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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 30 issue 1 (march 2009) : 13 - 23

VEGETATIVE GROWTH RESTRICTION IN POME AND STONE FRUITS - A REVIEW

S
Sanjeev Sharma
A
A.S. Rehalia
S
S.D. Sharma
1Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230 (H.P.), India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Sharma Sanjeev, Rehalia A.S., Sharma S.D. (2025). VEGETATIVE GROWTH RESTRICTION IN POME AND STONE FRUITS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 30(1): 13 - 23. doi: .

ABSTRACT

The balance between vegetative and reproductive growth in temperate fruits is associated
with improved production efficiency and fruit quality. Horticultural approaches have great
potential to regulate the tree size. Among these approaches, rootstocks have provided apple
growers with trees of reduced stature suited to a wide range of planting densities, but poor
anchorage and disease susceptibility of dwarfing rootstocks are major concern for their
exploitation to control growth in temperate fruits. The lack of suitable dwarfing rootstocks
compatible with peach, pear, plum, apricot, and cherry have further added to the problem.
Pruning has proved efficient method of growth control. Judicious pruning coupled with branch
orientation offers a much better approach to growth control in many temperate fruit trees. It
is possible that significant control of fruit tree growth could be obtained by improved
management of fertilizers in orchards, including timing of fertilizer application. Use of plant
growth regulators continue to offer the most efficient and cost effective technique for regulating
shoot growth and controlling tree size.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Atkinson, D. (1974). Plant and Soil, 40: 333-342.
