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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 31 issue 3 (september 2010) : 203 - 209

CROP GROWTH AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTED BY SEWAGE WATER IRRIGATION - A REVIEW.

S
S.R. Ambika
P
P.K. Ambika*
G
Govindaiah
1Department of Life Science, Bangalore University, Jnanbharathi Campus, Bangalore- 560 056, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Ambika S.R., Ambika* P.K., Govindaiah (2025). CROP GROWTH AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTED BY SEWAGE WATER IRRIGATION - A REVIEW.. Agricultural Reviews. 31(3): 203 - 209. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Water is becoming the most important limiting natural resources now a days. Hence, its
multiple use and re-use is becoming more and more important to meet the increased demand of
agricultural production. Sewage water have a high nutrient load, suspended solids, dissolved
nitrates, pesticides, heavy metals and many other toxic materials / chemicals which may be
hazardous and it may effect the soil micro-flora, soil texture and quality and also the plant
growth and development. Studies by different authors on different agricultural crops, on the
effect of sewage water irrigation on plant growth, quality, soil nutrients, properties and microflora
are reviewed in this paper

REFERENCES

  1. Adikari, T., Manna, M.C., Singh, M.V. and Wanjari, R.H. (2004) Bioremediation measure to minimize heavy metals
  2. accumulation in soil and crops irrigated with effluent. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 2(1):
  3. 266-270.
  4. Al-Nakshabandi, G.A., Saqqar, M. M., Shantanawi, M. R., Fayyad, M. and Al-Horani, H. (1997) Some environmental
  5. problems associated with the use of treated waste water for irrigation in Jordan. Agricultutral water Management.
  6. 34: 81-94.
  7. Andrew, B., Robert, B. and Hunshal. (2003) Waste water irrigation in Hubli-Dharward, India: Implications for health
  8. and livelihoods. Environment and Urbanization . 15:157( http://eau.sagepup.com)
  9. Angin, I., Yaganoglu, A.V., Turan, M. (2005) Effect of long term waste water irrigation on soil properties. J. sust. Agric.
  10. 26: 31.
  11. Arshad J., Rukhsana, B.and Iffat, S. (1999) Sewage farming and VA-mycorrhiza. 1. Effect of sewage irrigation on VA
  12. mycorrhizal colonozation and crop growth of maize. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology.11(2): 145-148
  13. Arar, A. (1988) Management aspects of the use of treated sewage effluent for irrigation. Treatment and reuse of waste
  14. water. Publisher –Guildford, UK: Butterworth Scientific ltd. 46-74.
  15. Asano, T., Richard, D., Crites, R.W. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1992) Evaluation of tertiary treatment requirement in
  16. California . Water Environ. Techol. 4: 36-41.
  17. Begum, A., Harikrishna, S. and Khan, I. (2008) Chemical composition of rain water in south Bangalore, Karnataka.
  18. Rasayan j. Chem. 1(4): 856-861.
  19. Bouwer, H. (1985) Renovation of waste water with rapid infiltration land treatment systems. Artificial recharge of ground
  20. water. Betterworth publishers, Boston.
  21. Bouwer, H. 1994. Irrigation and global water outlook. Agricultural Water Management. 25: 221-231.
  22. Chakraborthi, C. and Chakraborthi, T. (1988) Effect of irrigation with raw and differentially diluted sewage and application
  23. of primary settled sewage- sludge on wheat plant growth, crop yield, enzymatic changes and trace elements
  24. uptake. Environmental Pollution. 51(3): 219-235.
  25. Das, P.K., Saha, D., katiyar, R.S., Rajanna, L. and Dandin, S.B. (2003) Effect of sewage water irrigation on biology and
  26. fertility of a mulberry garden soil of Mysore. Indian J. seric. 42(2): 178-182.
  27. Doyle, M.P. (1990) Food born illness: pathogenic E.Coli, Y.enterocolitica and Y. parathaemolyticus. Lancel
  28. 336: 1111-1115.
