Banner
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive
Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 31 issue 4 (december 2010) : 235 - 252

“LECANICILLIUM LECANII (ZIMM.) ZARE AND GAMES” AN IMPORTANT BIOCONTROL AGENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS – A REVIEW

S
S.V. Shinde*
K
K.G. Patel1
M
M.S. Purohit
J
J.R. Pandya2
A
A.N. Sabalpara2
1Department of Agricultural Entomology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari - 396 450, India.

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Shinde* S.V., Patel1 K.G., Purohit M.S., Pandya2 J.R., Sabalpara2 A.N. (2025). “LECANICILLIUM LECANII (ZIMM.) ZARE AND GAMES” AN IMPORTANT BIOCONTROL AGENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS – A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 31(4): 235 - 252. doi: .

ABSTRACT

The Entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare and Games is one of the
potential microbial biocontrol agents which have wide host range. The present review article
contains the information related to its taxonomic position, mode of action, toxins and
extracellular enzymes produced by the fungus. The various approaches for mass multiplication,
carriers for development of commercial formulations and shelf life of formulated products of
the fungus are reviewed and discussed. The factors like genetic variability, tritropic interaction,
temperature, humidity, formulation base, inoculum level, isolation host, stage of insect host,
compatibility with chemical pesticides which affect the performance of the fungus are presented
and discussed. Response of L. lecanii to different insect pests, under protected conditions and
filed conditions, and its effect on non targeted organisms are reviewed and discussed.

REFERENCES

  1. Ahmad, R. (1975). Entomophaga, 20: 221-223.
  2. Alves S. B. et al. (1993). Ecossistema, 18:161-170.
  3. Ana Clara Scorsetti et al. (2008). BioControl, 53: 787-796.
  4. Asante, S. K. (1997). Plant Prot. Q., 12: 166-172.
  5. Baker, R. T. (1981). New Zeal. J. Zool., 8: 529-530.
  6. Ballard, E. M. and Knapp, F. W. (1984). J. Med. Entomol., 21: 751.
  7. Balakrishnan, M. M. et al. (1995). J. Coffee Res. 25: 52-54.
  8. Barson, G. (1976). Ann. Appl. Biol. 83: 207-214.
  9. Batista, F.A. et al. (2001). Neotrop. Entomol. 30: 437-447.
  10. Ben-Ze’ev, I. S. et al. (1994). Bemisia Newsl. 8: 36.
  11. Brownbridge, M. et al. (1999). Biol. Control, 16: 54-59.
  12. Broza, M. et al. (2001). Pedobiology., 45: 523-534.
  13. Chavan, B. P. and Kadam, J. R. (2009a). J. Biol. Control, 23: 73-77.
  14. Chavan, B. P. and Kadam, J. R. (2009b). J. Biol. Control, 23: 151-154.
  15. Claydon, N. and Grove, J. F. (1982). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 40: 413-418.
  16. Cuthbertson, A. G. S. et al. (2003). Nematology, 5: 713-720.
  17. Cuthbertson, A. G. S. et al. (2005). Bull. Entomol. Res., 95: 321-327.
  18. Debnath, S. (1997). Two and a Bud, 44: 19-22.
  19. Derakhshan, A. (2006). Insect Environ., 12: 67-69.
  20. Derakhshan, A. et al. (2008a). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 11: 1506-1509.
  21. Derakhshan, A. et al. (2008b). J. Biol. Sci., 8: 498-501.
  22. Drummond, J. et al. (1987). Ann. Appl. Biol. 111: 193–201.
  23. Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj, S. (1976). Madras Agric. J., 63: 545-549.
  24. Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj, S. (1977). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 29: 399-400.
  25. Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj, S. (1978). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 32: 88-96.
  26. Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj , S. (1979). Madras Agric. J., 66: 409 – 411.
