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volume 31 issue 3 (september 2010) : 157-171

SCENT GLAND AND ITS BEHAVIORAL FUNCTION IN SMALL MAMMALS– A REVIEW

S
Saroj Bakshi
1Eco-toxicology Laboratory, Depertment of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302004, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Bakshi Saroj (2025). SCENT GLAND AND ITS BEHAVIORAL FUNCTION IN SMALL MAMMALS– A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 31(3): 157-171. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Various types of glands in small mammals were observed eg. lagmorphs (chingland, anal
gland, inguinal gland, hardenian, infraorbital, lacrymal gland), Columbian ground squirrels (scent
gland at mouth and in anal area), Flying phalanger (frontal gland near ears and eye), Deer and
Black tailed deer (interdigital gland, metatarsal, tarsal gland) and Cricetus, Neotoma, Peromyscus,
Meriones, Tatera, Rhombomys and Rattus all species having midventral glandular organ. The
gland in males are significantly larger (P0.001) than those of females. The speciesof larger
animals with larger size of gland in comparison to smaller size animals. Length, width and area of
the gland was found to be highly correlated with body weight (P

REFERENCES

  1. Allen, E. (1922) Amer. J. Anat. 30: 297-371.
  2. Balakrishnan, M. and Alexander, K.M. (1976) Horm. Behav. 7: 431-439.
  3. Bruce, H.M. (1959) Nature. 184: 105.
  4. Balakrishnan, M. and Alexander, K.M. (1977) Acta Theriol. 23: 231-240.
  5. Bronson, F.H. and Caroom, D. (1971) J. Reprod. Fertil. 25: 279-282.
  6. Calhoun, J.B. (1963) The ecology and sociology of the Norway Rat; Public Health Service Publication No. 1008.
  7. (Washington, D.C.); Department of Health Education and Welfare.
  8. Chitty, D. (1960) Can. J. Zool. 38: 99-113.
  9. Christian, J.J. and Davis, D.E. (1964) Science. 146: 1550-1560.
  10. Daly, M. (1977) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91: 1082-1094
  11. Dominic, C.J. (1987) In : Rodent Trend in Ethology in India pp 145-169 (M Balakrishnan and (K M) Alexandereds
  12. Ethological Society of India, Bangalore)
  13. Doty, R.L. and Dunbar, I. (1974) Physiol. Behav. 12: 825-833.
  14. Doty, R.L. and Kart, R. (1972) J. Mammal. 53 83-97.
  15. Esenberg, J. F. (1967) Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 122: 1-50.
  16. Ewer, R.F. (1968) Ethology of Mammals (New York : Plenum).
  17. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1953) Z. Tierpsychol. 10: 204-254.
  18. Goodrich, B.S. and Mykytowycz, R. (1972) J. Mammology. 53: 540-548.
  19. Ghosh, P.K. (1968) Indian J. Expt. Biol. 6: 162-166.
  20. Glenn, M. and Gray, J. (1965) Endocrinology. 76: 1115-1123.
  21. Hediger, H. (1950) Wild Animals in Captivity, Butterworth, London.
  22. Hyashi, S. and Kimura, T. (1974) Physiol. Behav. 3: 563-567.
  23. Johnson, R.P. (1973) Anim. Behave. 21: 521-535.
  24. Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1987) Anim. Behav. London. 35: 920-922.
  25. Johnston, R.E. (1980) J. Comp. Physio. Psychol. 94: 894-904.
  26. Kittrell, E.M. et al. (1982) Develop. Psychobio. 15: 197-202.
  27. Kumari, S. et al. (1981a) Biology of Behaviour, France. 6: 255-263.
  28. Kumari, S. et al. (1981b) Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 90: 463-471.
  29. Kumari, S. and Prakash, I. (1983) Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 92: 299-304.