  29. 208 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
  30. Endtmann,K.J. (1976) Problems of municipal sewage disposal by irrigation of forest area. Beitrage fur die Forstwirtschaft.
  31. 10(1): 28-36.
  32. Filip, Z., Kanazawa, S. and Berthelin, J. (2000) Distribution of microorganisms, Biomass, ATP and enzyme ativities in
  33. organic and mineral particles of a long-term waste water irrigated soil. Plant Nutri. Soil Sci. 163: 143-150.
  34. Gafoor, A., Hussain, S.I., Ahmad, S. and Brar, M.S. (2005) Distribution of lead and chromium in soil and plants as
  35. affected by soil texture and amendments. Journal of the Indian Socity of Soil Science. 53(3): 382-389.
  36. Girisha, S.T., Muniyamma, M., Umesha, S. (2007) Impact of sewage water on protein, carbohydrate and amino acid
  37. contents of the fodder grass, Brachilaria mutica. Journal of Eco Biology. 21(3): 241-246.
  38. Gleick, P,H. (1996) Water resources. In Encyclopedia of climate and weather, (By S.H. schneidered), Oxford University
  39. Press, New York, vol.2, pp.817-823
  40. Howard, P. (2009) USGS- Science for a changing world: earth’s water distribution. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/
  41. waterdistribution.html, retrieved on 26-01-2010.
  42. Islam, M.S., Draser, B.S. and Bradley, D.J. (1990) Long term persistence of toxigenic vibro cholerae 0.1 on mucilaginous
  43. sheet of blue- green algae, Arabonana variabilis. J . Trop. Med. Hyg. 93: 133-139.
  44. Jimenez-Cisneros, B. (1995) Waste water reuse to increase soil productivity. J.of water sci. Technol. 32:173- 180.
  45. Khan, S., Qing, C., Dong, C.B. and Guan, Z.Y. (2006) Humic acids increase the phytoavailability of Cd and Pb of
  46. wheat plants cultivated in freshly spiked contaminated soil. Journal of Soil and Sediments 6(4): 236-242.
  47. Kiziloglu, F. M., Turan, M., Sahin, U., Angin, I., Anapall, O. and Okuroglu, M. (2007) Effect of waste water irrigation
  48. on soil and cabbage-plant (Brassica olerecea var. capitate cv yalova-1) chemical properties. J. Plant Nutria.
  49. Soil Sci. 170: 166-172.
  50. Kumar, R., Singh, R.D. and Sharma, K.D. (2005) Water resources of India. Current Science. 89(5): 794-811.
  51. Lal, E.P., Tom, B. and Barche, S. (2003) Studies on the effect of sewage irrigation on the growth attributes and yield
  52. of four solanaceous Vegetables. Bioved. 14(1/2): 115-116.
  53. Larrick, D.S. and Bowersox, T.W. (1999) Long term effect of waste water irrigation on forested ecosystems ot Pennsylvania
  54. state Game land176. Proceedings 12th Central Hardwood forest Conference. Feb 28th to March 2nd 1999.
  55. Lexington, KY Gen. Tech. Rep.SRS. 24. Asheville, NC: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
  56. Research Station. pp-293.
  57. Li, P.J., Stagnitti, P., Allinson, G., Turoczy, N., Xiong, X. and Peterson J. (2006) Sorption and fractionation of copper
  58. in soil at a sewage irrigation farm in Australia. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 37(7/8):
  59. 1031-1042.
  60. Mahajan,V.P; Randhawa, G.S; Bains, D.S.; Sawhrey, J,S (1978) Effect of sewage irrigation on the seed yield of celery.
  61. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 48(5): 270- 273.
  62. Malla, R., Mori, K. and Totawat, K.L. (2007) Effect of municipal sewage on chemical build up in soils and vegetables.