  27. Easwaramoorthy, S. et al., (1978). Zeitschrift Angew. Entomol., 86: 161-166.
  28. Ekbom, B. S. (1979). Swed. J. Agric. Res., 9:129-138.
  29. Erkilic, L. (1992). Rev. Colomb. Entomol., 12: 113-117.
  30. Etzel, R. W. and Petitt, F. L. (1992). Fla. Entomol., 75: 605-606.
  31. Feng, K. C. et al. (2000). Biopro. Eng., 23: 25-29.
  32. Ferron, P. (1981). In: Microbial Control of Pests and Diseases 1970-1980, Burges. H.D. Ed Acad. Press. London, 1981.
  33. pp. 465-482.
  34. Fiume, F. (1993). Biological and integrated control of aphids on peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in protected cultivation.
  35. Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Universiteit Gent., 58: 515-525.
  36. Gardner, W. A. et al. (1984). J. Econ. Entomol., 77: 514-518.
  37. Ghelani,Y.H. et al. (2006). Advances in Indian Entomology: Productivity and Health a Silver Jubilee, Supplement
  38. No3,Volume II; Insect and Environment. 2006: 149-152.
  39. Glen, D. M. (1982). Ann. Appl. Biol. 101: 199-201.
  40. Goettel, M. S. et al. (1989). J. Gen. Microbiol., 135: 2233-2239.
  41. Gopalkrishnan , C. (1989). Curr. Sci., 58: 1256-1257.
  42. Gopalkrishnan , P. (1973). Indian Coffee, 37: 1-2.
  43. 250 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
  44. Gouli, S. et al. (1997). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 70: 76-77.
  45. Gour , H.N. and Dabi , R.K. (1988). Curr. Sci., 57: 620-621.
  46. Hajek, A. and St. Leger, R., (1994). Annu. Rev. Entomol., 39: 293-322.
  47. Hajck, A. E. et al. (1997). Mycologia, 89: 825-829.
  48. Hall, R. A. (1976). Entomophaga, 24: 191-198.
  49. Hall, R. A. (1979). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 27: 41-48.
  50. Hall, R. A. (1981). Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980. (Burges, HD ed)Acad. Press, Lowdar pp.
  51. 482-498.
  52. Hall, R.A. (1982). Ann. Appl. Biol. 101: 1-11.
  53. Hanssler, G. and Hermanns, M. (1981). Zeitschrift fur Ptlanzenkarnkheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 88: 678-681.