    2. Atkinson, D. (1977). Plant and Soil, 49: 459-471.
    3. Autio, W.R. and Greene D.W. (1994). J. Hort. Sci., 69: 653-664.
    4. Autio, W.R., et al (1990). HortSci., 25: 1219-1221.
    5. Avery, D.J. (1970). New Phytol., 69: 1930.
    6. Avidan, B. and Erez A. (1995). Plant Growth Regul., 17: 73-80.
    7. Barden,J.A., et al (1989). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 114: 184-186.
    8. Barritt, B.H. (1992). Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, Wash.
    9. Batjer, L.P., M.W.Williams and G.C. Martin. (1963).Proc. Wash. State Hort. Soc., 59: 107.
    10. Blanco, A. (1988). J. Hort. Sci., 63: 201207.
    11. Bukovac, M.J. (1981). In: Tukey R.B. and Williams M.W. (eds.). Proc. Tree Fruit Growth Regulators and Chemical
    12. Thinning. Wash. State Coop. Ext. Ser., Pullman, WA.
    13. Byers, R.E. (1993). HortSci., 28: 1103-1105.
    14. Byers, R.E. (2000). Proc. 27 th Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Amer. pp. 187-195.
    15. Byers, R.E. and Barden J.A. (1976). HortSci., 11: 506-507.
    16. Byers, R.E. and Emerson F.H. (1969). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 94: 641-645.
    17. Byers, R.E. and Yoder K.S. (1999). HortSci., 34: 1205-1209.
    18. Chalmers, D.J., et al (1981). J.Amer.Soc.Hort. Sci., 106: 307-312.
    19. Choi, C. and Andersen R.L. (2001). J. Amer. Pomol. Soc., 55: 114-119.
    20. Craighton, S. M., et al (1990). Plant Growth Regul., 9: 27-35.
    21. Curry, E.A. and Williams M.W. (1986). Acta Hort., 179: 743-753.
    22. Cutting, J.G.M. and Lyne M.C. (1993). J. Hort. Sci., 68: 619-626.
    23. Dann, I.R., et al (1990). Scientia Hort., 43: 37-45.
    24. Davis, T.D. and Curry E.A. (1991). Critical Rev. Plant Sci., 10(2): 151-188.
    25. DeJong, T.M., et al (1992). Acta Hort., 322: 99-106.
    26. Edgerton, L.J. (1986). Acta Hort., 179: 467.
    27. Edgerton, L.J. and Blanpied G.D. (1968). Nature, 219: 1064-1065.
    28. Vol. 30, No. 1, 2009 21
    29. Elfving, D.C. (1990). HortSci., 25: 908-910.
    30. Elfving, D.C. and Cline R.A. (1990). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 115: 212-218.
    31. Elfving, D.C. and Cline R.A. (1993). HortSci., 28: 1011-1014.
    32. Elfving, D.C. and Forshey C.G. (1976). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 101: 290-293.
    33. Elfving, D.C., et al (1996). J. Tree Fruit Prod., 1: 113.
    34. ElKhoreiby, A.M., et al (1990). HortSci., 25: 310-312.
    35. Embree, C.G., et al (1987). HortSci., 22: 55-56.
    36. Estabrooks, E.N. (1993). Can. J. Plant Sci., 73: 1127-1135.
    37. Evans, J.R., et al (1999). HortSci., 34: 1200-1201.
    38. Facteau, T.J. and Chestnut N.E. (1991). HortSci., 26: 276-278.
    39. Fallahi, E. and Mohan S. K. (2000). HortTechnology, 10: 589-592.
    40. Faust, M. (1989). Physiology of Temperate zone Fruit Trees. Wiley, New York, NY.
    41. Fernandez, R..T., et al (1997). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 122: 14-19.
    42. Ferree, D.C. (1989). HortSci., 24: 62-65.
    43. Ferree, D.C. (1992). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 117: 198-202.
    44. Ferree, D.C. (1994). HortSci., 29: 1004-1007.
    45. Ferree, D.C. and Carlson R.F. (1987). In: Rom. Rootstocks for fruit crops. R.C. and Carlson R.F. (eds.). Wiley, New York.