  63. Water science and Technology:- Water Supply. 7(4): 79-85.
  64. Minhas, P.S., Sharma, N., Yadav, R.K. and Joshi, P.K. (2006) Prevalance and control of pathogenic contamination in
  65. some sewage irrigated vegetable, forage and cereal grain crops. Bioresource Technology. 97(10): 1174-1178.
  66. Morishita, T. (1988) Environmental hazards of sewage and industrial effluents on irrigated farmlands in Japan. Treatment
  67. and reuse of waste water. Butterworth Scientific ltd. Guildford, UK, 64-73.
  68. Nagaraja, D.N.and Krishnamurthy, K. (1987) Economics of sewage irrigation in crop production. Current research,
  69. University of Agricultural Science. 16(3): 31-33
  70. Omran, M.S., Waly, T.M., Abd Elnaim, E.M. and El Nashar, B.M.B. (1988) Effect of sewage irrigation on yield, tree
  71. components and heavy metals accumulation in naval orange trees. Biological Wastes. 23(1):17-24.
  72. Oster J.D. (1994) Irrigation with poor quality water. Agricultural Water Management. 25: 271- 297.
  73. Osman, A., Al Tahir, Al-Nabulsi, Y.A. and Helalia, A.M.(1997) Effect of water quality and frequency of irrigation on
  74. growth and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Agricultural Water Management. 34: 17-24.
  75. Vol. 31, No. 3, 2010 209
  76. Pascal,S.De., Maggio, A., Fogliano,V., Ambrosino, P. and Ritieni, A.(2001) irrigation with saline water improves carotenoids content
  77. and antitoxidant activity of tomato. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 76(4): 447-453.
  78. Patel, M. M.; Patel, P.T. and Patel, B.M. (2007) Effect of sewage water irrigation and levels of nitrogen on yield and
  79. uptake of dillseed (Anethum graveolus L.). Haryana Journal of Agronomy. 23(1/2): 91-94.
  80. Ramati, B. and Mori, E. (1966) Utilization of sewage water for the irrigation of field crops on shifting sands. Israel J.
  81. Agric. Res. 16: 59-76.
  82. Rattan, P.K., Datta S.F., Chhonkar, P.K., Suribabu K. and Sing A.K. (2005). Long term impact of irrigation with
  83. sewage elluents on heavy metal content in soil, crops and ground water- a case study. Agriculture ecosystems
  84. and Environment. 109(3/4): 310-322.
  85. Rija,H; siddigui Z.S; Arif Uz zaman. (2005) Changes in Chlorophyll, Protein and Carbohydrate contents of Vigna
  86. radiate, Cicer arietinum and Lens culinaris after irrigation with sewage water. International journal of Biology
  87. and Biotechnology. 2(4): 981-984.
  88. Srikanth, R., Khanam, A., Rao V. (1994) : Cadmium levels in the urine of male sludge farmers in India. J. toxicol.
  89. Environ Health. 43: 1-6.
  90. Srikanth, R. and Naik, D. (2004) Health effects of waste water reuse for Agriculture in the suburbs of Asmara city,
  91. Eritrea. Int. J .Occup. Environ. Health. 10: 284-288.
  92. Szewczuk, C. and Sugier, D. (1996) Effect of application of different rates of municipal sewage on the microelement
  93. cont of the above ground parts and roots of fodder cabbage. Zeszyty Problemowe Pestepow Nauk Rolniczych.
  94. 434(1): 285-290.
  95. Szewczuk, C. and Sugier, D. (1999). The effect of irrigation with municipal sewage on the growth and yield of osier
  96. willow ( Salix viminalis L.). Folia universitatis Agriculturea Stetinensis, Agricultura. 77: 361-366.
  97. Talati, R.P. (1942). The disposal of Poona sewage for irrigation and cropping. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 12: 164-177.