  30. Kumari, S. and Prakash, I. (1983a) Acta Theriol. Poland. 28: 425-434.
  31. Kumari, S. and Prakash, I. (1984) Indian J. Exptl. Biol. 22: 421-423.
  32. Kumari, S. and Prakash, I. (1984a) Anim. Behav. London. 32 927-929.
  33. Kumari, S. et al. (1981) Acta Theriol. Poland. 26: 97-106.
  34. Lindsay, D.R. (1965) Anim. Behav. 16: 415-417.
  35. Vol. 31, No. 3, 2010 171
  36. Lydell, K. and Doty, R.L. (1972) Horm. Behav. 3: 205-212.
  37. Mitchell, O.G. (1965) Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 119: 953-955.
  38. Mitchell, O.G. (1967) J. Mammal. 48: 142.
  39. Moy, R.F. (1969) M.Sc. Thesis, University Montana, Missoula.
  40. Muller-Schwarze, D. (1967) Amer. Zool. 7: 430.
  41. Muller-Schwarze, D. (1971) Anim. Behav. 19: 141-152.
  42. Muller-Velten, H. (1966) Z. Veral. Physiol. 52: 401-409.
  43. Munch, H. (1958) Z. Saugeteierk. 23: 129-138.
  44. Mykytowycz, R. (1965) Anim. Behav. 12: 400-412.
  45. Mykytowycz, R. (1966) CSIRO Wildl. Res. 11: 11-29.
  46. Mykytowycz, R. (1968) Sci. Am. 218: 116-126.
  47. Nadler, C.F. and Lay, D.M. (1967) Z. Saugetierk. 32: 285-291.
  48. Pillai, L.K. and Alexander, K.M. (1987) in Recent Trends in Ethology in India pp 114-120 eds M Balakrishnan and KM
  49. Alexander (Bangalore: Ethological Society of India)
  50. Pillai, L.K. and Alexander, K.M. (1987a) Scent marking patterns of black buck, Antilope cervicapra; in
  51. Recent Trends in Ethology in India ppm121-137 eds M Balakrishnan and K M Alexander (Bangalore:
  52. Ehological Society of India).
  53. Prakash, I. (1981) Ecology of the Indian Desert Gerbil, Meriones hurrianae, Monograph No.10 CAZRI,
  54. Jodhpur pp 1-87.
  55. Prakash, I. (1986) Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B Sp no 45-58.
  56. Prakash, I. and Kumari, S. (1979) Saugt Mitteil West Germany. 27: 315-316.
  57. Quay, W.B. (1954) Anat. Rec. 119: 161-176.
  58. Quay, W.B. (1968) J. Mammal. 49:427-445.
  59. Quay, W.B. (1953) J. Mammal. 34:1-14.
  60. Quay, W.B. and Tomich, P.Q. (1963) J. of Mammology. 44:537-542.
  61. Quay, W.B. (1959) J. of Mammology. 40:1.
  62. Quay, W.B. and Miller-Schwarze, D. (1970) J. of Mammology. 51:675-694.
  63. Quay, W.B. (1955) J. of Mammology. 36:187-201.
  64. Quay, W.B. (1965) J. of Mammology. 46: 23-37.
  65. Singer, A.G. et al. (1976) Dimethyl disulfide: an attractant pheromone.
  66. Sokolov, W. and Skurat, L. (1966) Nature. 211: 544-545.
  67. Standy, A.J. and Powell, R.A. (1941) Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci. 5: 23-29.
  68. Stoddart, D.M. (1976) Mammalian odours and pheromones. 1-59.
  69. Thiessen, D.D. et al. (1970) Anim. Behav. 19: 505-513.
  70. Thiessen, D.D. et al. (1973) Horm. Behav. 4: 143-147.
  71. Thiessen, D.D. et al. (1974) Science. 184: 83-85.
  72. Thiessen, D.D. and Yahr, P. (1977) The Gerbil in Behavioural Investigations 1-202 (Austin and London: University of
  73. Texas Press).
  74. Von-Schumacher S. (1936) Anat. Forsch. 39: 215-230.
  75. Vorontosov, N.N. and Gurtovoi, N.N. (1959) Dokl. Acad. Sci. USSR (Biol. Sci.).125: 385-388.
  76. Whitten, W.K. (1966) Advance in Reproductive Physiology, 155-117.
  77. Wynne Edwards, V.C. (1962) Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour pp 653 (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd,
  78. Edinburgh, 653 p.
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    volume 31 issue 3 (september 2010) : 157-171