    46. Ferree, D.C. and Knee M. (1997). HortSci., 32: 645-648.
    47. Ferree, D.C. and Lakso A.N. (1979). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 104: 736-739.
    48. Ferree, D.C. and Rhodus W.T. (1993). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 118: 707-713.
    49. Flore, J.A. (1992). Acta Hort., 322: 257-264.
    50. Forshey, C.G. and Elfving D.C. (1989). Hort. Rev., 11: 229-287.
    51. Forshey, C.G., et al (1992). American Society Horticultural Science, Alexandria, VA.
    52. Geisler, D. and Ferree D.C. (1984). Hort. Rev., 6: 155-188.
    53. Ghrab, M., et al (1998). Acta Hort., 465: 601-608.
    54. Reischel, G. E. (1997). J Agric. Res., 27: 45-52.
    55. Greene, D.W. (1986). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 111: 328-332.
    56. Greene, D.W. (1991). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 116: 807-812.
    57. Greene, D. W. and Lord W.J. (1978). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 103: 208 -210.
    58. Greene, D. W. and Lord W.J. (1983). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 108: 590-595.
    59. Greene, D.W. and Lord W.J. (1986). Fruit Notes, 51(2): 15.
    60. Guimond, C.M., et al (1998). HortSci., 33: 647-649.
    61. Hamzakheyl, N., et al (1976). HortSci., 11: 393-395.
    62. Havis, L. (1938). et al Ecology 19: 454-462.
    63. Hayden R.A. and Emerson F.H. (1976). Amer. Fruit Grower, 96(11): 11-12.
    64. Hennerty, M.J. and Forshey C.G. (1971). J. Hort. Sci., 46: 153-161.
    65. Hirst, P.M. and Ferree D.C. (1996). Fruit Var. J., 50: 25-34.
    66. Hoying, S.A. and Robinson T.L. T.L. (1992). Acta Hort., 322: 167-172.
    67. Hugard, J. (1980). Acta Hortic., 114: 300-308.
    68. Johnson,R.S., et al (1992).J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 117: 881-886.
    69. Johnson, R.S. and Handley D.F. (2000). HortSci., 35: 1048-1050.
    70. Kaini, B.R., et al (1984). J. Hort. Sci., 59: 141-149.
    71. Kappel, F. and Bouthillier M. (1995). Can. J. Plant Sci., 75: 491-496.
    72. Kappel, F., et al (1997). HortSci., 32: 1034-1036.
    73. Kato, T. and H. Ito. (1962). Tohoku J. Agr. Res., 13: 121.
    74. Kikuchi, T. et al (1989). J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci., 58: 491-497.
    75. Layne, R.E.C. (1987). In: (eds.). Rootstocks for Fruit Crops. Rom R.C. and Carlson R.F. Wiley, New York.
    76. Layne, R.E.C. (1994). HortSci., 29: 167-171.
    77. Layne, R.E.C., et al (1976). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 101: 568-572.
    78. Lehman, L.J., et al (1990). HortSci., 25: 429-430.
    79. 22 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS
    80. Leuty, S.J. and Pree D.J. (1980). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 105: 702-705.
    81. Lombard, P.B. and Westwood M.N. (1987). In: Rootstocks for Fruit Crops. Rom R.C. and Carlson R.F. (eds.). Wiley,
    82. New York.
    83. Long, L.E. (1999). N.Y Fruit Quart., 6(4): 1013.
    84. Looney, N.E. (1983). In: L.G. Nickell (ed.). Plant Growth Regulating Chemicals, Vol. I, CRC, Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    85. Luckwill, L.C. (1970). In: Physiology of Tree Fruit Crops, Luckwill L.C. and Cutting C.V. (eds.). Academic Press, London.
    86. Marini, R.P. (1985). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 110: 133-139.
    87. Marini, R.P. and Barden J.A. (1982). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 107: 34-39.
    88. Marini, R.P. and Barden J.A. (1987). Hort. Rev., 9: 351-375.
    89. Marini, R.P., et al (1993). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 118: 446-449.
    90. Mika, A. (1986). Hort. Rev., 8: 337-378.
    91. Mika, A. and Piatkowski M. (1989). Acta Hort., 243: 95-102.
    92. Mika, A., et al (1983). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 108: 655-660.
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    101. Myers, S.C. (1990). Compact Fruit Tree, 23: 93-100.
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    103. Myers, S. C. and Savelle A.T. (1996). In: Maib K. M. (ed.) Tree Fruit Physiology: Growth and Development. Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, WA.
    104. Perry, R., et al (1996). Compact Fruit Tree, 29: 37-56.
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      volume 30 issue 1 (march 2009) : 13 - 23

      VEGETATIVE GROWTH RESTRICTION IN POME AND STONE FRUITS - A REVIEW

      S
      Sanjeev Sharma
      A
      A.S. Rehalia
      S
      S.D. Sharma
      1Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230 (H.P.), India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Sharma Sanjeev, Rehalia A.S., Sharma S.D. (2025). VEGETATIVE GROWTH RESTRICTION IN POME AND STONE FRUITS - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 30(1): 13 - 23. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      The balance between vegetative and reproductive growth in temperate fruits is associated
      with improved production efficiency and fruit quality. Horticultural approaches have great
      potential to regulate the tree size. Among these approaches, rootstocks have provided apple
      growers with trees of reduced stature suited to a wide range of planting densities, but poor
      anchorage and disease susceptibility of dwarfing rootstocks are major concern for their
      exploitation to control growth in temperate fruits. The lack of suitable dwarfing rootstocks
      compatible with peach, pear, plum, apricot, and cherry have further added to the problem.
      Pruning has proved efficient method of growth control. Judicious pruning coupled with branch
      orientation offers a much better approach to growth control in many temperate fruit trees. It
      is possible that significant control of fruit tree growth could be obtained by improved
      management of fertilizers in orchards, including timing of fertilizer application. Use of plant
      growth regulators continue to offer the most efficient and cost effective technique for regulating
      shoot growth and controlling tree size.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Atkinson, D. (1974). Plant and Soil, 40: 333-342.