  98. Wang-Jun F., Wang G. Xu and Wanyan Hua. (2007). Treated waste water irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment:
  99. Waste water recycling in the loess area of China. Journal of Environmental Science. 19(9): 1093-1099.
  100. Wei, C.I. Huang, T.S., Kim, J.M. Lin, W.F., Tamplin, M.L. Bartz J.A. (1995). Growth and survival of Salmonella
  101. montevideo on tomatos and disinfection with chlorinated water. J. Food Protect. 58: 829-836.
  102. Weinberg, Z.g., Asbell, G., Chen, Y., Gamburg, M. and Sela, S. (2004) The effect of sewage irrigation on safty and
  103. hygiene of forage crops and silage. Animal feed Science and Technology. 116(3/40): 271-280.
  104. XiBai, Z., Fang, L.L. and XuRong, M. (2007) Heavy metal content in soils of vegetable growing lands in China and
  105. source analysis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 40(11): 2507-2517.
  106. Xinming, C., Jie, G.H., Aihua, S. and Yan, W. (2007). Effect of sewage irrigation on tomato growth and accumulation
  107. of Hg and As in soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica. 44(5): 831-837.
  108. Yadav, R.K., Chaturvedi, R.K., Dubey, S.K., Joshi, P.K. and Minhas, P.S. (2003). Potentials and hazards associated
  109. with sewage irrigation in Haryana. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 73(5): 249-255.
  110. Zaghloul, m; Atta-Alla, H.K. (2001). Effect of irrigation sewage sludge and cement dust on the vegetative growth
  111. flowering and chemical composition of Gladiolus grown in sandy soil. Annals of Agricultural science Moshtohor.39(1): 565-583.
  112. Zaim, M. and Newson, H.D. (1980). Effect of waste water spray irrigation on indigenous mosquito populations.
  113. Environmental Entomology. 9(5): 563-566.
  114. Zhang, Y.L., Dai, J.L., Wang, R.Q. and Zhang, J. (2008). Effect of long term sewage irrigation on Agricultural soil in
  115. microbial structural and functional characterizations in Shandong China. European Journal of soil Biology.
  116. 44(1): 84-91.
  117. Zhixin, Y., Dawei, Z. and Dong, F.S. (2007). Economic evaluation of sewage irrigated agricultural lands in the rural
  118. suburbs of Beijing. Zhongguo shengtai nongyne xuebao ( Chinese J. Eco agriculture). 15(5): 202-205
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    volume 31 issue 3 (september 2010) : 203 - 209

    CROP GROWTH AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTED BY SEWAGE WATER IRRIGATION - A REVIEW.

    S
    S.R. Ambika
    P
    P.K. Ambika*
    G
    Govindaiah
    1Department of Life Science, Bangalore University, Jnanbharathi Campus, Bangalore- 560 056, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Ambika S.R., Ambika* P.K., Govindaiah (2025). CROP GROWTH AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTED BY SEWAGE WATER IRRIGATION - A REVIEW.. Agricultural Reviews. 31(3): 203 - 209. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    Water is becoming the most important limiting natural resources now a days. Hence, its
    multiple use and re-use is becoming more and more important to meet the increased demand of
    agricultural production. Sewage water have a high nutrient load, suspended solids, dissolved
    nitrates, pesticides, heavy metals and many other toxic materials / chemicals which may be
    hazardous and it may effect the soil micro-flora, soil texture and quality and also the plant
    growth and development. Studies by different authors on different agricultural crops, on the
    effect of sewage water irrigation on plant growth, quality, soil nutrients, properties and microflora
    are reviewed in this paper

    REFERENCES

    1. Adikari, T., Manna, M.C., Singh, M.V. and Wanjari, R.H. (2004) Bioremediation measure to minimize heavy metals
    2. accumulation in soil and crops irrigated with effluent. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 2(1):
    3. 266-270.