    SCENT GLAND AND ITS BEHAVIORAL FUNCTION IN SMALL MAMMALS– A REVIEW

    S
    Saroj Bakshi
    1Eco-toxicology Laboratory, Depertment of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302004, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Bakshi Saroj (2025). SCENT GLAND AND ITS BEHAVIORAL FUNCTION IN SMALL MAMMALS– A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 31(3): 157-171. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    Various types of glands in small mammals were observed eg. lagmorphs (chingland, anal
    gland, inguinal gland, hardenian, infraorbital, lacrymal gland), Columbian ground squirrels (scent
    gland at mouth and in anal area), Flying phalanger (frontal gland near ears and eye), Deer and
    Black tailed deer (interdigital gland, metatarsal, tarsal gland) and Cricetus, Neotoma, Peromyscus,
    Meriones, Tatera, Rhombomys and Rattus all species having midventral glandular organ. The
    gland in males are significantly larger (P0.001) than those of females. The speciesof larger
    animals with larger size of gland in comparison to smaller size animals. Length, width and area of
    the gland was found to be highly correlated with body weight (P

    REFERENCES

    1. Allen, E. (1922) Amer. J. Anat. 30: 297-371.
    2. Balakrishnan, M. and Alexander, K.M. (1976) Horm. Behav. 7: 431-439.
    3. Bruce, H.M. (1959) Nature. 184: 105.
    4. Balakrishnan, M. and Alexander, K.M. (1977) Acta Theriol. 23: 231-240.
    5. Bronson, F.H. and Caroom, D. (1971) J. Reprod. Fertil. 25: 279-282.
    6. Calhoun, J.B. (1963) The ecology and sociology of the Norway Rat; Public Health Service Publication No. 1008.
    7. (Washington, D.C.); Department of Health Education and Welfare.
    8. Chitty, D. (1960) Can. J. Zool. 38: 99-113.
    9. Christian, J.J. and Davis, D.E. (1964) Science. 146: 1550-1560.
    10. Daly, M. (1977) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91: 1082-1094
    11. Dominic, C.J. (1987) In : Rodent Trend in Ethology in India pp 145-169 (M Balakrishnan and (K M) Alexandereds
    12. Ethological Society of India, Bangalore)
    13. Doty, R.L. and Dunbar, I. (1974) Physiol. Behav. 12: 825-833.
    14. Doty, R.L. and Kart, R. (1972) J. Mammal. 53 83-97.
    15. Esenberg, J. F. (1967) Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 122: 1-50.
    16. Ewer, R.F. (1968) Ethology of Mammals (New York : Plenum).
    17. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1953) Z. Tierpsychol. 10: 204-254.
    18. Goodrich, B.S. and Mykytowycz, R. (1972) J. Mammology. 53: 540-548.
    19. Ghosh, P.K. (1968) Indian J. Expt. Biol. 6: 162-166.
    20. Glenn, M. and Gray, J. (1965) Endocrinology. 76: 1115-1123.
    21. Hediger, H. (1950) Wild Animals in Captivity, Butterworth, London.
    22. Hyashi, S. and Kimura, T. (1974) Physiol. Behav. 3: 563-567.
    23. Johnson, R.P. (1973) Anim. Behave. 21: 521-535.
    24. Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1987) Anim. Behav. London. 35: 920-922.
    25. Johnston, R.E. (1980) J. Comp. Physio. Psychol. 94: 894-904.
    26. Kittrell, E.M. et al. (1982) Develop. Psychobio. 15: 197-202.
    27. Kumari, S. et al. (1981a) Biology of Behaviour, France. 6: 255-263.
    28. Kumari, S. et al. (1981b) Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 90: 463-471.
    29. Kumari, S. and Prakash, I. (1983) Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 92: 299-304.