        2. Atkinson, D. (1977). Plant and Soil, 49: 459-471.
        3. Autio, W.R. and Greene D.W. (1994). J. Hort. Sci., 69: 653-664.
        4. Autio, W.R., et al (1990). HortSci., 25: 1219-1221.
        5. Avery, D.J. (1970). New Phytol., 69: 1930.
        6. Avidan, B. and Erez A. (1995). Plant Growth Regul., 17: 73-80.
        7. Barden,J.A., et al (1989). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 114: 184-186.
        8. Barritt, B.H. (1992). Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, Wash.
        9. Batjer, L.P., M.W.Williams and G.C. Martin. (1963).Proc. Wash. State Hort. Soc., 59: 107.
        10. Blanco, A. (1988). J. Hort. Sci., 63: 201207.
        11. Bukovac, M.J. (1981). In: Tukey R.B. and Williams M.W. (eds.). Proc. Tree Fruit Growth Regulators and Chemical
        12. Thinning. Wash. State Coop. Ext. Ser., Pullman, WA.
        13. Byers, R.E. (1993). HortSci., 28: 1103-1105.
        14. Byers, R.E. (2000). Proc. 27 th Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Amer. pp. 187-195.
        15. Byers, R.E. and Barden J.A. (1976). HortSci., 11: 506-507.
        16. Byers, R.E. and Emerson F.H. (1969). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 94: 641-645.
        17. Byers, R.E. and Yoder K.S. (1999). HortSci., 34: 1205-1209.
        18. Chalmers, D.J., et al (1981). J.Amer.Soc.Hort. Sci., 106: 307-312.
        19. Choi, C. and Andersen R.L. (2001). J. Amer. Pomol. Soc., 55: 114-119.
        20. Craighton, S. M., et al (1990). Plant Growth Regul., 9: 27-35.
        21. Curry, E.A. and Williams M.W. (1986). Acta Hort., 179: 743-753.
        22. Cutting, J.G.M. and Lyne M.C. (1993). J. Hort. Sci., 68: 619-626.
        23. Dann, I.R., et al (1990). Scientia Hort., 43: 37-45.
        24. Davis, T.D. and Curry E.A. (1991). Critical Rev. Plant Sci., 10(2): 151-188.
        25. DeJong, T.M., et al (1992). Acta Hort., 322: 99-106.
        26. Edgerton, L.J. (1986). Acta Hort., 179: 467.
        27. Edgerton, L.J. and Blanpied G.D. (1968). Nature, 219: 1064-1065.
        28. Vol. 30, No. 1, 2009 21
        29. Elfving, D.C. (1990). HortSci., 25: 908-910.
        30. Elfving, D.C. and Cline R.A. (1990). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 115: 212-218.
        31. Elfving, D.C. and Cline R.A. (1993). HortSci., 28: 1011-1014.
        32. Elfving, D.C. and Forshey C.G. (1976). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 101: 290-293.
        33. Elfving, D.C., et al (1996). J. Tree Fruit Prod., 1: 113.
        34. ElKhoreiby, A.M., et al (1990). HortSci., 25: 310-312.
        35. Embree, C.G., et al (1987). HortSci., 22: 55-56.
        36. Estabrooks, E.N. (1993). Can. J. Plant Sci., 73: 1127-1135.
        37. Evans, J.R., et al (1999). HortSci., 34: 1200-1201.
        38. Facteau, T.J. and Chestnut N.E. (1991). HortSci., 26: 276-278.
        39. Fallahi, E. and Mohan S. K. (2000). HortTechnology, 10: 589-592.
        40. Faust, M. (1989). Physiology of Temperate zone Fruit Trees. Wiley, New York, NY.
        41. Fernandez, R..T., et al (1997). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 122: 14-19.
        42. Ferree, D.C. (1989). HortSci., 24: 62-65.
        43. Ferree, D.C. (1992). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 117: 198-202.
        44. Ferree, D.C. (1994). HortSci., 29: 1004-1007.
        45. Ferree, D.C. and Carlson R.F. (1987). In: Rom. Rootstocks for fruit crops. R.C. and Carlson R.F. (eds.). Wiley, New York.