  54. Hatting, J. L. et al. (1999). BioControl, 16: 1-12.
  55. Helyer, N. et al. (1992). Pesticide Sci., 36: 373-378.
  56. Hincapie, V. R. et al. (1990). Rev. Colomb. Entomol., 16: 21–27.
  57. Hirte, W. F. et al. (1989). Zentrablatt fiir Mikrobiologie, 144: 405-420.
  58. Horn, A. S. (1915). Ann. Appl. Biol., 2: 109-111.
  59. Hsiao, W. F. et al. (1992). J. Appl. Entomol., 114: 484-490.
  60. Hughes, J. C. and Gillesipie, A. T. (1985). Proc. and Abstr. XVIIIth Annl. Meeting Soc. Inverteb. Path. (1985) 28.
  61. Joshi, Neelam et al. (2003). Insect Environ., 9: 106-107.
  62. Kadam, J.R. et al. (2008). J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 33: 214-217.
  63. Kalsbeek, V. et al. (1994). Exp. Appl. Acarol., 19: 45-51.
  64. Kamp, A. M. and Bidochka, M. J. ( 2002 ). Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 35: 74-75.
  65. Kanagaratnam, P. et al. (1981). Plant Pathol., 30: 117-118.
  66. Kanagaratnam, P. et al. (1982). Ann. Appl. Biol., 111: 213-219.
  67. Kanaoka, M. et al. (1978). Agric. Biol. Chem., 42: 629-640.
  68. Khalil, S. K. et al. (1983). Agric. Trop. Et Subtr., Univ. Agric. Praga, 16: 255-274.
  69. Khalil, S. K. et al. (1985). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 13: 329-334.
  70. Kim, J. J. (2007). BioControl 52: 789-799.
  71. Kim, J. J. et al. ( 2001). Fertilizer Technol. Center. Ext. Bull. 502: 8 -15
  72. Kim, J. J. et al. (2005). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 88: 254-256
  73. Kim, J. J. et al. (2008). BioControl 45: 404-409
  74. Kish, L. P. et al. (1994). Environ. Entomol. 23: 1326-1330
  75. Kobiashvili, B. S. (1972). Trudy Instituta Zashchit Rastenii Gruz. SSR. 23: 178-181.
  76. Koike, M. (2005). www. obihiro. ac.jp.
  77. Kolher, G. (1980). Centro Agricola, 7: 75-105.
  78. Kumar, D. (1983). Sci. Cult., 49: 253-254.
  79. Kybal, J. and Vleek, V. (1976). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18: 1713-1718.
  80. Lacey, L.A. et al. (1996). In: Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, by Gerling, D., Mayer, R.T. (Eds.), 1995, Control and
  81. Management. Intercept, Andover, UK, pp. 401–433.
  82. Lakshmi S. M. et al. (2001). In: Microbials in Insect Pest Management, Ignacimathu, S. and A. Sen (Eds.) Oxford and
  83. IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp.111-115.
  84. Lee, J. Y. et al. (2006). Biotechnol. Lett. 28: 1041-1045.
  85. Li, X. M. et al. (2003). Plant Prot., 29: 19-21.
  86. Lopez, A. A. et al. (2001). Rev. Colomb. Entomol., 27: 137-141.
  87. Vol. 31, No. 4, 2010 251
  88. Lourencao, A. L. et al. (2001). Neotrop. Entomol., 30: 183-185.
  89. Machowicz, S. Z. et al. (1976). Ann. Univ. Mariae Curia Sklow. C, 31: 171-181.
  90. Manjunatha , S. et al. (2006). Insect Environ., 12: 114-115.
  91. Mathew, M. J. (1999). Insect Environ. 4: 147-148.
  92. Meade, D.L. and Byrne, D.N. (1991). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 57: 296–298.
  93. Meekes, E. T. M. et al. (2001). www. prosys. korea. ac.kr
  94. Mendal, Z. et al. (1984). J. Entomol. Soc. Southern Afr., 47: 1-21.
  95. Michaud, J. P. (1999). BioControl, 44: 347-367.
  96. Milner, R. J. and Lutton, G. G. (1986). Environ. Entomol., 15: 380-382.
  97. Nagaich, B. B. (1973). Indian Phytopathol. 26: 163-164.
  98. Naik, P.R.H. and Shekharappa (2009). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 22: 575-578.
  99. Nier, T. et al. (1991). Rev. Mex. Micol., 7: 149-156.
  100. Nirmala, R. et al. (2006a). J. Biol. Control, 19: 129-133.
  101. Nirmala, R. et al. (2006b). J. Biol. Control, 20: 89-94.
  102. Nirwan, R. S. and Upadhyaya, J. (1976). Indian Phytopathol. 29: 308-310.
  103. Olan, H. J. F. and Cortez, M. H. (2003). Manejo Integrado de Plagasy Agroecologia, 69: 21-26.
  104. Oezman, S. K. (1998). Proc. 6th Europ. Cong. Entomol., Ceske Budejovice (Czech Republic) Jihoceska Univerzita,
  105. 1998, 2: 332 p.