    4. Al-Nakshabandi, G.A., Saqqar, M. M., Shantanawi, M. R., Fayyad, M. and Al-Horani, H. (1997) Some environmental
    5. problems associated with the use of treated waste water for irrigation in Jordan. Agricultutral water Management.
    6. 34: 81-94.
    7. Andrew, B., Robert, B. and Hunshal. (2003) Waste water irrigation in Hubli-Dharward, India: Implications for health
    8. and livelihoods. Environment and Urbanization . 15:157( http://eau.sagepup.com)
    9. Angin, I., Yaganoglu, A.V., Turan, M. (2005) Effect of long term waste water irrigation on soil properties. J. sust. Agric.
    10. 26: 31.
    11. Arshad J., Rukhsana, B.and Iffat, S. (1999) Sewage farming and VA-mycorrhiza. 1. Effect of sewage irrigation on VA
    12. mycorrhizal colonozation and crop growth of maize. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology.11(2): 145-148
    13. Arar, A. (1988) Management aspects of the use of treated sewage effluent for irrigation. Treatment and reuse of waste
    14. water. Publisher –Guildford, UK: Butterworth Scientific ltd. 46-74.
    15. Asano, T., Richard, D., Crites, R.W. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1992) Evaluation of tertiary treatment requirement in
    16. California . Water Environ. Techol. 4: 36-41.
    17. Begum, A., Harikrishna, S. and Khan, I. (2008) Chemical composition of rain water in south Bangalore, Karnataka.
    18. Rasayan j. Chem. 1(4): 856-861.
    19. Bouwer, H. (1985) Renovation of waste water with rapid infiltration land treatment systems. Artificial recharge of ground
    20. water. Betterworth publishers, Boston.
    21. Bouwer, H. 1994. Irrigation and global water outlook. Agricultural Water Management. 25: 221-231.
    22. Chakraborthi, C. and Chakraborthi, T. (1988) Effect of irrigation with raw and differentially diluted sewage and application
    23. of primary settled sewage- sludge on wheat plant growth, crop yield, enzymatic changes and trace elements
    24. uptake. Environmental Pollution. 51(3): 219-235.
    25. Das, P.K., Saha, D., katiyar, R.S., Rajanna, L. and Dandin, S.B. (2003) Effect of sewage water irrigation on biology and
    26. fertility of a mulberry garden soil of Mysore. Indian J. seric. 42(2): 178-182.
    27. Doyle, M.P. (1990) Food born illness: pathogenic E.Coli, Y.enterocolitica and Y. parathaemolyticus. Lancel
    28. 336: 1111-1115.
    29. 208 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    30. Endtmann,K.J. (1976) Problems of municipal sewage disposal by irrigation of forest area. Beitrage fur die Forstwirtschaft.
    31. 10(1): 28-36.
    32. Filip, Z., Kanazawa, S. and Berthelin, J. (2000) Distribution of microorganisms, Biomass, ATP and enzyme ativities in
    33. organic and mineral particles of a long-term waste water irrigated soil. Plant Nutri. Soil Sci. 163: 143-150.
    34. Gafoor, A., Hussain, S.I., Ahmad, S. and Brar, M.S. (2005) Distribution of lead and chromium in soil and plants as
    35. affected by soil texture and amendments. Journal of the Indian Socity of Soil Science. 53(3): 382-389.
    36. Girisha, S.T., Muniyamma, M., Umesha, S. (2007) Impact of sewage water on protein, carbohydrate and amino acid
    37. contents of the fodder grass, Brachilaria mutica. Journal of Eco Biology. 21(3): 241-246.
    38. Gleick, P,H. (1996) Water resources. In Encyclopedia of climate and weather, (By S.H. schneidered), Oxford University
    39. Press, New York, vol.2, pp.817-823
    40. Howard, P. (2009) USGS- Science for a changing world: earth’s water distribution. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/
    41. waterdistribution.html, retrieved on 26-01-2010.