        46. Ferree, D.C. and Knee M. (1997). HortSci., 32: 645-648.
        47. Ferree, D.C. and Lakso A.N. (1979). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 104: 736-739.
        48. Ferree, D.C. and Rhodus W.T. (1993). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 118: 707-713.
        49. Flore, J.A. (1992). Acta Hort., 322: 257-264.
        50. Forshey, C.G. and Elfving D.C. (1989). Hort. Rev., 11: 229-287.
        51. Forshey, C.G., et al (1992). American Society Horticultural Science, Alexandria, VA.
        52. Geisler, D. and Ferree D.C. (1984). Hort. Rev., 6: 155-188.
        53. Ghrab, M., et al (1998). Acta Hort., 465: 601-608.
        54. Reischel, G. E. (1997). J Agric. Res., 27: 45-52.
        55. Greene, D.W. (1986). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 111: 328-332.
        56. Greene, D.W. (1991). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 116: 807-812.
        57. Greene, D. W. and Lord W.J. (1978). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 103: 208 -210.
        58. Greene, D. W. and Lord W.J. (1983). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 108: 590-595.
        59. Greene, D.W. and Lord W.J. (1986). Fruit Notes, 51(2): 15.
        60. Guimond, C.M., et al (1998). HortSci., 33: 647-649.
        61. Hamzakheyl, N., et al (1976). HortSci., 11: 393-395.
        62. Havis, L. (1938). et al Ecology 19: 454-462.
        63. Hayden R.A. and Emerson F.H. (1976). Amer. Fruit Grower, 96(11): 11-12.
        64. Hennerty, M.J. and Forshey C.G. (1971). J. Hort. Sci., 46: 153-161.
        65. Hirst, P.M. and Ferree D.C. (1996). Fruit Var. J., 50: 25-34.
        66. Hoying, S.A. and Robinson T.L. T.L. (1992). Acta Hort., 322: 167-172.
        67. Hugard, J. (1980). Acta Hortic., 114: 300-308.
        68. Johnson,R.S., et al (1992).J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 117: 881-886.
        69. Johnson, R.S. and Handley D.F. (2000). HortSci., 35: 1048-1050.
        70. Kaini, B.R., et al (1984). J. Hort. Sci., 59: 141-149.
        71. Kappel, F. and Bouthillier M. (1995). Can. J. Plant Sci., 75: 491-496.
        72. Kappel, F., et al (1997). HortSci., 32: 1034-1036.
        73. Kato, T. and H. Ito. (1962). Tohoku J. Agr. Res., 13: 121.
        74. Kikuchi, T. et al (1989). J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci., 58: 491-497.
        75. Layne, R.E.C. (1987). In: (eds.). Rootstocks for Fruit Crops. Rom R.C. and Carlson R.F. Wiley, New York.
        76. Layne, R.E.C. (1994). HortSci., 29: 167-171.
        77. Layne, R.E.C., et al (1976). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 101: 568-572.
        78. Lehman, L.J., et al (1990). HortSci., 25: 429-430.
        79. 22 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS
        80. Leuty, S.J. and Pree D.J. (1980). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 105: 702-705.
        81. Lombard, P.B. and Westwood M.N. (1987). In: Rootstocks for Fruit Crops. Rom R.C. and Carlson R.F. (eds.). Wiley,
        82. New York.
        83. Long, L.E. (1999). N.Y Fruit Quart., 6(4): 1013.
        84. Looney, N.E. (1983). In: L.G. Nickell (ed.). Plant Growth Regulating Chemicals, Vol. I, CRC, Press, Boca Raton, FL.
        85. Luckwill, L.C. (1970). In: Physiology of Tree Fruit Crops, Luckwill L.C. and Cutting C.V. (eds.). Academic Press, London.
        86. Marini, R.P. (1985). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 110: 133-139.
        87. Marini, R.P. and Barden J.A. (1982). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 107: 34-39.
        88. Marini, R.P. and Barden J.A. (1987). Hort. Rev., 9: 351-375.
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