  106. Oncuer, C. (1974). Bitki Koruma Bull., Suppl. 1, 59 pp.
  107. Papartti, B. and Fabozzi, R. (1988). Informat. Fitopatol., 38: 45-48.
  108. Pena, J. E. and McMillan, JR. (1986). Fla. Entomol., 69: 416-417.
  109. Phadke, A. P. and Phadke, B. (2000). Pestology, 24: 28-32.
  110. Quintala, E. D. and Mc Coy, C. W. (1997). J. Econ. Entomol. 91: 110-122.
  111. Ravensberg, W. J. et al. (1994). Bull. OILB-SROP, 17: 234-238.
  112. Rebollar, A. A. et al. (1994). Rev. Mex. Fitopatol., 12: 189-193.
  113. Reddy, K. B. et al. (1997). Pest Manage. Econ. Zool., 5: 119–121.
  114. Rubin, A. and Beirne, B. P. (1975). Can. Entomol., 107: 337-342.
  115. Roberts, D. W. (1989). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 84: 89-100.
  116. Roberts, D.W. and Humber, R.A., (1981). Entomogenous fungi, in Biology of Conidial Fungi, vol. 2,
  117. Cole, G.T. and Kendrick, B., Eds., Acad. Press, New York, 1981, 201.
  118. Safavi, S. A. et al. (2002). www. jstnar.iut.ac.ir
  119. Sahayaraj, K. et al. (2008). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7: 1907-1910.
  120. Saito, T (1993). In: Proc. Kanto Tosan Plant Prot. Soc., 40: 221–222.
  121. Saito, T. and Yabuta, M. (1996). Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40: 71-78.
  122. Samsinakova, A. and Kalalova, S. (1976). Cesk Mykol. 30: 118-120.
  123. Sancher-Pena- S. R. (1993). Southwest. Entomol., 18: 69-71.
  124. Shashidhar, V. et al. (1994). Karnatak J. Agric. Sci., 7: 242-243.
  125. Shaw, K. E. et al. (2002). Biol. Control, 24: 266-276.
  126. Shelke, R. K. (2001). M. Sc. Thesis, M.P.K.V., Rahuri, Maharashtra, India.
  127. Shi, Y.J. et al. (2009). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 82: 921-927.
  128. Shinde, S. V. et al. (2010). Trends in Biosciences vol 3(1), in press.
  129. Skinner, M. et al. ( 1991 ). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 58: 157-163.
  130. Skovgard, H. and Steenberg, T. (2002). BioControl, 47: 45-60.
  131. 252 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
  132. Soman, A. G. et al. (2001). J. Nat. Prod., 64: 189-192.
  133. St. leger, R. J. et al. (1986). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48: 85-95.
  134. St. leger, R. J. et al. (1987). Gen. Microbiol. 133: 1371 -1382.
  135. Sterk, G. (2003). Prot. Integree Agric. Biol., pp. 119-121.
  136. Sugiomoto, M. and Koike, M. (2002). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 82: 176-187.
  137. Suzuki, A. et al. (1977). Tetrahedron Lett., 25: 2167-2170.
  138. Van der Schaaf, D. A., et al. (1990). Proc. abstr., Vth Int. Collq. Invertebr. Pathol. Microbial Control, Adelaid, Australia,
  139. 20-24 August 1990, 391.
  140. Verhaar, M. A. et al. (1999). Biocontrol, 44: 73-87.
  141. Vestergaard, S. et al. (1995). Biocontrol Sci. Technol., 5: 185-192.
  142. Viegas, A. P. (1939). Rev. Inst. Café Estado Sao Paulo, 14: 754-772.
  143. Wang, L. et al. (2005). J Appl. Entomol., 129: 32-38.
  144. Wilding, N. (1972). Plant Pathol. 21: 137-139.
  145. Xu, L.W. et al. (2006). J. Yunnan Agr. Univ.. 21: 447-448.
  146. Yeo, H. (2000). PhD thesis.Univ. Nottingham.
  147. Zare, R., and Gams, W. (2001). Nova Hedwigia, 73: 1-50.
  148. Zhu, Z. H. et al. (1988). Acta Sericol. Sinica, 14: 78-82.
  149. Zhioua, E. et al. (1999). J. Med. Entomol., 36: 635-637.
Published In
Agricultural Reviews
Article Metrics
Metrics Icon
0
Views
0
Citations
Reviewed By
Share Article
Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    volume 31 issue 4 (december 2010) : 235 - 252

    “LECANICILLIUM LECANII (ZIMM.) ZARE AND GAMES” AN IMPORTANT BIOCONTROL AGENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS – A REVIEW

    S
    S.V. Shinde*
    K
    K.G. Patel1
    M
    M.S. Purohit
    J
    J.R. Pandya2
    A
    A.N. Sabalpara2
    1Department of Agricultural Entomology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari - 396 450, India.