    30. Kumari, S. and Prakash, I. (1983a) Acta Theriol. Poland. 28: 425-434.
    31. Kumari, S. and Prakash, I. (1984) Indian J. Exptl. Biol. 22: 421-423.
    32. Kumari, S. and Prakash, I. (1984a) Anim. Behav. London. 32 927-929.
    33. Kumari, S. et al. (1981) Acta Theriol. Poland. 26: 97-106.
    34. Lindsay, D.R. (1965) Anim. Behav. 16: 415-417.
    35. Vol. 31, No. 3, 2010 171
    36. Lydell, K. and Doty, R.L. (1972) Horm. Behav. 3: 205-212.
    37. Mitchell, O.G. (1965) Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 119: 953-955.
    38. Mitchell, O.G. (1967) J. Mammal. 48: 142.
    39. Moy, R.F. (1969) M.Sc. Thesis, University Montana, Missoula.
    40. Muller-Schwarze, D. (1967) Amer. Zool. 7: 430.
    41. Muller-Schwarze, D. (1971) Anim. Behav. 19: 141-152.
    42. Muller-Velten, H. (1966) Z. Veral. Physiol. 52: 401-409.
    43. Munch, H. (1958) Z. Saugeteierk. 23: 129-138.
    44. Mykytowycz, R. (1965) Anim. Behav. 12: 400-412.
    45. Mykytowycz, R. (1966) CSIRO Wildl. Res. 11: 11-29.
    46. Mykytowycz, R. (1968) Sci. Am. 218: 116-126.
    47. Nadler, C.F. and Lay, D.M. (1967) Z. Saugetierk. 32: 285-291.
    48. Pillai, L.K. and Alexander, K.M. (1987) in Recent Trends in Ethology in India pp 114-120 eds M Balakrishnan and KM
    49. Alexander (Bangalore: Ethological Society of India)
    50. Pillai, L.K. and Alexander, K.M. (1987a) Scent marking patterns of black buck, Antilope cervicapra; in
    51. Recent Trends in Ethology in India ppm121-137 eds M Balakrishnan and K M Alexander (Bangalore:
    52. Ehological Society of India).
    53. Prakash, I. (1981) Ecology of the Indian Desert Gerbil, Meriones hurrianae, Monograph No.10 CAZRI,
    54. Jodhpur pp 1-87.
    55. Prakash, I. (1986) Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B Sp no 45-58.
    56. Prakash, I. and Kumari, S. (1979) Saugt Mitteil West Germany. 27: 315-316.
    57. Quay, W.B. (1954) Anat. Rec. 119: 161-176.
    58. Quay, W.B. (1968) J. Mammal. 49:427-445.
    59. Quay, W.B. (1953) J. Mammal. 34:1-14.
    60. Quay, W.B. and Tomich, P.Q. (1963) J. of Mammology. 44:537-542.
    61. Quay, W.B. (1959) J. of Mammology. 40:1.
    62. Quay, W.B. and Miller-Schwarze, D. (1970) J. of Mammology. 51:675-694.
    63. Quay, W.B. (1955) J. of Mammology. 36:187-201.
    64. Quay, W.B. (1965) J. of Mammology. 46: 23-37.
    65. Singer, A.G. et al. (1976) Dimethyl disulfide: an attractant pheromone.
    66. Sokolov, W. and Skurat, L. (1966) Nature. 211: 544-545.
    67. Standy, A.J. and Powell, R.A. (1941) Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci. 5: 23-29.
    68. Stoddart, D.M. (1976) Mammalian odours and pheromones. 1-59.
    69. Thiessen, D.D. et al. (1970) Anim. Behav. 19: 505-513.
    70. Thiessen, D.D. et al. (1973) Horm. Behav. 4: 143-147.
    71. Thiessen, D.D. et al. (1974) Science. 184: 83-85.
    72. Thiessen, D.D. and Yahr, P. (1977) The Gerbil in Behavioural Investigations 1-202 (Austin and London: University of
    73. Texas Press).
    74. Von-Schumacher S. (1936) Anat. Forsch. 39: 215-230.
    75. Vorontosov, N.N. and Gurtovoi, N.N. (1959) Dokl. Acad. Sci. USSR (Biol. Sci.).125: 385-388.
    76. Whitten, W.K. (1966) Advance in Reproductive Physiology, 155-117.
    77. Wynne Edwards, V.C. (1962) Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour pp 653 (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd,
    78. Edinburgh, 653 p.
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