    42. Islam, M.S., Draser, B.S. and Bradley, D.J. (1990) Long term persistence of toxigenic vibro cholerae 0.1 on mucilaginous
    43. sheet of blue- green algae, Arabonana variabilis. J . Trop. Med. Hyg. 93: 133-139.
    44. Jimenez-Cisneros, B. (1995) Waste water reuse to increase soil productivity. J.of water sci. Technol. 32:173- 180.
    45. Khan, S., Qing, C., Dong, C.B. and Guan, Z.Y. (2006) Humic acids increase the phytoavailability of Cd and Pb of
    46. wheat plants cultivated in freshly spiked contaminated soil. Journal of Soil and Sediments 6(4): 236-242.
    47. Kiziloglu, F. M., Turan, M., Sahin, U., Angin, I., Anapall, O. and Okuroglu, M. (2007) Effect of waste water irrigation
    48. on soil and cabbage-plant (Brassica olerecea var. capitate cv yalova-1) chemical properties. J. Plant Nutria.
    49. Soil Sci. 170: 166-172.
    50. Kumar, R., Singh, R.D. and Sharma, K.D. (2005) Water resources of India. Current Science. 89(5): 794-811.
    51. Lal, E.P., Tom, B. and Barche, S. (2003) Studies on the effect of sewage irrigation on the growth attributes and yield
    52. of four solanaceous Vegetables. Bioved. 14(1/2): 115-116.
    53. Larrick, D.S. and Bowersox, T.W. (1999) Long term effect of waste water irrigation on forested ecosystems ot Pennsylvania
    54. state Game land176. Proceedings 12th Central Hardwood forest Conference. Feb 28th to March 2nd 1999.
    55. Lexington, KY Gen. Tech. Rep.SRS. 24. Asheville, NC: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
    56. Research Station. pp-293.
    57. Li, P.J., Stagnitti, P., Allinson, G., Turoczy, N., Xiong, X. and Peterson J. (2006) Sorption and fractionation of copper
    58. in soil at a sewage irrigation farm in Australia. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 37(7/8):
    59. 1031-1042.
    60. Mahajan,V.P; Randhawa, G.S; Bains, D.S.; Sawhrey, J,S (1978) Effect of sewage irrigation on the seed yield of celery.
    61. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 48(5): 270- 273.
    62. Malla, R., Mori, K. and Totawat, K.L. (2007) Effect of municipal sewage on chemical build up in soils and vegetables.
    63. Water science and Technology:- Water Supply. 7(4): 79-85.
    64. Minhas, P.S., Sharma, N., Yadav, R.K. and Joshi, P.K. (2006) Prevalance and control of pathogenic contamination in
    65. some sewage irrigated vegetable, forage and cereal grain crops. Bioresource Technology. 97(10): 1174-1178.
    66. Morishita, T. (1988) Environmental hazards of sewage and industrial effluents on irrigated farmlands in Japan. Treatment
    67. and reuse of waste water. Butterworth Scientific ltd. Guildford, UK, 64-73.
    68. Nagaraja, D.N.and Krishnamurthy, K. (1987) Economics of sewage irrigation in crop production. Current research,
    69. University of Agricultural Science. 16(3): 31-33
    70. Omran, M.S., Waly, T.M., Abd Elnaim, E.M. and El Nashar, B.M.B. (1988) Effect of sewage irrigation on yield, tree
    71. components and heavy metals accumulation in naval orange trees. Biological Wastes. 23(1):17-24.
    72. Oster J.D. (1994) Irrigation with poor quality water. Agricultural Water Management. 25: 271- 297.
    73. Osman, A., Al Tahir, Al-Nabulsi, Y.A. and Helalia, A.M.(1997) Effect of water quality and frequency of irrigation on
    74. growth and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Agricultural Water Management. 34: 17-24.