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Shinde* S.V., Patel1 K.G., Purohit M.S., Pandya2 J.R., Sabalpara2 A.N. (2025). “LECANICILLIUM LECANII (ZIMM.) ZARE AND GAMES” AN IMPORTANT BIOCONTROL AGENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS – A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 31(4): 235 - 252. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    The Entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare and Games is one of the
    potential microbial biocontrol agents which have wide host range. The present review article
    contains the information related to its taxonomic position, mode of action, toxins and
    extracellular enzymes produced by the fungus. The various approaches for mass multiplication,
    carriers for development of commercial formulations and shelf life of formulated products of
    the fungus are reviewed and discussed. The factors like genetic variability, tritropic interaction,
    temperature, humidity, formulation base, inoculum level, isolation host, stage of insect host,
    compatibility with chemical pesticides which affect the performance of the fungus are presented
    and discussed. Response of L. lecanii to different insect pests, under protected conditions and
    filed conditions, and its effect on non targeted organisms are reviewed and discussed.

    REFERENCES

    1. Ahmad, R. (1975). Entomophaga, 20: 221-223.
    2. Alves S. B. et al. (1993). Ecossistema, 18:161-170.
    3. Ana Clara Scorsetti et al. (2008). BioControl, 53: 787-796.
    4. Asante, S. K. (1997). Plant Prot. Q., 12: 166-172.
    5. Baker, R. T. (1981). New Zeal. J. Zool., 8: 529-530.
    6. Ballard, E. M. and Knapp, F. W. (1984). J. Med. Entomol., 21: 751.
    7. Balakrishnan, M. M. et al. (1995). J. Coffee Res. 25: 52-54.
    8. Barson, G. (1976). Ann. Appl. Biol. 83: 207-214.
    9. Batista, F.A. et al. (2001). Neotrop. Entomol. 30: 437-447.
    10. Ben-Ze’ev, I. S. et al. (1994). Bemisia Newsl. 8: 36.
    11. Brownbridge, M. et al. (1999). Biol. Control, 16: 54-59.
    12. Broza, M. et al. (2001). Pedobiology., 45: 523-534.
    13. Chavan, B. P. and Kadam, J. R. (2009a). J. Biol. Control, 23: 73-77.
    14. Chavan, B. P. and Kadam, J. R. (2009b). J. Biol. Control, 23: 151-154.
    15. Claydon, N. and Grove, J. F. (1982). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 40: 413-418.
    16. Cuthbertson, A. G. S. et al. (2003). Nematology, 5: 713-720.
    17. Cuthbertson, A. G. S. et al. (2005). Bull. Entomol. Res., 95: 321-327.
    18. Debnath, S. (1997). Two and a Bud, 44: 19-22.
    19. Derakhshan, A. (2006). Insect Environ., 12: 67-69.
    20. Derakhshan, A. et al. (2008a). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 11: 1506-1509.
    21. Derakhshan, A. et al. (2008b). J. Biol. Sci., 8: 498-501.
    22. Drummond, J. et al. (1987). Ann. Appl. Biol. 111: 193–201.
    23. Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj, S. (1976). Madras Agric. J., 63: 545-549.
    24. Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj, S. (1977). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 29: 399-400.
    25. Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj, S. (1978). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 32: 88-96.
