and Culture of Orchids., (S.P.Vij eds.) The Orchid
        66. Society of India, India. pp. 453-462
        67. Rao, A.N. and Avadhani, P.N. (1964). Gardens Bull., 17 : 194 - 202
        68. Reddy, P.V. et al. (1992). J. Orchid Soc. India., 6 : 75 - 78
        69. Reyburn, A.N. (1978). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 47 : 798 - 802
        70. Rosa, M.D. and Laneri, U.(1977). Am. Orchid Soc.Bull., 46: 813 - 820
        71. Rubulo, A. et al .(1989) Lindleyana., 4 : 68 - 73
        72. Sagawa, Y. and Sehgal, O.P. (1967). Pacific Orchid Soc. Bull., 25 : 17 - 18
        73. Sagawa, Y. and Shoji, T. (1967). Am. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 36 : 856 - 859
        74. Sahid, C.A. (1980). Bull Penelitian Hortikultura., 6 : 577 – 590
        75. Sangama, (1986). Ph.D thesis.,University of Agricultural Sciences,Bangalore., P-152.
        76. Scott, R.J. and Arditti, J. (1959). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 28 : 823 - 829
        77. Sharma, S.K. and Tandon, P. (1990). J. Orchid Soc. India., 4 : 149 - 159
        78. Sharon,M. et al. (1992). J. Orchid Soc. India., 6 : 55 - 57
        79. Shimasaki, K. and Uemoto, S. (1987). Sci. Bull. Faculty Agrl. Kyushu University., 42 : 9 - 14
        80. Singh, F. (1992). J Orchid Soc., India., 6: 11 – 14
        81. Singh, F. (1993) Plant Biotechnology: Commercial Prospects and Problems., Oxford and IBH Publishing Company,
        82. New Delhi. pp 85-109
        83. Soediono, N. (1988). Orchid Rev., 96: 86 - 87
        84. Stewart, J. and Button, J. (1975) Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 44: 591 - 598
        85. Teo, C.K.H . et al . (1973). Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 42 : 402 - 405
        86. Vacin, E and Went, F.W. (1949). Bot.Gaz., 110 : 605 - 613
        87. Vajrabhaya, M. and Vajrabhaya, T. (1970). Am. Orchid. Soc. Bull., 39: 907 - 910
        88. Villolobes, L. and Munoz, A.M.(1994). Orchid Rev., 102: 58 - 62
        89. Xiang, Y.et al. (2003). Forest Res., 16: 434 - 438
        90. Yam, T.W. and Weatherhead, M.A. (1988). Lindleyana., 3 : 156 – 160
        91. Yam, T.W. et al .(1990). Lindleyana 5 : 256 - 265
        92. Zhang, J.Y.et al. (1993). Pl. Physiol. Commun., 29 : 175 – 178
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