    75. Vol. 31, No. 3, 2010 209
    76. Pascal,S.De., Maggio, A., Fogliano,V., Ambrosino, P. and Ritieni, A.(2001) irrigation with saline water improves carotenoids content
    77. and antitoxidant activity of tomato. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 76(4): 447-453.
    78. Patel, M. M.; Patel, P.T. and Patel, B.M. (2007) Effect of sewage water irrigation and levels of nitrogen on yield and
    79. uptake of dillseed (Anethum graveolus L.). Haryana Journal of Agronomy. 23(1/2): 91-94.
    80. Ramati, B. and Mori, E. (1966) Utilization of sewage water for the irrigation of field crops on shifting sands. Israel J.
    81. Agric. Res. 16: 59-76.
    82. Rattan, P.K., Datta S.F., Chhonkar, P.K., Suribabu K. and Sing A.K. (2005). Long term impact of irrigation with
    83. sewage elluents on heavy metal content in soil, crops and ground water- a case study. Agriculture ecosystems
    84. and Environment. 109(3/4): 310-322.
    85. Rija,H; siddigui Z.S; Arif Uz zaman. (2005) Changes in Chlorophyll, Protein and Carbohydrate contents of Vigna
    86. radiate, Cicer arietinum and Lens culinaris after irrigation with sewage water. International journal of Biology
    87. and Biotechnology. 2(4): 981-984.
    88. Srikanth, R., Khanam, A., Rao V. (1994) : Cadmium levels in the urine of male sludge farmers in India. J. toxicol.
    89. Environ Health. 43: 1-6.
    90. Srikanth, R. and Naik, D. (2004) Health effects of waste water reuse for Agriculture in the suburbs of Asmara city,
    91. Eritrea. Int. J .Occup. Environ. Health. 10: 284-288.
    92. Szewczuk, C. and Sugier, D. (1996) Effect of application of different rates of municipal sewage on the microelement
    93. cont of the above ground parts and roots of fodder cabbage. Zeszyty Problemowe Pestepow Nauk Rolniczych.
    94. 434(1): 285-290.
    95. Szewczuk, C. and Sugier, D. (1999). The effect of irrigation with municipal sewage on the growth and yield of osier
    96. willow ( Salix viminalis L.). Folia universitatis Agriculturea Stetinensis, Agricultura. 77: 361-366.
    97. Talati, R.P. (1942). The disposal of Poona sewage for irrigation and cropping. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 12: 164-177.
    98. Wang-Jun F., Wang G. Xu and Wanyan Hua. (2007). Treated waste water irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment:
    99. Waste water recycling in the loess area of China. Journal of Environmental Science. 19(9): 1093-1099.
    100. Wei, C.I. Huang, T.S., Kim, J.M. Lin, W.F., Tamplin, M.L. Bartz J.A. (1995). Growth and survival of Salmonella
    101. montevideo on tomatos and disinfection with chlorinated water. J. Food Protect. 58: 829-836.
    102. Weinberg, Z.g., Asbell, G., Chen, Y., Gamburg, M. and Sela, S. (2004) The effect of sewage irrigation on safty and
    103. hygiene of forage crops and silage. Animal feed Science and Technology. 116(3/40): 271-280.
    104. XiBai, Z., Fang, L.L. and XuRong, M. (2007) Heavy metal content in soils of vegetable growing lands in China and
    105. source analysis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 40(11): 2507-2517.
    106. Xinming, C., Jie, G.H., Aihua, S. and Yan, W. (2007). Effect of sewage irrigation on tomato growth and accumulation
    107. of Hg and As in soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica. 44(5): 831-837.
    108. Yadav, R.K., Chaturvedi, R.K., Dubey, S.K., Joshi, P.K. and Minhas, P.S. (2003). Potentials and hazards associated
    109. with sewage irrigation in Haryana. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 73(5): 249-255.
    110. Zaghloul, m; Atta-Alla, H.K. (2001). Effect of irrigation sewage sludge and cement dust on the vegetative growth
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