    26. Easwaramoorthy, S. and Jayaraj , S. (1979). Madras Agric. J., 66: 409 – 411.
    27. Easwaramoorthy, S. et al., (1978). Zeitschrift Angew. Entomol., 86: 161-166.
    28. Ekbom, B. S. (1979). Swed. J. Agric. Res., 9:129-138.
    29. Erkilic, L. (1992). Rev. Colomb. Entomol., 12: 113-117.
    30. Etzel, R. W. and Petitt, F. L. (1992). Fla. Entomol., 75: 605-606.
    31. Feng, K. C. et al. (2000). Biopro. Eng., 23: 25-29.
    32. Ferron, P. (1981). In: Microbial Control of Pests and Diseases 1970-1980, Burges. H.D. Ed Acad. Press. London, 1981.
    33. pp. 465-482.
    34. Fiume, F. (1993). Biological and integrated control of aphids on peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in protected cultivation.
    35. Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Universiteit Gent., 58: 515-525.
    36. Gardner, W. A. et al. (1984). J. Econ. Entomol., 77: 514-518.
    37. Ghelani,Y.H. et al. (2006). Advances in Indian Entomology: Productivity and Health a Silver Jubilee, Supplement
    38. No3,Volume II; Insect and Environment. 2006: 149-152.
    39. Glen, D. M. (1982). Ann. Appl. Biol. 101: 199-201.
    40. Goettel, M. S. et al. (1989). J. Gen. Microbiol., 135: 2233-2239.
    41. Gopalkrishnan , C. (1989). Curr. Sci., 58: 1256-1257.
    42. Gopalkrishnan , P. (1973). Indian Coffee, 37: 1-2.
    43. 250 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    44. Gouli, S. et al. (1997). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 70: 76-77.
    45. Gour , H.N. and Dabi , R.K. (1988). Curr. Sci., 57: 620-621.
    46. Hajek, A. and St. Leger, R., (1994). Annu. Rev. Entomol., 39: 293-322.
    47. Hajck, A. E. et al. (1997). Mycologia, 89: 825-829.
    48. Hall, R. A. (1976). Entomophaga, 24: 191-198.
    49. Hall, R. A. (1979). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 27: 41-48.
    50. Hall, R. A. (1981). Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980. (Burges, HD ed)Acad. Press, Lowdar pp.
    51. 482-498.
    52. Hall, R.A. (1982). Ann. Appl. Biol. 101: 1-11.
    53. Hanssler, G. and Hermanns, M. (1981). Zeitschrift fur Ptlanzenkarnkheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 88: 678-681.
    54. Hatting, J. L. et al. (1999). BioControl, 16: 1-12.
    55. Helyer, N. et al. (1992). Pesticide Sci., 36: 373-378.
    56. Hincapie, V. R. et al. (1990). Rev. Colomb. Entomol., 16: 21–27.
    57. Hirte, W. F. et al. (1989). Zentrablatt fiir Mikrobiologie, 144: 405-420.
    58. Horn, A. S. (1915). Ann. Appl. Biol., 2: 109-111.
    59. Hsiao, W. F. et al. (1992). J. Appl. Entomol., 114: 484-490.
    60. Hughes, J. C. and Gillesipie, A. T. (1985). Proc. and Abstr. XVIIIth Annl. Meeting Soc. Inverteb. Path. (1985) 28.
    61. Joshi, Neelam et al. (2003). Insect Environ., 9: 106-107.
    62. Kadam, J.R. et al. (2008). J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 33: 214-217.
    63. Kalsbeek, V. et al. (1994). Exp. Appl. Acarol., 19: 45-51.
    64. Kamp, A. M. and Bidochka, M. J. ( 2002 ). Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 35: 74-75.
    65. Kanagaratnam, P. et al. (1981). Plant Pathol., 30: 117-118.
    66. Kanagaratnam, P. et al. (1982). Ann. Appl. Biol., 111: 213-219.
    67. Kanaoka, M. et al. (1978). Agric. Biol. Chem., 42: 629-640.
    68. Khalil, S. K. et al. (1983). Agric. Trop. Et Subtr., Univ. Agric. Praga, 16: 255-274.
    69. Khalil, S. K. et al. (1985). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 13: 329-334.
    70. Kim, J. J. (2007). BioControl 52: 789-799.
    71. Kim, J. J. et al. ( 2001). Fertilizer Technol. Center. Ext. Bull. 502: 8 -15
    72. Kim, J. J. et al. (2005). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 88: 254-256
    73. Kim, J. J. et al. (2008). BioControl 45: 404-409
    74. Kish, L. P. et al. (1994). Environ. Entomol. 23: 1326-1330
    75. Kobiashvili, B. S. (1972). Trudy Instituta Zashchit Rastenii Gruz. SSR. 23: 178-181.
    76. Koike, M. (2005). www. obihiro. ac.jp.
    77. Kolher, G. (1980). Centro Agricola, 7: 75-105.
    78. Kumar, D. (1983). Sci. Cult., 49: 253-254.
    79. Kybal, J. and Vleek, V. (1976). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18: 1713-1718.
    80. Lacey, L.A. et al. (1996). In: Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, by Gerling, D., Mayer, R.T. (Eds.), 1995, Control and
    81. Management. Intercept, Andover, UK, pp. 401–433.
    82. Lakshmi S. M. et al. (2001). In: Microbials in Insect Pest Management, Ignacimathu, S. and A. Sen (Eds.) Oxford and
    83. IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp.111-115.
    84. Lee, J. Y. et al. (2006). Biotechnol. Lett. 28: 1041-1045.
    85. Li, X. M. et al. (2003). Plant Prot., 29: 19-21.
    86. Lopez, A. A. et al. (2001). Rev. Colomb. Entomol., 27: 137-141.
    87. Vol. 31, No. 4, 2010 251
    88. Lourencao, A. L. et al. (2001). Neotrop. Entomol., 30: 183-185.
    89. Machowicz, S. Z. et al. (1976). Ann. Univ. Mariae Curia Sklow. C, 31: 171-181.
    90. Manjunatha , S. et al. (2006). Insect Environ., 12: 114-115.
    91. Mathew, M. J. (1999). Insect Environ. 4: 147-148.
    92. Meade, D.L. and Byrne, D.N. (1991). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 57: 296–298.
    93. Meekes, E. T. M. et al. (2001). www. prosys. korea. ac.kr
    94. Mendal, Z. et al. (1984). J. Entomol. Soc. Southern Afr., 47: 1-21.
    95. Michaud, J. P. (1999). BioControl, 44: 347-367.
    96. Milner, R. J. and Lutton, G. G. (1986). Environ. Entomol., 15: 380-382.
    97. Nagaich, B. B. (1973). Indian Phytopathol. 26: 163-164.
    98. Naik, P.R.H. and Shekharappa (2009). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 22: 575-578.
    99. Nier, T. et al. (1991). Rev. Mex. Micol., 7: 149-156.
    100. Nirmala, R. et al. (2006a). J. Biol. Control, 19: 129-133.
    101. Nirmala, R. et al. (2006b). J. Biol. Control, 20: 89-94.
    102. Nirwan, R. S. and Upadhyaya, J. (1976). Indian Phytopathol. 29: 308-310.
    103. Olan, H. J. F. and Cortez, M. H. (2003). Manejo Integrado de Plagasy Agroecologia, 69: 21-26.
    104. Oezman, S. K. (1998). Proc. 6th Europ. Cong. Entomol., Ceske Budejovice (Czech Republic) Jihoceska Univerzita,
    105. 1998, 2: 332 p.
    106. Oncuer, C. (1974). Bitki Koruma Bull., Suppl. 1, 59 pp.
    107. Papartti, B. and Fabozzi, R. (1988). Informat. Fitopatol., 38: 45-48.
    108. Pena, J. E. and McMillan, JR. (1986). Fla. Entomol., 69: 416-417.
    109. Phadke, A. P. and Phadke, B. (2000). Pestology, 24: 28-32.
    110. Quintala, E. D. and Mc Coy, C. W. (1997). J. Econ. Entomol. 91: 110-122.
    111. Ravensberg, W. J. et al. (1994). Bull. OILB-SROP, 17: 234-238.
    112. Rebollar, A. A. et al. (1994). Rev. Mex. Fitopatol., 12: 189-193.
    113. Reddy, K. B. et al. (1997). Pest Manage. Econ. Zool., 5: 119–121.
    114. Rubin, A. and Beirne, B. P. (1975). Can. Entomol., 107: 337-342.
    115. Roberts, D. W. (1989). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 84: 89-100.
    116. Roberts, D.W. and Humber, R.A., (1981). Entomogenous fungi, in Biology of Conidial Fungi, vol. 2,
    117. Cole, G.T. and Kendrick, B., Eds., Acad. Press, New York, 1981, 201.
    118. Safavi, S. A. et al. (2002). www. jstnar.iut.ac.ir
    119. Sahayaraj, K. et al. (2008). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7: 1907-1910.
    120. Saito, T (1993). In: Proc. Kanto Tosan Plant Prot. Soc., 40: 221–222.
    121. Saito, T. and Yabuta, M. (1996). Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40: 71-78.
    122. Samsinakova, A. and Kalalova, S. (1976). Cesk Mykol. 30: 118-120.
    123. Sancher-Pena- S. R. (1993). Southwest. Entomol., 18: 69-71.
    124. Shashidhar, V. et al. (1994). Karnatak J. Agric. Sci., 7: 242-243.
    125. Shaw, K. E. et al. (2002). Biol. Control, 24: 266-276.
    126. Shelke, R. K. (2001). M. Sc. Thesis, M.P.K.V., Rahuri, Maharashtra, India.
    127. Shi, Y.J. et al. (2009). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 82: 921-927.
    128. Shinde, S. V. et al. (2010). Trends in Biosciences vol 3(1), in press.
    129. Skinner, M. et al. ( 1991 ). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 58: 157-163.
    130. Skovgard, H. and Steenberg, T. (2002). BioControl, 47: 45-60.
    131. 252 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    132. Soman, A. G. et al. (2001). J. Nat. Prod., 64: 189-192.
    133. St. leger, R. J. et al. (1986). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48: 85-95.
    134. St. leger, R. J. et al. (1987). Gen. Microbiol. 133: 1371 -1382.
    135. Sterk, G. (2003). Prot. Integree Agric. Biol., pp. 119-121.
    136. Sugiomoto, M. and Koike, M. (2002). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 82: 176-187.
    137. Suzuki, A. et al. (1977). Tetrahedron Lett., 25: 2167-2170.
    138. Van der Schaaf, D. A., et al. (1990). Proc. abstr., Vth Int. Collq. Invertebr. Pathol. Microbial Control, Adelaid, Australia,
    139. 20-24 August 1990, 391.
    140. Verhaar, M. A. et al. (1999). Biocontrol, 44: 73-87.
    141. Vestergaard, S. et al. (1995). Biocontrol Sci. Technol., 5: 185-192.
    142. Viegas, A. P. (1939). Rev. Inst. Café Estado Sao Paulo, 14: 754-772.
    143. Wang, L. et al. (2005). J Appl. Entomol., 129: 32-38.
    144. Wilding, N. (1972). Plant Pathol. 21: 137-139.
    145. Xu, L.W. et al. (2006). J. Yunnan Agr. Univ.. 21: 447-448.
    146. Yeo, H. (2000). PhD thesis.Univ. Nottingham.
    147. Zare, R., and Gams, W. (2001). Nova Hedwigia, 73: 1-50.
    148. Zhu, Z. H. et al. (1988). Acta Sericol. Sinica, 14: 78-82.
    149. Zhioua, E. et al. (1999). J. Med. Entomol., 36: 635-637.
    In this Article
      Contact us
      Follow us
      Published In
      Agricultural Reviews

      Editorial Board

      View all (0)